This presentation is all about the chemicals used in doping mainly sports doping. Their details in brief is been added.

1. COMMON DOPING CHEMICALS AND ITS
PHARMACOLOGY
BY,
MADONA MATHEW, MANASA GUNDU & LASSIN RAJ. B. R
SCHOOL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE & RISK MANAGEMENT
RAKSHA SHAKTI UNIVERSITY, GUJARAT

2. INTRODUCTION
Substances and doping methods are banned when they
meet at least two of the three following criteria:
 Enhance performance
 Pose a threat to athlete health
 Violate the spirit of sport.

3. SUBSTANCES AND METHODS USED FOR DOPING IN
SPORT
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• THEY ARE ALSO REFERRED TO AS ERGOGENIC OR
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS.
• THEY ARE SYNTHETIC DERIVATIVES OF TESTOSTERONE.
• THEY AFFECT MUSCLE GROWTH, RAISING LEVELS IN THE
BLOOD COULD HELP ATHLETES TO INCREASE MUSCLE SIZE
AND STRENGTH, REDUCE BODY FAT AND RECOVERY TIME
AFTER INJURY.

4.  Anabolic drugs banned by NCAA: Boldenone, Testosterone,
Dromostanolone,Dihydrotestosterone,Methenolone,Norethandrol
one,Oxymetholone,Clostebol.
 Oral Steroids: Oral, fat-soluble steroids can be detected in the
body for several weeks or months after a person stops taking
them.
 Injectable Steroids: Injectable anabolic are injected into muscle
tissue. They are slowly released from the muscles into the rest of
the body, and may be detectable for months after last use. The
body tolerates the injectable steroids more effectively than the
oral steroids. Long-term steroid abusers use them for this reason.

5. Medical use of Anabolic steroids
 They are classified as Schedule III drugs in accordance with the
Controlled Substances Act .
 These are available legally as prescribed medications for treating
anemia, osteoporosis, growth stimulation, gonadal dysfunction,
and gynecological disorders.
 Medically, androgens and anabolic steroids are used to treat:
delayed puberty in adolescent boys, hypogonadism and
impotence in men, breast cancer in women, anemia, osteoporosis,
weight loss disease in HIV, endometriosis, other conditions with
hormonal imbalance.

6. Effects
They can cause:
 Cancer of the liver, prostate, kidney
 Reduction in HDL the "good" cholesterol, high blood pressure, enlarged
prostate, liver damage, aggressive behavior, post-use depression.
 Aching joints, injury to tendons, ligaments, and muscles, blood coagulation
disorders, HIV disease from sharing needles, acne, swelling of feet or ankles,
nosebleeds, reduced libido.
 Increased sex drive, increased fatty deposits, heart arrhythmia's, stunted
growth in immature individuals, breast growth in males, reduced sperm
count, shrinking of the testicles.
 Baldness, body hair growth in female, masculinization, clitoral enlargement
and breast reduction in females.

7. HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)
 Hormone that is naturally produced by the body.
 It is synthesized and secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary gland located at
the base of the brain.
 In serum, hGH exists as a complex molecular forms (isoforms), including the
major 22-kDa form and minor isoforms such as the 20-kDa form.
 hGH also exists as aggregates of these isoforms (dimers and oligomers, forming
both homo- and heterodimers). The 22-kDa hGH has a short half-life of 10-20
minutes.
 Effect of Hgh on athletes performance: include the reduction of body fat
(lipolysis), the increase in muscle mass and strength (anabolic effect).
 Increases in total body protein turnover and muscle synthesis. hGH also appears
to be used synergistically with other performance-enhancing drugs, thus having
an effect, albeit indirect, on muscle anabolism and athletic performance.

8. SIDE AFFECTS
• DIABETES IN PRONE INDIVIDUALS, WORSENING OF
CARDIOVASCULAR, DISEASES, MUSCLE, JOINT AND BONE PAIN,
HYPERTENSION AND CARDIAC DEFICIENCY, ABNORMAL GROWTH OF
ORGANS, ACCELERATED OSTEOARTHRITIS.
• EXCESSIVE USE OF HGH MAY ALSO LEAD TO METABOLIC
DYSFUNCTION, INCLUDING GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE AND OTHER SIDE
EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH EXCESS LEVELS OF IGF-1.

9. TEST
 Athletes use hGH as a doping agent for extended periods of time in order
to benefit from its purported performance-enhancing effects In addition,
doping athletes suspect that they may be tested for hGH during
competition periods.
 The blood matrix is the most suitable matrix for the detection of hGH.
 hGH in urine is found in extremely small quantities (less than 1% than
that found in blood). Freezing blood serum is a scientifically acceptable
procedure that allows for the preservation of substances in samples for
future testing and detection.
 Isoform test and Biomarkers test.

10. INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR 1
 A protein involved in the mediation of the growth hormone. Administration
of IGF-1 could cause heart disease and cancer.
Detection
 The world anti doping agency is the main regulatory organization looking
into the issue of the detection of gene doping.
 Directly detecting the use of gene therapy usually requires the discovery of
recombinant proteins or gene insertion vectors.
 While most indirect methods involve examining the athlete in an attempt to
detect bodily changes or structural differences between endogenous and
structural differences between endogenous recombinant proteins.

