Anabolic steroids, amphetamines, androstenedione, and DHEA are some common ergogenic aids used by athletes to gain a competitive advantage. While these substances can enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and energy levels, they also carry significant health risks. Long-term anabolic steroid use has been shown to negatively impact the cardiovascular, reproductive, and liver systems. Amphetamines do not actually improve exercise performance and their use can cause nervousness, irritability, and difficulty sleeping. Androstenedione and DHEA supplementation provides no benefits to body composition in young athletes and may increase health risks by altering hormone levels. Due to their dubious benefits and clear health dangers, most sports organizations ban
Sports nutrition is important aspect of training for an athlete. Adequate amount of nutrients ensure effective performance. We have end number of types of games and sports, the diet and nutritional requirements vary as per the activity demand and other details. Read this presentation to Know more.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
Easy to digest information on the importance of hydration in sport, the physiological effects of dehydration on performance, the role of sports drinks as an ergogenic aid!
Sports nutrition is important aspect of training for an athlete. Adequate amount of nutrients ensure effective performance. We have end number of types of games and sports, the diet and nutritional requirements vary as per the activity demand and other details. Read this presentation to Know more.
Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. It is a science that provides and maintains food necessary for health, growth and physical performance.
Researchers suggests that athletes can benefit from nutrition education – increasing KAP i.e. knowledge, Attitude and practices (Abood et al, 2006).
Easy to digest information on the importance of hydration in sport, the physiological effects of dehydration on performance, the role of sports drinks as an ergogenic aid!
Effects of exercise on skeletal and muscular systemSandeepGautam72
In is you can see about--
The Effects of Exercise on the Skeletal System-
Improve Bone Density
Range of Movement in the Joints-
Range of Movement in the Joints-
Short term effects of exercise on skeletal system
Short term effects of exercise on skeletal system
And also
Effect of exercise on muscular system-
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.
introduction.
type of exercise.
a) based on contraction of muscle.
b) based on the type of metabolism.
c) based on the severity of exercise.
effect of exercise on cardio vascular system:-
a) on blood.
b) on blood volume.
c) on heart rate.
d) on cardiac output.
e) on venous return.
f) on blood flow to skeletal muscles.
g) on blood pressure.
Blood pressure after exercise.
vivekanand quotes.
thank you.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Overview on ergogenic aids popular in sport nutrition for example caffeine, creatine
Dose usage and other information.
based on evidence base study publication
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Impact of anabolic steroids & other appearance & performance enhancing drugs ...MD Hammad Choudhary
Anabolic steroids are synthetic, or human-made variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper term of these compounds is anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). These are the most popularly used class of Appearance & Performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) hence called steroidal APEDs.
Effects of exercise on skeletal and muscular systemSandeepGautam72
In is you can see about--
The Effects of Exercise on the Skeletal System-
Improve Bone Density
Range of Movement in the Joints-
Range of Movement in the Joints-
Short term effects of exercise on skeletal system
Short term effects of exercise on skeletal system
And also
Effect of exercise on muscular system-
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.
introduction.
type of exercise.
a) based on contraction of muscle.
b) based on the type of metabolism.
c) based on the severity of exercise.
effect of exercise on cardio vascular system:-
a) on blood.
b) on blood volume.
c) on heart rate.
d) on cardiac output.
e) on venous return.
f) on blood flow to skeletal muscles.
g) on blood pressure.
Blood pressure after exercise.
vivekanand quotes.
thank you.
Aerobic means "with oxygen," and anaerobic means "without oxygen." Anaerobic exercise is the type where you get out of breath in just a few moments, like when you lift weights for improving strength, when you sprint, or when you climb a long flight of stairs.
Overview on ergogenic aids popular in sport nutrition for example caffeine, creatine
Dose usage and other information.
based on evidence base study publication
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Impact of anabolic steroids & other appearance & performance enhancing drugs ...MD Hammad Choudhary
Anabolic steroids are synthetic, or human-made variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper term of these compounds is anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). These are the most popularly used class of Appearance & Performance enhancing drugs (APEDs) hence called steroidal APEDs.
Understanding Performance-Enhancing Drug UseDAVID WANG MD,.docxwillcoxjanay
Understanding Performance-Enhancing Drug Use
DAVID WANG MD, MS
ABSTRACT—Performance-enhancing drug use
is a prevalent problem in sports. It is a problem
that has captured the world's attention as the media
highlights story after story of athletes who have
transformed their bodies over a short period of time,
those who have simply defíed the aging process in
an attempt to prolong a career and those whose ca-
reers have been tarnished because of drug use. The
baseball investigations and the Mitchell Report*
of 2007 opened our eyes and gave us a glimpse of a
secretive underground world. This "world" is much
more intelligent and sophisticated than it is given
credit for. It is the goal of this article to increase the
awareness of the medical provider about the types of
steroids and other medications used, the influence
these substances have on the athletes, and how and
why they use them.
