Doping and its type. Side- effects of prohibited substances and prohibited methods.

1. DOPING
The use of banned
performance-enhancing
drugs in sports is commonly
referred to
as doping, particularly by the
organizations that regulate
sporting competitions.
Doping is the word used in
sport when athletes use
prohibited substances or
methods to unfairly improve
their sporting performance.

2. DOPING

3. World Anti-Doping Agency
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is
the international independent
organization created in 1999 to promote,
coordinate, and monitor the fight against
doping in sport in all its forms.

4. Why do performers take drugs?
PHYSIOLOGICAL
REASONS
Lose weight,
train harder
Mask injury and
reduce
tiredness
To build
muscle,
increase energy
Increase
oxygen
transport

5. Why do performers take drugs?
PSYCHOLOGICAL
REASONS
To steady
nerves
To increase
aggression
To increase
motivation

6. Why do performers take drugs?
SOCIAL REASONS
Pressure to
win from
coaches,
peers and
the media
By winning
they can earn
big money
Fear of not
winning
They are
prepared to win
at all costs
Belief that
everyone else
is doing it

7. TYPES OF DOPING
1.Performance enhancing
drugs
 Stimulants
Anabolic Steroids
Peptide Hormones
Beta-2 Agonists
Narcotics
Diuretics
Glucocorticosteroids
Cannabinoids
2.Physical Methods
Gene Blood Doping
 Doping

8. STIMULANTS
Stimulants are drugs that make you feel more
alert. Caffeine, found in tea, coffee and
chocolate, is one example. Many plants contain
naturally occurring stimulants (probably to deter
invading insects) that in humans make the brain
and body more active. Many stimulants, such as
nicotine and cocaine, are harmful and addictive.
Amphetamine, which was first made a century
ago, is another well-known stimulant

9. Anabolic steroids
Anabolic steroids are man-made substances
related to male sex hormones. Medical uses of
anabolic steroids include some hormone
problems in men, late puberty and muscle loss
from some diseases.
Bodybuilders and athletes often use anabolic
steroids to build muscles and improve athletic
performance.
A group of synthetic hormones that promote the
storage of protein and the growth of tissue,
sometimes used by athletes to increase
muscle size and strength.

10. Peptide hormone
Peptide hormones are a class of peptides
that are secreted into the blood stream and
have endocrine functions.
These substances can improve growth of
muscles, change the balance of other
hormones and increase the production of
RBC.

11. BETA- 2 AGONIST
Beta2-agonists (bronchodilators) are a group of
drugs prescribed to treat asthma.
Beta-agonists are medications that mainly affect the
muscles around the airways (bronchi and
bronchioles). When the lungs are irritated, bands of
muscle around the airways tighten, making the
airways narrower. This often results in breathlessness.
Beta-agonists work by telling the muscles of the
airways to relax, widening the airways. This results in
easier breathing.

12. NARCOTICS
An addictive drug, such as opium, that reduces pain,
alters mood and behavior, and usually induces sleep .
Natural and synthetic narcotics are used in medicine to
control pain.
Narcotics are considered as substances and drugs which
are able to change psychic and physical status of an
organism in a wide range from sleep and total
immobilization up to euphoria and excitation

13. DIURETICS
Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, treat a
variety of conditions, such as high blood
pressure and edema.
A diuretic is any substance that promotes
the production of urine.

14. GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS
Glucocorticosteroids are anti-inflammatory steroid
hormones produced in the adrenal glands. Examples
are Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone and Prednisone

15. CANNABINOIDS
Cannabinoids are used mainly in the form of
hashish, hashish oil or marijuana. Sensations
of euphoria, relaxation, amplified auditory and
visual perceptions produced by marijuana are
almost entirely due to its effect on the
cannabinoid receptors in the brain.

16. SIDE EFFECT OF PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES
Stimulants
(1) Increased heart rate, palpitation, cardiac
irregularities
(2) Insomnia, Anxiety, Tremor, Aggressiveness.
(3) Inhibited judgement / decision making.
(4) Increased potential for dehydration.
(5) Amphetamines: Anxiety, ventricular
dysrhythmias, hypertension,
hallucinations, addiction, death
(6) Ephedrine: Anxiety, ventricular dysrhythmias,
hypertension, hallucinations, addiction

17. Anabolic steroids
(1)Cardiovascular effects:---
(a) Elevated blood pressure, Myocardial infarction,
Arrhythmia, Thrombosis.
(b) An increased risk of atherosclerosis.
(c) Decrease (25% - 27%) in HDL cholesterol
(d) increase in diastolic blood pressure
(2) Hepatic effects
(a) jaundice
(b) Neoplasm

18. (3) Reproductive- Endocrine effects
(a) Subfertility, Decreased Luteinizing hormone and follicle-
stimulating hormone.
(b) Increased aggressiveness and sexual appetite, sometimes
resulting in aberrant sexual and criminal behavior.
(c) In Males Only : Impotence with chronic or repeated use,
testicular shrinkage(atrophy), breast enlargement
(gynecomastia), prostatic enlargement, reduction of sperm
production, premature baldness.
(d)In Female Only : Masculinization, excessive hair growth on the
face & body, deepening of the voice, enlargement of clitoris,
abnormal menstrual cycles, reduced breast size. Polycystic
ovarian syndrome.