11. BLOOD DOPING
• BLOOD DOPING IS AN ILLICIT METHOD OF IMPROVING ATHLETIC
PERFORMANCE BY ARTIFICIALLY BOOSTING THE BLOOD’S ABILITY TO
BRING MORE OXYGEN TO MUSCLES.
• IT INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE BLOOD STREAM.
IT ALLOWS HIGHER AMOUNT OF OXYGEN AND FUEL TO ATHLETES
MUSCLES THAT CAN GIVE STAMINA AND IMPROVE PERFORMANCE.

12. TYPES OF BLOOD DOPING
 Blood transfusions: In normal practice patients may undergo
blood transfusions to replace blood lost due to injury. it also boost
athletes performance. it includes two types;
 Autologous transfusion: this involves transfusions of athletes
own blood. there are no direct tests to detect. one method
involves comparing an athletes blood profile at testing time to
blood samples collected at previous times. Difference indicates
blood doping.
 Homologous transfusion: this involves athletes use someone's
blood.it can detected by testing blood samples.

13. RISKS OF BLOOD DOPING
 It increases the risk of blood clotting , heart attack, and
stroke.
 Tainted blood can spread infectious diseases such as ; HIV,
hepatitis B, hepatitis C.
 Repeated blood transfusion can cause a dangerous build up
of iron in the body.
 Improperly stored blood and improperly administrated
transfusion can cause acute lung injury.

14. ERYTHROPROTEIN
• A GLYCO PROTEIN THAT ACTS AS A HORMONE, CONTROLLING RED BLOOD
CELLS PRODUCTION.
• ATHLETES HAVE INJECTED THE EPO PROTEIN AS A PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING SUBSTANCE FOR MANY YEARS.
• WHEN THE ADDITIONAL EPO PRODUCTION OF RBC IN CIRCULATION, THIS
INCREASES THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN AVAILABLE TO MUSCLE, ENHANCING
THE ATHLETES ENDURANCE.
• EPO IS A NATURALLY PRODUCED HORMONE. IT IS RELEASED FROM THE
KIDNEYS AND ACTS ON BONE MARROW TO INCREASE THE RED BLOOD
CELLS.
• BY INJECTING EPO ,ATHLETES AIM TO INCREASE RBC AND AEROBIC
CAPACITY.

15.  EPO is a hormone produced by the kidney. it regulates the body's
production RBC.
 Blood and urine tests can detect the presence of synthetic EPO,
but EPO remains in the body for very short time, while its effect
last much longer.

16. SYNTHETIC OXYGEN CARRIERS
 Synthetic oxygen carriers, such as hemoglobin-based oxygen
carriers (HBOCs) or perfluorocarbons (PFCs), are purified proteins
or chemicals that have the ability to carry oxygen.
 They are useful for emergency therapeutic purposes when human
blood is not available, the risk of blood infection is high or when
there is not enough time to properly cross-match donated blood
with a recipient.
 The misuse of synthetic oxygen carriers for doping purposes carries
the risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to serious side effects
such as strokes, heart attacks and embolisms.

17.  These are the chemicals that have ability to carry oxygen.
 It is used when patient needs a blood transfusion human blood is not available ,
there is a high risk of blood infection.
 Athletes use them to increase oxygen the blood.

18.  Athletes use synthetic oxygen carriers for the same performance-enhancing
effects of other types of blood doping -- increased oxygen in the blood that
helps fuel muscles.
 Synthetic oxygen carriers are, just as the name implies, chemicals that have
the ability to carry oxygen within the body. Two examples are:
 HBOCs (hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers)
 PFCs (perfluorocarbons)

19. GENE DOPING
 Gene doping is the hypothetical non-therapeutic use of gene therapy by
athletes in order to improve their performance.
 As of April 2015, there is no evidence that gene doping has been used
for athletic performance-enhancement in any sporting events.
 Gene doping would involve the use of gene transfer to increase or
decrease gene expression and protein biosynthesis of a specific human
protein.
 This could be done by directly injecting the gene carrier into the person,
or by taking cells from the person, transfecting the cells, and
administering the cells back to the person.
 Genetic enhancement includes manipulation of genes or gene
transfer by healthy athletes for the purpose of physically improving
their performance.

20. AGENTS
 There are numerous genes of interest as agents for gene doping.
 They include EPO, insulin-like growth factor 1, human growth
hormone, myostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth
factor, endorphin, enkephalin and alpha-actinin-3.
 The risks of gene doping would be similar to those of gene therapy: immune
reaction to the native protein leading to the equivalent of a genetic disease,
massive inflammatory response, cancer, and death, and in all cases, these
risks would be undertaken for short-term gain as opposed to treating a
serious disease.