DAVID WANG,MD,MS,EliteSportsMedidne, Connecticut
Children's Medical Center.
D
RUG use is an area in sports medicine that is crucial
to recognize and is poorly studied, largely because
the use of performance-enhancing substances
are illegal and therefore rarely, if ever, reported. It is an
area difficult to gather scientific data about, but with the
severity of consequences from the use of these substances
it is imperative that the prudent practitioner is familiar
enough with the substances and practices that red flags
would be recognized and an open and honest discussion
with the patient on the wrong path could occur.
During the course of a 20-year practice of sports medi-
cine and I have encountered the use of these substances
by athletes of all sorts. I have spent time in a smaller
gym populated by serious bodybuilders and witnessed
practices most would not know existed. Through con-
versations with these bodybuilders, and I have learned of
the countless steroids that are "stacked" and the myriad
of other medications used to achieve their desired results
or to manage side effects. The medical community is well
aware of the existence of anabolic-androgenic steroids
and human growth hormone ( H G H ) and their use for
performance enhancement. However, most practitioners
are often not well versed on the specific types of steroids
and other medications that are used in combination with
these ergogenic aids. It is the "other" medications that
are responsible for much of the morbidity and mortal-
ity within this population. When these athletes die it
is often due to narcotic addiction and, to a much lesser
degree, anabolic steroids and growth hormone use. Al-
though the exact number of deaths is unknown, I have
seen and heard of several. In my experience and I have
witnessed or cared for several tragic deaths in training
and competition. The number of deaths witnessed from
drug use equals those observed from congenital heart
disease and head injury.
VOLUME 76, NO. 8 487
Initially our contact with an athlete can take place
during the preparticipation screeni ...
Continuing Education for mental health and substance abuse counselors and therapists. Reviews types of steroids, side effects and effects on sports performance.
Steroids for penis growth.
Fahey, T.D. (1998). Anabolic-androgenic steroids: mechanism of movement and effects on performance. In: Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science, T.D.Fahey (Editor). Internet Society for Sport Science: http://sportsci.Org. 7 March 1998.
Anabolic steroids are tablets that resemble androgenic hormones (from time to time known as male hormones) consisting of testosterone (Figure 1). Athletes eat them inside the hope of gaining weight, electricity, electricity, velocity, patience, and aggressiveness. They are extensively used by athletes worried in such sports as song and discipline (mainly the throwing activities), weight lifting, and American football. However, in spite of their exceptional reputation, their effectiveness is arguable. The studies literature is split on whether anabolic steroids enhance physical overall performance. Yet, nearly all athletes who eat those substances acclaim their useful consequences. Many athletes sense that they might no longer have been as successful without them.
There are numerous viable reasons for the huge differences between experimental findings and empirical observations. An great mystique has arisen round these substances, providing fertile ground for the placebo effect. The use of anabolic steroids in the "real international" is appreciably exclusive from that during rigidly controlled, double-blind experiments (in a double blind study, neither the challenge nor experimenter knows who is taking the drug). Most research have no longer used the identical drug dosage used by athletes. Institutional safeguards restrict management of excessive dosages of probably dangerous substances to human topics. Subjects in research experiments seldom resemble achieved weight-skilled athletes. Under these conditions, we should investigate the results of sound studies studies, in addition to medical and empirical subject observations, which will reap a realistic profile of the use, effects on overall performance, and facet consequences of these materials.
How Anabolic Steroids Work.
Male hormones, basically testosterone, are partly chargeable for the terrific developmental modifications that arise during puberty and youth. Male hormones have androgenic and anabolic consequences. Androgenic results are changes in primary and secondary sexual traits. These encompass enlargement of the penis and testes, voice adjustments, hair boom on the face, axilla, and genita. Best Male Enhancement For Stamina areas, and extended aggressiveness. The anabolic results of androgens include elevated boom of muscle, bone, and crimson blood cells,
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Anabolic steroids tend to be prescription-only medicines that are sometimes used without healthcare advice to improve muscle bulk and enhance athletic overall performance.
If used in this manner, they may cause serious unwanted effects and dependency.
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Mock 2024 NHL Draft Experts Divided after Celebrini, Levshunov, Silayev go in...Ice Brek
After the NHL Draft Lottery on Monday, Adam Kimelman, NHL.com’s deputy managing editor,
and Mike G., senior draft writer, Morreale make their predictions for how the first 16 selections
of the 2024 Upper Deck NHL Draft could turn out.
