This document discusses various topics related to doping in sports, including: 1. Concepts and classifications of doping according to various organizations. 2. Lists of prohibited substances and methods, along with examples and reasons for prohibition. 3. Responsibilities of athletes regarding anti-doping policies. 4. Potential side effects of commonly used prohibited substances like anabolic steroids, stimulants, and peptide hormones. 5. Types of ergogenic aids used to enhance sports performance, both legal and prohibited, including psychological, mechanical, pharmacological, physiological, and nutritional aids.

3. 5.1 Concept and Classification of Doping
5.2 Prohibited Substances & Methods
5.3 Responsibilities of Athletes
5.4 Side Effects of Prohibited Substances
5.5 Ergogenic Aids and Doping in Sports
5.6 Doping Control Procedure
(Testing In – Competition & Out – of –
Competition)

4.  During the Olympic Games in 3rd Century B.C. the
athletes were trying to increase their sports
performance by taking mushrooms and opium.
 In 1st Century AD , the Greek runners used to
drink a herbal beverage to increase their strength
and be capable to run long distance races.
 In Modern Era, the use of performance enhancing
substances and techniques by the top sports
person of the world has been a persistent issue in
the world of sports.

5. Use of Prohibited substances or methods to
unfairly improve their sporting performances and
to gain an advantage over their competitors.
According to IOC ,“ Doping is the use of any
method or substance that might harm the
athlete, in a quest to gain an unfair advantage
over his/her fellow competitors.”
According to WADA ,“Doping is defined as the
occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping
rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through
Article 2.8 of the Code.”

6. Anti-Doping Rules:
1. Presence of Prohibited Substance or Methods
2. Use or Attempt to use a prohibited substance or
method
3. Refusing to submit a sample collection after
being notified
4. Failure to file athletes whereabouts after being
notified
5. Tampering with any part of the doping control
process
6. Possession of a prohibited substance or method
7. Trafficking a prohibited substance or method

7.  Performance Enhancing Substances
 Physical Methods

8. 1) Stimulants :
Stimulants are drugs that enhances alertness
and physical activity by increasing heart rate and
breathing rate and the functions of brain . They
stimulates the body physically and mentally .
Effects Usage Examples
Mind is more alert By injection Cocaine
Reduces feeling of fatigue By nasal spray Ephedrine
More aggressive Orally Adrafinil
Amphetamines

9. 2) Anabolic Steroids :
They stimulates the growth of muscles and
help athlete to train harder and recover rapidly. By
boosting the muscle power and strength , they
enhance the performance .
Effects Usage Examples
Muscle power growth By intramuscular injection Drostanolone
Muscle size growth Orally Metenolone
Rapid recovery Oxandrolone

10. 3) Peptide Hormone :
These are the substances produced by glands in
the body. They carry the oxygen and circulate in the
blood . They increase the production of RBC and
hence improves the growth of muscles . Additional
intake of these hormones can enhance the
performance hence prohibited In and Out of
competitions.Effects Usage Examples
Increase in RBC By injection Erothropoietin (EPO)
Muscles growth Orally Insulin
Hormonal imbalance Human growth
hormones

11. 4) Beta-2-Agonists :
These drugs are generally used to treat Asthma
and it relax the muscles that surround the air way
and opening of the air passage .It allows more
oxygen to reach the blood .It enhances the
respiratory function , increase their capacity for
strenuous effort and shorten recovery time.
Effects Usage Examples
Increases oxygen in blood Inhalers Acebutolol
Opens air passage Orally Betaxolol
Rapid recovery Carteolol

12. 4) Beta-2-Agonists :

13. 5) Narcotics :
It reduces or eliminate pain from injuries ,
Allow athletes to do persistent efforts for a
longer time . By using Narcotics to ignore
the injury , athletes increase further risk to
damage their body . It also reduces anxiety ,
which enhances the performance .
Effects Usage Examples
Reduces pain By injection Morphine
Improves stamina Orally Heroine
Reduces anxiety Inhaling Pethidine

14. 6) Diuretics :
These are non-performance enhancing drugs but
are used in sports to remove fluids( water in
particular) from the body, These are used to reduce the
body weight rapidly as in weightlifting, boxing and
wrestling etc. These drugs are also used to evade
anti-doping test. These drugs are used by athletes
in and out of competitions.
Effects Usage Examples
Rapid weight loss Orally Dexatran
Remove fluid from the body By injection Amiloride
Evade Anti-Doping Test Canreone

15. 7) Glucocorticosteroids :
These drugs relieve fatigue and pain, giving more
tolerance for pain and prepare the athletes to
continue the efforts.
8) Cannabinoids :
These are psycho active chemicals that cause a
feeling of relaxation. Hashish and Marijuana are
examples and their use is prohibited in competitions

16. 1. Blood Doping 2. Gene Doping

17. 1. Blood Doping :
According to WADA ,the misuse of techniques or
substances to increase one’s RBC count is Blood
Doping .
Athletes blood is taken a few weeks prior to
competition and is frozen until one or two days
before the competition when it is injected into the
athlete. This procedure is known as Autologous
Blood Doping.
When the fresh blood of another person is taken
and injected straight into the body of athlete, the
procedure is known as Homologous Blood
Doping .

