The document discusses several high-profile cases of athletes being caught doping and facing suspensions, including: - Maria Sharapova testing positive for meldonium in 2016 and receiving a two-year suspension. - Lance Armstrong having his seven Tour de France titles revoked in 2012 after evidence of a doping scheme. - Indian weightlifter Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu receiving a provisional suspension in 2018 after testing positive for testosterone. It also provides information on the prevalence of doping in different sports in India, listing athletics, weightlifting, and powerlifting as having the most detected violations. Various reasons for athletes doping are discussed, such

1. DRUGS
AND
SPORTS
SHREYA GUPTA

2. HALL OF FAME
OR
HALL OF SHAME ?

3. MARIA SHARAPOVA, 2016
Suspended for two years in
2016 for doping.
Sharapova claimed she was
unaware that a drug she
had been using for a
decade—meldonium, which
helps increase blood and
oxygen flow—had become a
banned substance as of
2016.

4. LANCE ARMSTRONG, 2012
His seven Tour de France
titles (from 1999 to 2005)
were revoked in 2012 after
years of suspicion
culminated in the exposure
of an elaborate,
multifaceted doping
scheme (PEDs) within
Armstrong's U.S. Postal
Service team.

5. FLOYD LANDIS, 2006
He was stripped of his
2006 Tour de France title
for testing positive for
synthetic testosterone.

6. RUSSIAN TEAM, 2012, 2014
2016
Russia has been accused of
running a state-backed,
systematic doping
programme for years.
As a result the Russian
Olympic athletes competed
as neutral “Olympic
Athletes from Russia”
(OAR), and banned from
using their national flag or
anthem in 2018
Pyeongchang Olympics

7. MARTINA HINGIS, 2007
Having initially retired in
2003 at the age of 22,
Hingis tested positive for
cocaine in 2007 at
Wimbledon in her
comeback year.
She was suspended from
tennis for two years.

8. SHOAIB AKHTAR, 2006
In 2006, Pakistan
Cricket Board (PCB)
found Shoaib Akhtar guilty
of using the steroid
nandrolone, used to aid
recovery from injury, increase
muscle size, strength and
power and increase
aggression.

9. DIEGO MARADONA, 1994
‘The Fallen Angel’,
He was tested positive for
Ephedrine at soccer
World Cup in the US in
1994 and was excluded
from the tournament

10. NARSINGH YADAV, 2016
India wrestler was slapped
a four-year ban after testing
positive for
methandrostenolone just
weeks before 2016 Rio
Olympics.
Controversy on his ban is
still ongoing.

11. KHUMUKCHAM SANJITA
CHANU, 2018
Her sample tested
positive for testosterone,
resulting in immediate
provisional suspension by
the International
Weightlifting Federation
(IWF)

12. DRUGS
AND
SPORTS

13. • Drug abuse : Risk factor model, Reasons for abuse
• Drug abuse in sports: Introduction
• History of Doping
• Indian Statistics
• Reasons for Doping
• Mechanisms of Doping
• 2019 list of Prohibited Substances and Methods
• Anti-Doping Agencies
FLOW OF PRESENTATION

14. • Adverse Effects of Doping
• Testing and Investigative Procedure of athletes
• Sample Testing Protocol
• Therapeutic Use Exemption
• Designer drugs: Role in sports and Detection
• Sports Medicine
• Role of Sports Pharmacology
FLOW OF PRESENTATION

15. DRUG ABUSE
• Defined as the intentional, non-therapeutic use of a drug
product or substance, even once, to achieve a desired
psychological or physiological effect.
(https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm198650.pdf)
• Persistent or sporadic excessive drug use inconsistent with
or unrelated to acceptable medical practice
(https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/terminology/abuse/en/)
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration USA, estimated 21 million Americans age
12 or older (7.8 percent of the population) required
treatment for substance abuse in 2016.