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Vincenzo Montella has announced a preliminary 35-man squad for Turkey ahead of the UEFA Euro 2024, which includes three Serie A players, Hakan Calhanoglu, Kenan Yildiz, and Zeki Celik
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After securing their spot through the playoff route, Ukraine is gearing up for their fourth consecutive European Championship. Ukraine first qualified as hosts in 2012, but in 2016
Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
Akshay Ram on Adobe's Creative Strategy and Execution, the Present and Future...Neil Horowitz
On episode 271 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Akshay Ram, Product Manager for Adobe, who also has a lot of knowledge and insight into sports creative.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Mats André Zuccarello Aasen, commonly known as Mats Zuccarello, was born on September 1, 1987, in
Oslo, Norway. He grew up in the bustling neighborhood of Løren, where his passion for ice hockey began
at a young age. His mother, Anita Zuccarello, is of Italian descent, and his father, Glenn Aasen, is
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2. ERGOGENIC AID
• Ergo- greek word ergon, refers to work ; genic
-german, which means to generate or
produce.
• Enhances a person’s ability to perform work .
• Goal of using ergogenic aids is to gain a
competitive edge over the opponent.
3. DIFFERENT FORMS
• Physiological ergogenic aids -enhance - functioning of the
body’s various systems .
• Making a muscle bigger and stronger through strength
training improves its ability to generate force and thus
enables the athlete to run faster and jump higher.
• Endurance training -greater blood volume, more blood vessels
and a larger,stronger heart - enhanced cardiovascular system.
4. • Biomechanical ergogenic aids -perform better by providing a
mechanical advantage.
• Psychological ergogenic aids - Visualization is a common
psychological ergogenic aid used by athletes.
• Pharmacological ergogenic aids -medicines or drugs.
• For example, amphetamines,painkillers,anabolic steroids , and
other synthesized hormones.
• Most dangerous and controversial.
• Nutritional ergogenic aids – supplement/food product
5. ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• Anabolic steroids for medical use became prominent in the
early 1950s to treat the patient deficiency in the natural
androgens with the muscle –wasting disease. HIV patients and
individuals undergoing kidney dialysis .
• 90% of male and 80% of female professional body builders -
use anabolics often combined with stimulants hormones to
facilitate the training response.
Urinary ratio of testosterone to luteinizing hormone(T/LH) or
Urinary ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone (T/E).
6. • Anabolic steroids -function -chief male hormone testosterone.
• AAS- structurally related .
• Increase in bodyweight, lean body mass, gain muscular
strength.
• Difference in muscle mass and strength that develop at the
onset of the puberty .
• Oral pills/injectable forms/transdermal patches.
• Remains controversial – sports- advantage in physical
competitions – DOPING.
7. HOW DO THEY TAKE IT?
• CYCLING- taking doses for a period of time, stopping
for a time and then restarting.
• STACKING- combining 2 or more different types of
steroids.
• PYRAMIDING- slowly increasing the dose or
frequency of abuse ,reaching a peak amount ,and
then gradually tapering off.
• The athlete -reduces the dosage in the months prior
to competition to reduce risk of during drug testing.
8. DO RISKS EXISTS?
• Infertility, reduced sperm concentrations and decreased
testicular volume pose additional problems for the steroid
abusers .
• Gonadal function usually returns to the normal after the
several months of steroid cessation.
• Estradiol concentration the major female hormone .
• Gynecomastia(excessive development of the male mammary
glands,sometimes secreting milk) noted in men who take
anabolic steroids .
9. STEROID USE AND PLASMA
LIPOPROTEINS
Anabolic steroids use –
Reduces the high density lipoprotein cholesterol
Elevates both low density lipoprotein cholesterol , total
cholesterol
Reduces the HDL-C to LDL-C ratio .
The HDL-C of weight lifters who uses the anabolic steroids
averages of 26mg-dL compared with the 50mg-dL of weight
lifters of not taking drug.
Reduced HDL-C -coronary artery disease risk .
10. STEROIDS SIDE EFFECTS IN
FEMALES
Virilisation
Disruption of normal growth pattern by premature
closure of the plates for the bone growth(also for
boys),
Deepened voice,increased facial and body growth.
Altered menstrual function, dramatic increase in
the sebaceous gland size, acne ,hirsutism, decreased
breast size.
11. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) were initially created for therapeutic
purposes, and synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone.
Due its great anabolic effects, these drugs are being used on a large scale,
for the improvement of sports performance.