18. Blood Doping :
Another procedure of blood doping involves
the injection of “Artificial Oxygen Carriers” .
Haemoglobin Oxygen Carriers are chemicals or
purified proteins which have the ability to carry
oxygen . It enhances aerobic capacity .
Blood Doping increases the number of RBC ,
hence the oxygen carrying capacity to the muscles is
increased . Thereby enhancing the athlete’s
performance .

19. 2. Gene Doping :
It is the manipulation of cells or genes to
enhance the body’s sports performance .
Modifying genes enable faster reaction and
increase physical strength .
It is based on the principles of Gene Therapy .
Gene Therapy may play a vital role in the
growth and development of musculo – skeletal
structures . It will speed up the repair of the
injuries of muscles , tendons and ligaments etc.

20.  The substances and methods which are
banned or prohibited from use in sports .
 WADA is responsible for maintaining and
updating these substances and methods
annually .
 If the substance or method is being used by
the athlete for therapeutic use , he will take
the permission from concerned authority
.
In this case the physician has to verify that
:
 Athlete would face vital health problem without
drugs

21. Substance Prohibited at All Times or In–And–Out–of–
Competition
S.No. Name Reason Example
1. Anabolic Steroids Enhance the performance
Serious side-effects
Drostanolone
Metenolone
2. Peptide Hormones Increase muscle growth &
strength
Increase RBC Count
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Human Growth
Hormone (HGH )
3. Beta-2-Agonists Enhances Respiratory efficiency Acebutolol
Betaxolol
4. Diuretics Evades Anti Doping test
Unfairly manages body weight
Dextran
Probencid
5. Hormones &
Metabolic
Modulators
Interfere with function of Estrogen Tamoxifen
Clomipherne

22. Methods Prohibited at All Times or In–And–Out–of–
Competition
S.No. Name Reason Example
1. Blood Doping It increases the RBC Counts
Enhancing the oxygen carrying
capacity
Autologous
Homologous
Artificial Oxygen
Carriers
2. Gene Doping Very significant in growth &
development of musclo-skeletal
structure
Gene Doping
3. Chemical and
Physical
Manipulation
An attempt to tamper the
validity of collected sample
Manipulation

23. Substances Prohibited In-Competition
(Banned only In-Competition)
S.No. Name Reason Example
1. Stimulants Improves the performance by
stimulating mind & body artificially
Amphetamines
Ephedra
(Caffeine is non-
prohibited but monitored)
2. Narcotics Reduces pain & allow athlete for
persistent effort
Fentanyl
Morphine
Oxydcodone
3. Cannabinoids Gives feeling of relaxation Hashish
Marijuana
4. Glucocortico -
Steroids
Gives relief from pain and fatigue
Increases tolerance

24. Substances Prohibited in Particular Sports
These substances keep heart rate low & reduces tremble
in hand .
S.No. Prohibited Substances Sports
1. Alcohol (ethanol) Archery
Karate
2. Beta – blockers Archery
Shooting
Golf

25. There are various responsibilities of athletes
regarding anti – doping policies formed by
WADA . There should be no violation of code by
the athletes .
1) To be aware & comply with all anti-doping policies.
2) To be available for sample collection at all times as
some athletes take like dosages of EPO between two
standard timings of sample collection.
3) To be responsible for ingest and use of any substance
or method in context of anti-doping.

26. 4) To inform medical personnel of the team about
any medical treatment taken and confirming that it
does not violate anti-doping policies.
5) To report immediately to doping control station
for testing unless delayed for valid reason.
6) To maintain control of the sample until its
sealed.

27. Anabolic Steroids :
1) Cardiovascular Effects :
a) Elevates the Blood Pressure & decrease High
Density Lipoprotein (HDL).
b) Increase the risk of atherosclerosis .
c) May lead to sudden cardiac death.
2) Endocrinal Effects :
a) Increases aggressiveness which may lead to
criminal behaviour.
b) Males become impotent, physical appearance
changes , becomes bald.