16. CONTINNUM OF DEPENDENCE
First Use/
Social use
Regular
Use
Risky Use
Dependence
Substance
Use
Disorder

17. Genes
RISK FACTOR MODEL

18. To fit in: Teens use drugs
“because others are doing it
”they think others are doing it—
and fear not being accepted in a
drug- using social circle
To feel better: depression,
social anxiety, stress-related
disorders, and physical pain.
Stress plays a significant role in
starting and continuing drug
use
DRUG ABUSE IN YOUTH

19. To feel good: Abused drugs
interact with the
neurochemistry of the
brain to produce feelings of
pleasure and euphoria
To experiment: Motivation
to seek new experiences,
particularly those
perceived as thrilling or
daring.
DRUG ABUSE IN YOUTH

20. DRUG ABUSE IN YOUTH
To do better: Ours is a very competitive
society, pressure to perform athletically
and academically can be intense. Using
illegal or prescription stimulants for
enhancing or improving performance is
prevelant

21. DRUG ABUSE IN SPORTS
• Doping, defined as use of drugs or other substances for
performance enhancement.
• Drug abuse in athlete population involves doping in an
effort to gain competitive advantage.
• Alternatively, may involve use of substances such as
alcohol or marijuana without the intent of performance
enhancement, since athletes may develop substance use
disorders just as any non-athlete may.
• Most frequently detected doping agents (WADA regulated
dope-testing laboratories): Anabolic steroids, Stimulants
and Cannabinoids

22. 3rd CEN
BC
• Brandy and wine concoctions, hallucinogenic mushrooms and sesame seeds to
enhance performance.
1904
• Illegal drugging of racehorses in the Olympics
1920s
• Mixtures of strychnine, heroin, cocaine, and caffeine were commonly used by
higher level athletes
1930
• Amphetamine replaced strychnine as the stimulant of choice for athletes.
• Use of PEDs in the Tour de France was common practice
1950s
• Soviet Olympic team first used male hormones to increase strength and power.
HISTORY OF DOPING

23. 1967
• International Olympic Committee (IOC) medical commission established a list of
prohibited substances in 1967 and introduced anti-doping testing of athletes in
the 1972 Munich Games.
1970s
• Anabolic steroids were added to the IOC’s prohibited substances list in 1976.
resulting in a marked increase in the number of doping-related disqualifications
in the late 1970s,
1980s
• IOC identified and banned blood doping in 1986
1990s
• Erythropoietin was included in the IOC’s list of prohibited substances in 1990
1999
• IOC took the initiative and convened the First World Conference on Doping in
Sport in Lausanne in February 1999. Following the proposal of the Conference,
the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established later in 1999.
HISTORY OF DOPING

24. INDIAN STATISTICS
• India ranks 6th in the latest doping violation report
published by WADA in 2018
• India had 69 Anti-Doping Rule Violations (ADRV), the
same as Russia, which has been under international
scrutiny for a while.
• Athletics : 21 offenders
• Weightlifting and powerlifting : 14 each
• Kabaddi : 9 offenders
• Wrestling: 5 offenders
Source: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/india-joint-
6th-in-list-of-doping-violations-in-wada-report/articleshow/63943916.cms

25. • Pressure to perform
• Speed up injury healing process
• Ignorance and accidental consumption
• Push natural performance limits
• Repeated failures
REASONS FOR DOPING

26. MECHANISMS OF DOPING
1. STRENGTH ENHANCE
• Weight lifting, wresting
• Anabolic agents, eg.
Clenbutrol, testosterone,
nandrolone
2. OUTPUT OF ENERGY
• 100m sprint
• Amphetamine,
cocaine, ephedrine

27. 3. HAND STEADINESS
• Shooting, archery
• Beta-blockers
4. BODY PLIANCY
• Gymnastics
• Growth hormone
MECHANISMS OF DOPING

28. 5. ENDURANCE
• Cycling, marathon
• Erythropoietin
6. WEIGHT REDUCTION
• Boxers, jockeys
• Diuretics
MECHANISMS OF DOPING

30. 2019
LIST OF PROHIBITED
SUBSTANCES &
METHODS

31. • The Prohibited List is a cornerstone of the World Anti-Doping
Code
• Updated annually following an extensive consultation process
facilitated by WADA.
• Valid from 1 January to 31 December, 2019.
• List is followed by NADA as well
• Available : https://www.wada ama.org/en/content/what-is-
prohibited/prohibited-at-all-times/anabolic-agents
2019 LIST OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES

32. 2019 LIST OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
3 subcategories:
1. Substances and methods banned all the time
(in and out of competition)
2. Substances banned in competition
3. Substances banned in particular sports