The results showed that in presence of a suitable AAS and diet can
contribute to increases in body weight, particularly lean body mass and
muscle strength gains achieved by high intensity exercise, these effects
can be further potentiated, the use of supraphysiological doses, but in the
aspect of aerobic power, there are not scientific evidence to support their
improvement.
Regarding side effects, the use of AAS, is related to several complications
in the liver, cardiovascular system, reproductive system and
psychological characteristics, always assigned by the non-therapeutic and
abuse of AAS. Thus we conclude that the use of AAS, are directly linked to
gains muscle mass, strength, as well several side effects, always assigned
to abusive and indiscriminate doses.
12. • The use during puberty may lead to a deficit of growth, due to the
ossification of the bone epiphysis. Therefore, the use of steroids in
youngsters must be avoided, except due to medical prescription for some
pathologies .
• There is yet another factor related to the locomotion. The abusive use may
increase the risk of tendinous lesion due to the inhibition to the
synthesis of collagen in ligaments and tendons, as it was demonstrated in
a study with former football players users of steroids, in which a higher
number of articulation, tendinous and ligament lesions were shown .
• Gynecomastia is also one of the side effects most common. In a study
made, it was verified that 34% of users reported this problem, being the
biggest side effect .
• About the cardiovascular effects, some authors point out the left ventricle
hypertrophy due to the abusive use of steroids, an important factor for
the risk of sudden death .
• The hepatic effects are, doubtlessly, the most prevalent and severe on
users, such as hepatotoxicity and hepatomegaly.
• Amongst the side effects of steroids, there is change of mood, increase of
self-esteem, motivation and reduction of insomnia.
13. Anabolic androgenic steroids and doping in sports
Filomena Mazzeo, Antonio Ascione
Department of Institutional and Territorial Systems Studies,
University Parthenope, Naples, Italy,2012
Abstract.
• Anabolic steroids, technically known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are
synthetic derivatives of testosterone, modified to enhance its anabolic actions
(promotion of protein synthesis and muscle growth). They are used by athletes
(weightlifters, shot, hammer, discus or javelin throwers and American football
players,swimmers and runners) to increase muscular mass and athletic
performance and by bodybuilders to improve size and cosmetic appearance. AAS
were the first identified doping agents that have ergogenic effects and are on the
International Olympic Committee’s list of banned substances.
• The most popular AS used as doping substances are: oximetolone, oxandrolone,
testosterone undecanoate, nandrolone,decanoate, nandrolone undercanoate,
methandrostenolone.
• To reach high dosages and rapid effects, steroid users practice a method known as
“staking” which consist in the intake of two or more steroids in high dosages.
• Another method, called “pyramiding” provides a progressive increase of steroids
dosage. The pyramid protocol is alternated with drug-free, process defined as
“cycle”.
14. • AAS abuse causes significant side effect: infertility,
azoospermia, testicular atrophy, and gynecomastia in men
and in women may develop excessive body hair growth,
menstrual irregularity,hypertrophy of sebaceous glands,
acne. Other side effects are: premature cease of growth
caused by premature,epiphysis closure; Alteration of
cardiovascular function; increase of platelet aggregation
and plasmatic levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL); liver
damage; euphoria, aggressiveness and psychosis.
• Therefore, the use of AAS should be banned from the sport,
making a work of supervision and accountability of the
sports centers and authorities in this field.
• doping is “the assumption of substances or the recourse at
particular methods which are able to artificially increase an
athlete’s performance during a sports competition,
contrary to sports morals and despite physical and
psychological health”
15. DHEA
Dehydroepiandrosterone(and its sulfated ester,DHEA sulfate
or DHEAS) ,is synthesized from cholesterol, primarily by the
adrenal cortex.
Structure closely resembles that of the sex hormones
testosterone and oestrogen. Because DHEA occurs
naturally,the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)has no
control over its distribution or claims for its action and
effectiveness.
The lay press, mail order companies ,and health food industry
describe DHEA as a pill to cure just about any bodily ill.
Banned - National Football League, Major League Baseball,
National Collegiate Athletic Association,WADA(World Anti-
doping Agency)
16. It extends life
facilitates lean tissue gain and body fat loss
enhances mood and memory;
improves muscular capacity
boosts immunity against a variety of infectious
diseases including AIDS.
DHEA supplements –athletes-claim improve
muscle strength and enhance athletic
performance.
Little evidence- on enhancing muscle strength
.
17. • DHEA dosage for humans has not been determined.
• Concern exists about possible harmful effects on blood lipids
and prostate gland health.
• Long term DHEA supplementation(particularly in doses >50mg
daily)on body function and overall health.