28. Anabolic Steroids :
2) Endocrinal Effects :
c) Females become muscular, excessive hair growth,
deepening of voice, imbalance of female
hormones .
d) Causes liver tumour, cancer and jaundice.
3) Psychological Effects :
a) Mood swings, Aggression, Depression, Withdrawal
from the problem and dependence on other
persons.
b) May cause disturbances in personality traits

29. Stimulants :
Increase heart rate & palpitation .
Causes insomnia, anxiety, aggressiveness,
dehydration & heart failure.
Loss of judgement power (indecisiveness).
Narcotics :
Causes loss of balance & co-ordination, loss of
concentration.
False sense of security & power.
Causes nausea, drowsiness, vomiting,
constipation, fainting, coma etc..
Highly addictive & causes withdrawal symptoms
when stopped.

30. Peptide Hormones :
Erythropoitein (EPO) :
Causes thickening of the blood.
Increases risk of heart attack & pulmonary embolism.
Human Growth Hormones (HGH) :
Causes overgrowth of limbs & face.
With the age muscles become weak.
Increase sweating .
Causes musculo - skeletal changes (enlargement of
heart, headache, joint pain etc.).
Insulin :
Causes low blood sugar, weakness, shortness of
breath, brain damage, death.

31. Beta -2- Agonists :
Prolonged use causes trembling, headache & risk of
cardiac arrest.
Diuretics :
Causes dehydration which can seriously affect the
health.
Lead to mineral imbalances, muscle weakness,
irregular heart beat & low blood pressure.
Sodium & Potassium are decreased in body.
Causes damage to kidney.

32. Glucocorticoids :
Prolonged use causes :
Weak tendons,
Torn muscle,
High blood sugar, slower healing of wounds,
Sodium & water retention leading to weight gain
& edema.
Physical dependence & chronic fatigue.
Cannabinoids :
Reduce concentration & co-ordination.
Reduce lung capacity leading to poor endurance.
Cause heart disease & lung cancer.

33. Name
of
Drugs
Anabolic
Steroids
Cortico
steroids
Diuretics Stimulants Narcotic
Analgesics
Beta
Blockers
Effects Increase
s
Muscles
Mass &
Strength
Increases
Aggressiv
e-ness,
Reduces
Fatigue &
pain
Reduces
wt. quickly
& mask
other
drugs
Increases
Alertness
& delay
fatigue
Kill pain &
induce
feeling of
calm
Slow
heart
beat &
study
body
movemen
t
Minor
Compli
cations
Male ,
Female
hormona
ls
imbalanc
e
Retard
healing or
foster
infections
Dehydratio
n, cramps,
loss of
sodium &
potassium
Restless,
Anxiety,
Palpitation
, Irregular
Breathing
Aggravatio
n of
injuries,
Coma
Causes
Asthma ,
Decrease
Mental
Alertness
More
Severe
Compli
cations
Heart &
Liver
diseases
Damages
Kidney,
Pituitary
Gland &
Palpitation,
Heart
Attack,
Kidney
Erratic
Heart
Beats &
severe
Slow
Breathing
&
Dangerous
Heart rate
is
severely
slowed

34. Ergogenic Aids – Definition
Ergogenic aids are substances, devices, or practices that
enhance an individual’s energy use, production, or recovery.
Stretching and weight training are physical ergogenic aids.
Visualization and hypnosis are mental ergogenic aids.
Lighter weight running shoes and better designed golf clubs
are mechanical ergogenic aids.
But perhaps the most commonly recognized form of
ergogenic aids is the dietary supplement.

35. Ergogenic Aids :
Types
Psychological
Mechanical
 Pharmacological
 Physiological
 Nutritional

36. Psychological Aids :
Hypnosis
The induction of a state of consciousness in which a
person apparently loses the power of voluntary action
and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction.
Music
Superstitions
A widely held but irrational belief in supernatural
influences, especially as leading to good or bad luck,
or a practice based on such a belief.

37. Psychological Aids :
 Performance Enhancement Techniques.
Mental Game Coaching is the segment of sports
psychology that concentrates specifically on helping
athletes break through the mental barriers to achieve their
peak potential.
 Improve focus and deal with distractions
 Grow confidence in athletes who have doubts
 Develop coping skills to deal with setbacks and errors
 Find the right zone of intensity for your sport
 To instill a healthy belief system and identify irrational
thoughts
 Improve or balance motivation for optimal performance
 Develop confidence post-injury
 To develop game-specific strategies and game plans

38. Mechanical Aids :
Clothing
Equipment
Heat and Cold Application
Improved Body Mechanics.
Definition: the use of one's body to produce motion that is:
safe, energy conserving, and efficient, all of which allows
the person to maintain balance and control
Environment (Playing Conditions and Surface)

39. Pharmacological Aids :
Over the Counter Drugs:
Over-the-counter drugs are medicines sold directly
to a consumer without a prescription from a
healthcare professional
Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, Melatonin….etc;
Increased mental alertness/concentration
(central nervous system stimulant)
Elevated mood
Decreased fatigue
Improved muscular strength