21. Myostatin
 Myostatin is a protein responsible for inhibiting muscle differentiation and growth.
 Removing the myostatin gene or otherwise limiting its expression leads to an
increase in muscle size and power.
 Humans born with defective genes can also serve as "knockout models"; a German
boy with a mutation in both copies of the myostatin gene was born with well-
developed muscles.
Insulin
 Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas and composed of two peptide chains.
 Insulin increases the production of glycogen (i.e. the formation of the sugar stored in
the body), promotes glucose and amino acids intake into cells, accelerates protein
synthesis, and decreases the protein breakdown.
 Thus, insulin is anabolic, meaning that it is a tissue-growing hormone.

22. DIURETICS
 Diuretics are drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion
to adjust the volume and composition of body fluids.
 There are several major categories of this drug class and the compounds vary
greatly in structure, physicochemical properties, effects on urinary
composition and renal hemodynamics, and site and mechanism of action.
 Diuretics are often abused by athletes to excrete water for rapid weight loss
and to mask the presence of other banned substances.
 The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances; the
use of diuretics is banned both in competition and out of competition and
diuretics are routinely screened for by anti-doping laboratories.

23. USES
 Diuretics are therapeutic agents that are used to increase the rate of urine flow
and sodium excretion in order to adjust the volume and composition of body
fluids or to eliminate excess of fluids from tissues.
 They are used in clinical therapy for the treatment of various diseases and
syndromes, including hypertension, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, renal failure,
kidney and lung diseases, as well as a more general reduction of the adverse
effects of salts and/or water retention.
 Diuretics were first banned in sport (both in competition and out of
competition) in 1988.

24. BETA BLOCKERS
 Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenergic blocking agents and are medications
that reduces blood pressure.
 Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known
as adrenaline.
 Beta blockers causes heart to beat more slowly and with less force, which lowers
blood pressure and helps open up your veins and arteries to improve blood flow.
 Some of the Beta Blockers are: Acebutolol, Esmolol, Propranolol, Alprenol, Atenolol,
Betaxolol, Bisoprolol, Bunolol, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Celiprolol, Labetalol,
Metipranolol, Metoprolol, Nadolol, Oxprenolol, Pindolol, Sotalol, Timolol
 Examples of beta blockers taken by mouth include: Acebutolol (Sectral), Atenolol
(Tenormin), Bisoprolol (Zebeta), Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL), Nadolol
(Corgard), Nebivolol (Bystolic)

25. STIMULANTS
 Stimulants are drugs that directly affect the central nervous system.
 They work to speed up parts of the brain and body, increasing the heart rate,
blood pressure, metabolism and body temperature of the user.
 They are used by athletes to reduce tiredness and fatigue, and to increase
alertness, competitiveness and aggressiveness.
 Stimulants are drugs that usually act on the central nervous system to
modulate mental function and behavior, increasing an individual's sense of
excitement and decreasing the sensation of fatigue.
 Athletes may have stimulants in their body for one of three main reasons:
Inadvertent (or alleged inadvertent) consumption in a propriety medicine,
Deliberate consumption for misuse as a recreational drug, Deliberate
consumption to enhance performance.
 Stimulants may be taken to increase alertness or convey some psychological
motivational or attitude advantage from central actions.

27. NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
 A large number of recreational and elite athletes use nutritional supplements in
hopes of improving performance.
 Due to the lack of regulation of the dietary supplement industry, an abundance of
supplement products of dubious value, content, and quality are now available
around the world.
 For athletes, lack of knowledge or misinformation has been established despite
numerous sources of information being available, and the reasons for, and
implications of, unsupervised and unrestricted supplement use require further
attention.
 In addition to the necessity of an appropriate regulation of dietary supplements,
nutritional education and scientifically sound guidance for athletes is required.
Intervention and prevention efforts should be particularly targeted to adolescents
 For more than a decade, it has been known that nutritional supplements can be
“contaminated” with doping substances, which means that the contents of the
supplements are not identical to the list of ingredients on the label.

28. CONCLUSION
 After critically looking at all aspects of performance-enhancing drug use, we
have concluded, as a team, that doping is negatively affecting sports.
 Performance-enhancing drugs is a bad thing for several reasons.
 They have terrible side effects on athletes and destroy their bodies in the long
run.
 At present, the problem of the use of doping by athletes is acute for
professional sports.
 The solution of this task immediately entails chain of related questions: how to
improve the system of doping control, what drugs to prohibit to use, what
measures to show to athletes who violated the rules.

29. REFERENCES
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 Thevis, M., Sigmund, G., Geyer, H., & Schänzer, W. (2010). Stimulants and doping in
sport. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics, 39(1), 89-105.
 Cadwallader, A. B., De La Torre, X., Tieri, A., & Botrè, F. (2010). The abuse of diuretics as
performance‐enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology,
toxicology and analysis. British journal of pharmacology, 161(1), 1-16.
 Schumacher, Y. O., & Ashenden, M. (2004). Doping with artificial oxygen carriers. Sports
Medicine, 34(3), 141-150.
 Schneider, A. J., & Friedmann, T. (2006). The problem of doping in sports. Advances in
genetics, 51, 1-9.

30. THANKYOU