• Converting DHEA into potent androgens like testosterone in
the body promotes facial hair growth in females and alters
normal menstrual function.
• DHEA lowers HDL-cholesterol ,which increases heart disease
risk .
• Body levels of DHEA are high in young adulthood and
gradually decrease to low levels with aging.
18. • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is often promoted as a
slimming and weight/fat loss agent and ingestion of DHEA
may have hypolipidemic and anti-obesity properties. The
main aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute
DHEA intake on body composition and serum steroid
hormones in young athletes. Twenty young (19 to 22 years)
male soccer players were allocated into two randomly
assigned trials in double-blind design by ingesting 100-mg
daily oral DHEA or as placebo (PLA) for 28 days. Body mass
was not affected by 4 weeks of DHEA supplementation (P >
0.05). No significant changes in body mass index (BMI), waist-
to-hip ratio (WHR) and body fat or total muscle mass for the
two groups were detected at the end of the trial .
19. • Treatment with DHEA resulted in a significant increase
of total testosterone, estradiol and DHEA-S levels in
treated subjects versus the placebo group (P < 0.05).
Results of this study suggest that DHEA
supplementation has no beneficial effects on body
composition in young competitive athletes.
20. ANDROSTENEDIONE
• a) directly stimulate endogenous testosterone production or
form androgen like derivatives
• b)enable them to train harder,build muscle mass and repair
injury more rapidly.
• The National Football League NCAA,Men’s Tennis Association
and the IOC ban its use because they believe it provides unfair
competitive advantage and may endanger health.
• Orginally developed by East Germany in the 1970 s to
enhance performance of their elite athletes,androstenedione
was first commercially manufactured and sold in the United
States in 1996.
21. • available - androstenedione containing
chewing gum and a steroid lozenge that
dissolves under the tongue.
• an intermediate or precursor hormone
between DHEA and testosterone ,aids the liver
in synthesizing other biologically active steroid
hormones.
• Produced by the adrenal glands and gonads.
22. • Increased health risks- impaired lipid
metabolism ,such as decreased HDL-
cholesterol and increased LDL – cholesterol-
risk for CVD.
• Several studies have reported -exert
feminizing effects in males, such as
gynecomastia(breast enlargement).
• Other adverse effects on gonadal hormones
may be associated with testicular shrinkage
and infertility.
23. AMPHETAMINES
• Stimulating effect on the central nervous system function.
amphetamine (Benezedrine)and dextroamphetamine sulfate
(Dexedrine).
• Amphetamines are sympathomimetic because their effect
mimic action of the sympathetic hormones and
norepinephirne .
• These hormone increases the blood pressure , pulse
rate,cardiac output, breathing rate , metabolism, blood sugar .
• Taking 5 to 20 mg of amphetamines -30 to 90 minutes after
ingestion.
• Soldiers in the world war 2 commonly used the
amphetamines to increase the alterness and to reduce the
tiredness fatigue.
24. AMPHETAMINES USE AND ATHLETIC
PERFORMANCE
• nervous ,irritable and have difficulty relaxing .
• Under the circumstances they take a barbiturate to
induce sleep. Then they regain the “hyper” condition
by taking up “upper” .
• This cycle of depressant to stimulant becomes
potentially dangerous because the stimulant act
abmormally following barbiturate intake .
• The IOC ,American Medical Association ,and most sport
governing groups have rules that disqualify athletes for
amphetamine use.
• Ironically, most research indicates that amphetamines
do not enhance exercise performance.
25. Central nervous system stimulants and sport
practice
Br J Sports Med,2012., L Avois, N Robinso
• Background
Central nervous system (CNS)
stimulants may be used to reduce tiredness and
increase alertness, competitiveness, and
aggression. They are more likely to be used in
competition but may be used during training to
increase the intensity of the training session.
There are several potential dangers involving
their misuse in contact sports.
26. • Amphetamines-
nasal decongestant,antidepressant,appetite
suppressant- appear to enhance brain activity of
nonadrenaline and dopamine, intensifies
psychological sensations of alertness,
concentration, self confidence.
Aggressiveness- high doses, low doses-
alertness.
Improve reaction time when fatigued
Increase muscular strength, endurance.
27. REFERENCES
• 1) Mc Ardle, Frank I Katch and Victor L Katch ‘’SPORTS AND
EXERCISE NUTRITION’’-2 nd edition ,Pg.no.317 to 331.
• 2) Heather Hedrick Fink and Burgoon “PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS IN SPORTS NUTRITION” Pg.no.270,271.
• 3) Melvin H Williams ‘’ NUTRITION FOR HEALTH ,FITNESS
AND SPORTS’’ Pg.no.499,500.