40. Pharmacological Aids :
“Recreational” Drugs:
Recreational drugs are mind-altering chemical
substances that are used for non-medicinal, leisure
purposes (i.e. taking a substance for the sole purpose
of getting 'high')
Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine…….etc;
Prescription Drugs:
A prescription drug is a pharmaceutical drug that
legally requires a medical prescription to be
dispensed.
Anabolic Steroids, Benzodiazepines, Beta-Adrenergic
Agents…….etc;

41. Physiological Aids :
 Blood Doping
 Erythropoietin (EPO)
The primary role of erythropoietin is red blood cell
production.
 Altitude Training
Altitude training is training for several weeks at
high altitude, preferably over 2,400 metres (8,000 ft) above sea
level for endurance.
“The effects of altitude training on body include an
increase of endurance, reduced recovery time, weight loss etc.
 Glycerol
(for keeping the body hyper hydrated)

42. Nutritional Aids :
Bee Pollen
Carbohydrate Loading
Coenzyme Q-10
Creatine Phosphate
Water or Special Beverages

43. Nutritional Aids :
Bee Pollen:
Mixture of vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other nutrients
thought to improve performance.
Carbohydrate Loading
The practice of eating high amounts of carbohydrates,
sometimes after a period of low carbohydrate intake, for several
days immediately before competing in an athletic event,
especially a marathon, in order to store glycogen in the body,
thereby providing greater reserves of energy.
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinon):
It's used for energy production by every cell in your body, and is
therefore vital for good health, high-energy levels, longevity, and
general quality of life.
Facilitates aerobic metabolism as part of the electron transport chain
(classified as a vitamin)

44. Water or Special Beverages
Water: Water causes bloating which will suppress
thirst and therefore drinking; water contains no
carbohydrate or electrolytes and it also increases
urine output.
Sports drinks: These enhance performance during
exercise, have a good absorbability as they are
isotonic (meaning that they have a similar
composition to that of body fluids). Isotonic fluids,
because of their good absorbability quickly
replace fluids lost by sweating and supply a boost
of carbohydrates.

45. Water or Special Beverages
Juice: Juices are hypertonic, that means they have more
carbohydrate or glucose molecules per ml. They may
be nutritious but are not a good choice for hydration.
The fructose or the fruit sugar in the juices reduces
the rate of water absorption so the cells do not get
hydrated quickly. Hypertonic fluids should be taken
along with Isotonic solutions or in diluted form. They
should normally be taken after exercise.
Carbonated beverages: Carbonated beverages cause
dehydration. They have caffeine and thus have a
diuretic effect which means that they increase urine
output. Also they have a bloating effect and give a
feeling of fullness. This inhibits the natural thirst
mechanism.

46. Legal Supplements / Behaviors:
 Creatine Phosphate (equivocal) :
Creatine phosphate is an organic
compound that provides a quick source of
energy for muscle fibers to contract when
they need an initial burst of energy.
 Caffeine :
A substance that is found especially in coffee
and tea and that makes you feel more
awake

47. Testing of prohibited substances is
mandatory in the field of sport. An Athlete
can be called for dope testing at any time In or
Out - of– Competition.
Following are the tests:
Urine Testing
Blood testing

48. Urine Testing :
 Sample is provided in the supervision of coach or
doctor .
 Sample is taken in presence of an official of same
gender
 Sample is split into two and sealed by the athlete.
 Code is provided by the officials.
 After sampling , medical declaration is done by the
athlete.
 Samples are sent to registered lab where sample ‘A’
is tested.
 If sample is tested positive, athlete is notified.
 Athlete or his representative is authorized to be
present at the time of unsealing of sample ’B’ and
testing .

49. Blood Testing :
 It is used to detect EPO or Artificial Oxygen
Carriers .
 Two samples are taken in the presence of
an Official.
 Samples are sealed in the presence of
Athlete.
 Same procedure as mentioned for Urine
test is followed.

50.  It is the testing period commencing twelve hours
prior to the event for the athlete who is to compete ,
sample is taken for testing.
 In-Competition testing is at International and
National level.
 A single doping control organization is
responsible for
In-Competition doping test.
 It is for the detection of Anabolic Steroids ,
Stimulants and Blood Doping Hormones .
LEVEL ORGANIZATION
Olympic Games International Olympic Committee
World Championship International Federation
National Level National Anti – Doping Organization

51.  It is the testing of an athlete not In-Competition
but is associated with the immediate participation
in the event
 It is initiated & directed by both International &
National doping control organization .
 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) may take : A random test .
 An advance notice test.
 Any place of work .
 Any time .