19. (4) Psychological effects / Behavioral effects
(a) Mood swings, Aggression,
Mania, Depression,
Withdrawal,
Dependence.
(b)Direct cause of
significant disturbances
in personality profiles.
(c) Significantly less in
control of their
aggression than did
controls.

20. (5) Dermatologic effects
(a)Acne,
(b) Gynecomastia
(c) Too many body-hair as
male
(d) Collagen reducing skin
elasticity

21. (6) Musculo-skeletal system effects:
(a)Muscle tightness and cramp.
(b) Stiff tender,
(c) Muscle rupture
(d) fracture

22. (7) Injection associated with needle sharing:---
(a)Bruising, Neuro-vascular
injury.
(a) Risk of acquiring AIDS,
hepatitis(B,C), and other
blood-borne diseases,

23. Peptide Hormones
{1} Erythropoietin (EPO)
(1) Thickening of the blood clots (increases blood viscosity)
(2) Increased the risk of heart attacks, myocardial infarction and strokes, pulmonary
embolism.
{2} Growth Hormone (GH)
(1) Overgrowth of hand, feet and face (Acromegaly)
(2) Heart diseases, myopathic muscle
(3) May develop resistance to long-term use
(4) Carpal tunnel syndrome
(5) Increased oil gland production in the skin & increased sweating.
{3} Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1)
(1) Hypoglycemia
(2) Musculoskeletal changes such as enlargement of the heart,
headaches and joint pains. Muscles may at first becomes
stronger, but ultimately are weakened due to degenerative
changes in the joints.
{4} Insulin
(1) Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
(2) Nausea, weakness, shortness of breath
(3) Drowsiness, coma, brain damages and death.
{5} Chorionic Gonadotrophins (HCG)
(Stimulate Testosterone production in male)
(1) Same effects as Anabolic steroids
(2) Gynecomastia may be more common.
{6} Corticotrophins (ACTH)
(1) Stomach irritation & ulcer
(2) Softening of connective tissue
(3) Osteoporosis
(4) Cataracts.

24. Beta-2 agonist
(a) Headache, insomnia, nausea, nervousness, tremor, muscle cramps
(b) Increased heart rate and blood pressure
(c) Withdrawal symptoms, physiologic dependence, habituation.
(d) Association with an increased risk of the combined outcome of
fatal and near-fatal asthma, as well as of death from asthma alone.

25. Diuretics
Increased urination
Low sodium in your blood (hyponatremia)
Dizziness
Headaches
Increased thirst
Muscle cramps
Increased blood sugar
Increased cholesterol
Rash
Joint disorders (gout)
Impotence
Menstrual irregularities
Breast enlargement in men (gynecomastia)

26. Glucocorticosteroids
 stomach irritation, such as indigestion
 rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
 nausea
 insomnia
 a metallic taste in the mouth
 increased appetite that often leads to weight
gain
 acne– a skin condition that affects most people at
some point
 mood changes, such as becoming aggressive,
irritable and short tempered with people
 rapid mood swings, such as feeling very happy
one minute and very sad and weepy the next

27. further weight gain
thinning skin which can bruise easily
muscle weakness
a combination of fatty deposits that develop in
the face (moon face), stretch marks across the
body and acne – this is known as Cushing’s
syndrome
weakening of the bones (osteoporosis)
the onset of diabetes, or worsening of existing
diabetes
high blood pressure
glaucoma – an eye condition where fluid
gathers inside the eye
cataracts – an eye condition where cloudy
patches develop at the front of the eye
delayed wound healing
reduced growth in children
increased risk of infection

28. Cannabinoids
euphoria,
panic attacks,
impaired comprehension,
altered sense of time,
anxiety,
altered cognition,
impaired learning, concentration and attention
memory,
perception,
judgement,
Heart and lung disease
confusion,
hallucinations.

29. Side- effect of Physical methods
[1] Blood Doping
(1) Allergic reaction (rash, fever, shock, etc)
(2) Acute hemolytic reactions with kidney damage if incorrectly typed
blood is used.
(3) Delayed transfusion reactions resulting in fever and jaundice.
(can be fatal)
(4) Transmission of infectious diseases (viral hepatitis and AIDS)
(5) Overload of the circulatory system & blood clots
(6) Metabolic shock.
[2] Artificial Oxygen Carriers and Plasma Expanders
(1) Vary significantly and can be extremely serious, as it is difficult
to measure correct doses.
(2) These include fever, reduced platelet count, hypertension,
Vasoconstriction, kidney damage and iron overload.
[3] Gene Doping
(1) Gene therapy can be used theoretically to build muscle, to alter and
adjust muscle composition.
(2) SIDE REACTION:
* Gene therapy is far from mastered, and the chance of success are
very low and the risks are still very high.
.