33. 1.1 Substances Prohibited at all times
NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES
ANABOLIC AGENTS
PEPTIDE HORMONES, GROWTH FACTORS, RELATED SUBSTANCES &
MIMETICS
BETA-2 AGONISTS
HORMONE AND METABOLIC MODULATORS
DIURETICS AND MASKING AGENTSS5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S0

34. CATEGORY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
S0 : NON
APPROVED
SUBSTANCES
No current approval by
any governmental
regulatory health
authority for human
therapeutic use
• Drugs under pre-clinical or clinical
development or discontinued
• Designer drugs
• Substances approved only for
veterinary use
S1: ANABOLIC
AGENTS
• Anabolic
Androgenic
Steroids (AAS)
• Others
Exogenous: substance
which is not ordinarily
produced by the body
naturally.
Endogenous: substance
ordinarily produced by
the body naturally.
• 1-Androstenediol/dione
• 1-Androsterone, 1-Testosterone
• Danazol
• Norethandrolone
• Oxabolone
• Clenbuterol
• SARMs, e.g. andarine, enobosarm
• Tibolone
• Zeranol, Zilpaterol
1.1 Substances Prohibited at all times

35. 1.1 Substances Prohibited at all times
CATEGORY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
S2: PEPTIDE
HORMONES,
GROWTH FACTORS,
RELATED
SUBSTANCES, AND
MIMETICS
1. EPO and like agents:
• Erythropoietin-Receptor
Agonists
• Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)
activating agents
• TGF-beta (TGF-β) inhibitors
• Innate repair receptor agonists
2. Peptide Hormones and their
Releasing Factors
• Chorionic Gonadotrophin (CG)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Corticotrophins
• Growth Hormone , its
fragments and releasing
factors
3. Growth Factor Modulators
• Darbepoetins (dEPO)
• Argon, Cobalt, xenon
• Daprodustat
• Molidustat
• Luspatercept, Sotatercept
• Asialo EPO
• Carbamylated EPO (CEPO)
• Buserelin, deslorelin
• Corticorelin
• Sermorelin,
Tesamorelin(GHRH)
• Ghrelins(GHS)
• FGFs, HGF, IGF-1, PDGF, VEGF

36. CATEGORY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
S3: BETA-2
AGONISTS
All selective and non-selective beta-2
agonists, including all optical isomers,
EXCEPT:
• inhaled salbutamol max. 1600 mcg
in 24 hrs
• Inhaled formoterol max. 54mcg in
24 hrs
• Inhaled salmeterol max. 200 mcg
in 24 hrs
• Fenoterol
• Formoterol
• Indacaterol
• Olodaterol
• Salbutamol
• Salmeterol
• Terbutaline
• Vilanterol
S4: HORMONE
AND
METABOLIC
MODULATORS
• Aromatase inhibitors
• SERMs & anti-estrogenic
substances
• Agents preventing activin receptor
IIB activation
• Metabolic modulators
• Androstenol. Androstenone
• Letrozole
• Raloxifene, Tamoxifen
• Fulvistrant
• Anti-activin receptor IIB Ab
(e.g.Bimagrumab)
• Insulins, insulin-mimetics
• Meldonium, Trimetazidine
1.1 Substances Prohibited at all times

37. CATEGORY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
S5: DIURETICS AND
MASKING AGENTS EXCEPT:
• Drospirenone; pamabrom; and
ophthalmic use of carbonic
anhydrase inhibitors (e.g.
dorzolamide, brinzolamide);
• Local administration of
felypressin in dental
anaesthesia.
• Desmopressin
• Probenecid
• Plasma expanders
• Acetazolamide;
• Amiloride
• Bumetanide
• Canrenone
• Chlortalidone
• Etacrynic acid
• Furosemide
• Indapamide
• Metolazone
• Spironolactone
• Thiazides
• Vaptans
1.1 Substances Prohibited at all times

38. MANIPULATION OF BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS
• Administration or reintroduction of any quantity of autologous,
allogenic (homologous) or heterologous blood, or red blood cell
products of any origin into the circulatory system.
• Artificially enhancing the uptake, transport or delivery of oxygen:
Perfluorochemicals; efaproxiral (RSR13) and modified haemoglobin
products, e.g. haemoglobin-based blood substitutes and
microencapsulated haemoglobin products, excluding supplemental
oxygen by inhalation.
• Any form of intravascular manipulation of the blood or blood
components by physical or chemical means.
1.2 Prohibited Methods

39. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
• Tampering, or Attempting to Tamper, to alter the integrity and
validity of samples collected during Doping Control. Including, but
not limited to: Urine substitution and/or adulteration.
• Intravenous infusions and/or injections of more than a total of
100 mL per 12 hour period except for those legitimately received
in the course of hospital treatments, surgical procedures or clinical
diagnostic investigations.
1.2 Prohibited Methods

40. 1.2 Prohibited Methods
GENE AND CELL DOPING
• Use of polymers of nucleic
acids or nucleic acid
analogues.
• Use of gene editing agents
to alter genome sequences
and/or the transcriptional,
post-transcriptional or
epigenetic regulation of
gene expression.
• Use of normal or
genetically modified cells.

41. 2. Substances Prohibited In-Competition
STIMULANTS
NARCOTICS
CANNABINOIDS
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
S6
S8
S9
S7

42. 2. Substances Prohibited In-Competition
CATEGORY EXAMPLES
S6: STIMULANTS • Amfetamine
• Benfluorex
• Cocaine
• Benzylpiperazine
• Modafinil
• Fenfluramine
S7: NARCOTICS • Buprenorphine
• Dextromoramide
• Diamorphine (heroin)
• Fentanyl
• Hydromorphone
• Methadone
• Morphine
• Nicomorphine
• Oxycodone
• Oxymorphone
• Pentazocine
• Pethidine
• Sibutramine
• Strychnine
• Ephedrine
(> 10 micrograms/ml)
• Pseudoephedrine
(> 150 micrograms/ml)

43. CATEGORY EXAMPLES
S8: CANNABINOIDS • Natural cannabinoids, e.g. Cannabis, Hashish and
Marijuana
• Synthetic cannabinoids e.g. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC) Cannabimimetics
S9:
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
• Betamethasone
• Budesonide
• Cortisone
• Deflazacort
• Dexamethasone
• Fluticasone
• Hydrocortisone
• Methylprednisolone
• Prednisolone
• Prednisone
• Triamcinolone
2. Substances Prohibited In-Competition

44. BETA BLOCKERS ( increase precision)
Archery*
Automobile
Billiards (all disciplines)
Darts
Golf
Shooting*
Skiing/Snowboarding
Underwater sports
*Also prohibited Out-of-Competition
3. Substances Prohibited in Particular Sports

45. ANTI- DOPING
AGENCIES

46. WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY
• The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was established in
1999, HQ WADA: Montreal, Canada
• International independent agency composed and funded
equally by the sport movement and governments of the
world.
• Its key activities include scientific research, education,
development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring
of the World Anti-Doping Code (Code) – the document
harmonizing anti-doping policies in all sports and all
countries.

47. WORLD ANTI-DOPING AGENCY
• The Code sets forth specific antidoping rules and principles
to be followed by the various anti doping organizations in
respective countries.
• Works in conjunction with six International Standards in
various technical areas, namely:
 Prohibited List
 Testing and investigations
 Laboratories
 Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs)
 Protection of Privacy and Personal Information
 Code Compliance by Signatories

48. NATIONAL ANTI DOPING AGENCY
• National Anti Doping Agency was established by
Government of India as a Registered Society in 2005
• On 7th March 2008, the National Anti Doping Agency,
India (NADA) accepted the World Anti-Doping Code.

49. The primary functions of NADA are as under:
• To implement the Anti Doping Code to achieve
compliance by all sports organizations in the Country.
• To coordinate dope testing program through all
participating stakeholders.
• To promote anti doping research and education to
inculcate the value of dope free sports.
• To adopt best practice standards and quality systems
to enable effective implementation and continual
improvement of the program.
NATIONAL ANTI DOPING AGENCY

50. Doping is defined as the occurrence of one/ more
of the Anti-doping rule violations:
• Presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or
Markers in an Athlete’s Sample
• Use or Attempted Use by an Athlete
• Evading, Refusing or Failing to Submit to Sample Collection
• Failure to file athlete whereabouts information & missed
tests
• Tampering or Attempted Tampering with any part of
Doping Control
NATIONAL ANTI DOPING AGENCY

51. • Possession of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited
Method
• Trafficking or Attempted Trafficking
• Administration or Attempted Administration to any
athlete In-Competition/ Out-of-Competition
• Assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, conspiring,
covering up or any other type of intentional complicity
NATIONAL ANTI DOPING AGENCY

52. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF DOPING

53. ANABOLIC AGENTS
General Side Effects:
Greasy skin and acne
Infertility
Hypertension
Liver and kidney dysfunction
Aggressive behaviour
Tumour
Male specific Effects:
Breast development
Testicular atrophy
Diminished testosterone production
Diminished sperm production
Impotence
Alopecia
Prostate cancer
Female specific Effects:
Male pattern hair growth and
baldness
Menstruation disturbances
Decreased size of breast
Deeper voice (hoarseness)

54. a
Side Effects of EPO:
Increased viscosity of blood
Hypertension
Myocardial infarction
Cerebral infarction
Pulmonary embolism
Convulsions
Side Effects of hGH:
Acromegaly
Soft tissues swelling
Abnormal growth of organs
Arthropathies
Diabetes mellitus
Side Effects of hCG:
Menstrual disorders
Gynecomastia
Side Effects of insulin:
Hypoglycaemia
Nausea
Drowsiness
CNS disturbances
Side Effects of ACTH:
Insomnia
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Stomach ulcers
Osteoporosis
HORMONES & RELATED PEPTIDES

55. • After consuming stimulants,
performance under severe
circumstances eg. long periods
and/or in the heat,
raises the athlete's body
temperature intensively,
making it difficult to cool down.
• Cardiovascular malfunction
may even lead to death
Loss of appetite
Insomnia
Euphoria
Hallucinations
Trembling
Restlessness, agitation
Hypertension
Palpitation, arrhythmias
Hyperthermia
STIMULANTS

56. OTHER SUBSTANCES
Side Effects of Narcotics:
Addiction
Loss of balance and coordination
Nausea and dizziness
Insomnia & depression
Decreased heart rate
Side Effects of Cannabinoid:
Impaired balance and coordination
Loss of concentration
Increase in heart rate
Increased appetite
Drowsiness, Hallucination
Side Effects of Glucocorticoids:
Fluid retention
Hyperglycaemia
Systemic infections
Musculoskeletal disorders

57. When will an athlete be tested?
• Any sportsperson competing in national or international
events can be asked to give his/her blood and/or urine
samples at any point of time by anti-doping agency or
sports events committee during the event.
• Testing can be conducted in-competition and out-of-
competition. Usually athletes who bag the finishing
positions are tested.
• In addition, agency can randomly test any accredited
athlete, even when not participating in an event.
TESTING OF ATHLETES

58. Intelligence and Investigation Team is an important partner in
global anti-doping program in terms of:
• Investigating potential Anti-Doping Rule Violations
• Cooperating with law enforcement to shut down large scale
doping rings
• Curtailing the trafficking of prohibited substances
INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS

59. INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS
COLLECT: information from parent, officials, athletes.
interviews with the person making the claim. Seeking
out corroborating evidence without compromising the
confidentiality of the informant.
ANALYSE: Analyst assigned to the case along with a scientific
expert if necessary, to assess the quality of the information
and the source, determine the scope, accuracy and likelihood
of the allegations. Bulletin Report prepared
INVESTIGATE: Team coordination with internal WADA teams and
external partners like Anti-Doping Organizations, International
Federations and law enforcement. More interviews and analysis
conducted to further corroborate the claims
CONCLUDE: Determination of whether the case requires
additional follow-up or if the case is closed. At every step
along the way, the informant is updated and their identity
is kept confidential.

60. WADA accredited lab in India:
National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL)
Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports
J.L.N. Stadium Complex, New Delhi
Head of the Laboratory: Dr. P. L. Sahu
Scientific Director
INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS

61. 11 STAGES OF DOPING
CONTROL

66. Out of competition testing:
• Training Period
• Off Season
In Competition testing:
• Selection trial
• State level championship
• National Competition
• International Competition
SAMPLE TESTING PROTOCOL
Source: http://ndtlindia.com/sample-testing-protocol/

67. URINE SAMPLE TESTING PROTOCOL
Source: http://ndtlindia.com/sample-testing-protocol/

68. URINE SAMPLE TESTING PROTOCOL

69. No. Screening Equipment Sample
1. Erythropoietin Stimulating
Agents (ESAs) & its
Analogues
Electrophoresis Serum
2. Human Growth Hormone Luminometer Serum
3. Blood parameters Sysmex XT2000i Whole Blood
4. Blood Transfusion Flowcytometer
500
Whole Blood
5. Hemoglobin Based Oxygen
Carriers
ELISA Reader,
LC-MS/MS
Serum
BLOOD SAMPLE TESTING PROTOCOL
Source: http://ndtlindia.com/sample-testing-protocol/
• Number of Samples: 2 (“A” Sample and “B” Sample)
• Volume required: 2 x 3mL

70. THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION (TUE)
• Athletes may at times need to use a prohibited medication
to treat a legitimate medical condition.
• A TUE is an exemption that allows an athlete to use,
for therapeutic purposes only, an otherwise prohibited
substance or method (of administering a substance).
• The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard for
Therapeutic Use Exemptions (ISTUE) is a mandatory
International Standard developed as part of the World Anti-
Doping Program.

71. An athlete may be granted a TUE if (and only if) he/she can
show, by a balance of probability, that each of the following
conditions is met by Prohibited Substance (PS) or Prohibited
Method(PM) in question . :
• Needed to treat an acute or chronic medical condition, such
that the athlete would experience a significant impairment to
health if it were to be withheld.
• No reasonable therapeutic alternative to its use
THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION (TUE)

72. THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTION (TUE)
• Use is highly unlikely to produce any additional
enhancement of performance beyond what might be
anticipated by a return to the athlete’s normal state of
health following the treatment.
• The necessity for its use is not a consequence, wholly or
in part, of the prior Use (without a TUE) of another
prohibited substance or method.

73. DESIGNER DRUGS
• Molecules that are deliberately engineered to contain novel
modifications so that they may evade detection by targeted
drug surveillance procedures or evade current legislation.
• Produced with the intent of developing substances that
differ slightly from controlled substances in their chemical
structure while retaining their pharmacological effects.
• Examples:
1. Synthetic cathilones (stimulants): Mimic effects of cocaine,
methamphetamine, and MDMA
2. Tetrahydrogestrinone
3. Spice/ K2: Synthetic Marijuana

74. Use of highly targeted methods to
attain appropriate sensitivity to
detect known potent doping agents
But limited coverage with the
available methods
Emergence of DESIGNER DRUGS
specifically intended to evade
detection
DESIGNER DRUGS IN SPORTS

75. • Mass Spectrometry methods designed to provide more
generic detection of designer drugs.
• Alternative approaches such as the use of biomarkers,
ELISA methods targeted at steroid substructures and
receptor assays, are under investigation.
• While urine remains the primary matrix for testing,
understanding in vitro methods to study metabolism are
increasingly important.
DETECTION OF DESIGNER DRUGS

76. • Study of medicine pertaining to sportspersons
• Includes regular health assessment and management of
medical history of the people involved in sporting
activities and treatment of sports-related injuries.
• Athletes and sportspersons can prevent illness, injuries,
and incidences of doping through the basic knowledge of
sports science, exercise physiology, and pharmacokinetics
and pharmacodynamics of biologically active substances
that enter their body in the form of food or medicines
SPORTS MEDICINE

77. • The necessity of athletes to know the drug, its exact effect,
and the prescribed limit, led to the introduction of
pharmacology in sports.
• Inter-professional learning essential among the health-care
professionals to safeguard sportspersons from inadvertent
doping.
• Sport pharmacologists and sport pharmacists can work in
collaboration with other health-care professionals to help
this cause by communicating the hazards of inadvertent
drug abuse, improving health and professional outcomes.
ROLE OF SPORTS PHARMACOLOGY

78. CONCLUSION

79. THANK YOU
STOP DOPING

80. REFERENCES
• https://www.wada-ama.org/en/content/what-is-prohibited
• https://www.nadaindia.org/en/prohibited-list
• https://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/
• http://ndtlindia.com/sample-testing-protocol/
• Reardon, C. L., & Creado, S. (2014). Drug abuse in
athletes. Substance abuse and rehabilitation. 95–105.
• Malve HO. Sports pharmacology: A medical pharmacologist’s
perspective. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2018
Jul;10(3):126.
• Teale P, Scarth J, Hudson S. Impact of the emergence of
designer drugs upon sports doping testing. Bioanalysis. 2012
Jan;4(1):71-88.