Blood dopping, defination, methods, detection, pros/cons.
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This document discusses different methods of blood doping used by athletes to boost oxygen carrying capacity and endurance. It describes how blood doping involves increasing red blood cells through blood transfusions, EPO injections, or blood substitutes. Blood transfusions involve extracting and later reinfusing a person's own red blood cells or receiving another person's blood. EPO injections stimulate the body to produce more red blood cells. Detection methods try to identify abnormal increases in hemoglobin levels that would indicate blood doping. While blood doping can enhance exercise performance, it also carries health risks like heart or lung problems.
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Blood dopping, defination, methods, detection, pros/cons.
- 1. Hiba Nasir 1248129 Endocrinology Presentation
- 2. BLOOD DOPING
- 3. Have you ever heard???
- 4. Doping? • Adding impurities to something. • Blood Doping
- 5. Blood Doping • Increased red blood cells • RBCs carry O2 • Higher RBC higher aerobic capacity • Aerobic capacity (VO2 max)
- 7. Increment in hemoglobin mass
- 8. METHODS
- 9. Blood Transfusion • 1-4 units • centrifuged • plasma components reinfused • (RBCs), refrigerated at 4◦C frozen at −80◦C
- 10. Blood Transfusion • Due to storage, 40% RBCs non- viable. • Stored RBCs are then reinfused, • iron supplements for autologous donations.
- 11. Blood Transfusion Types Autologous transfusion • Own blood Homologous transfusion • Someone else blood
- 12. Blood Substitutes • Synthetic oxygen carriers human blood unavailable blood infection there isn't enough time to match of blood type • Example HBOCs PFCs
- 13. HBOCs • Resistance to dissociate when dissolved in media • greater benefits than hemoglobin • highly effective O2 donors in terms of tissue oxygenation
- 14. PFCs • dissolve 100 times more oxygen than plasma. • Small size = flow in tiny capillaries.
- 15. EPO Injections • Hormone, produced by kidney. • Regulates production of RBCs by acting on bone marrow. • EPO injections are given to stimulate the production of RBCs to treat patients with anemia.
- 16. Athletes using EPO to produce higher than normal amounts of red blood cells
- 17. DETECTION
- 18. Detection for Homologous Blood Doping • Fluorescent-activated cell sorting • Examining markers on the surface of rbcs • Determine whether blood from more than one person is present
- 19. Detection for Autologous Blood doping • CO rebreathing technique • To measure the nonphysiologic increases in hb mass • O2-CO gas mixture inhalation for about 10-15mins • By measuring the difference in carboxyhemoglobin concentration (hbco) before and after rebreathing total hb mass can be calculated.
- 20. Pros Of Blood Doping • Affects the brain of the athlete, • Athlete’s exercise endurance level • Improve the health of athletes • Benefits the athlete's long exercise • No oxygen depletion and lactic acid formation.
- 21. Cons of blood doping • Increased viscosity of the blood • Risk of heart diseases • Cerebral or pulmonary embolisms • Weakened immune system, increases the risk of autoimmune diseases.
- 22. • Blood clots • Deterioration of the Mind • Negative mental effects • EPO addicting drug
- 23. Any questions? THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- The injury-prone Pakistani fast bowlers, Shoaib Akhtar and Mohammad Asif both failed tests for nandrolone in 2006 and were handed bans which were later overturned on appeal. Asif claimed his was due to a faulty nutritional supplement. He later failed a test in the IPL for steroids in 2008 and also was detained at Dubai airport that same year for possessing illegal substances – all apparently linked to injury recovery. Nandrolone (19-nortestosterone) is an anabolic steroid. The positive effects of the drug include muscle growth, appetite stimulation and increasedred blood cell production and bone density.
- Doping is generally the practice of adding impurities to something. Doping in sport, a term for the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport often to improve athletic performance Blood doping, another means of improving athletic performance
- Blood doping is the practice of boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration in the blood can improve an athlete’saerobic capacity (VO2 max) and endurance. VO2 max (also maximal oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen uptake, peak oxygen uptake or maximal aerobic capacity) is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise, most typically on a motorized treadmill.
- The body undergoes aerobic respiration in order to provide sufficient delivery of O2 to the exercising skeletal muscles and the main determining factors is shown in figure 1. The rate maximum O2 uptake (O2max) depends on cardiac output, O2 extraction and hemoglobin mass. The cardiac output of an athlete is difficult to manipulate during a competitions and the distributions of cardiac output is at the maximum rate (i.e. 80%) during competitions. In addition, the O2 extraction is approximately 90% at maximal exercise.[2] Therefore, the only method to enhance the physical performance left to increase the O2 content in the artery is by enhancing the hemoglobin mass. In other words, hemoglobin concentration and blood volume contributes to hemoglobin mass. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying protein in the blood. So increasing hemoglobin allows higher amounts of oxygen to reach and fuel an athlete's muscles. This can improve stamina and performance, particularly in long-distance events, such as running and cycling.
- Blood transfusion begins by the withdrawal of 1 to 4 units of blood (1 unit = 450 ml of blood) several weeks before competition. The blood is centrifuged, the plasma components are immediately reinfused, and the corpuscular elements, principally red blood cells (RBCs), are stored refrigerated at 4◦C or frozen at −80◦C.[3] As blood stored by refrigeration displays a steady decline in the number of RBCs, a substantial percentage, up to 40%, of the stored RBCs may not be viable.[4] The freezing process, conversely, limits the aging of the cells, allowing the storage of the blood for up to 10 years with a 10% to 15% loss of RBCs.[5] Stored RBCs are then reinfused, usually 1 to 7 days before a high-endurance event. As a significant amount of iron is removed by each autologous transfusion, an adequate time for recovery of not less than 3 days from the last donation, and appropriate iron supplements, are usually required for patients undergoing autologous donations.
- . This involves a transfusion of the athlete's own blood, which is drawn and then stored for future use. . In this type of transfusion, athletes use the blood of someone else with the same blood type.
- Synthetic oxygen carriers. These are chemicals that have the ability to carry oxygen. Two examples are: HBOCs (hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers) PFCs (perfluorocarbons) Synthetic oxygen carriers have a legitimate medical use as emergency therapy. It is Athletes use synthetic oxygen carriers to achieve the same performance-enhancing effects of other types of blood doping: increased oxygen in the blood that helps fuel muscles.
- A common feature of all HBOCs is their, which contrasts hemoglobin of natural dissociation under non-physiological conditions. HBOCs may hypothetically supply greater benefits to athletes than those provided by the equivalent hemoglobin in traditional RBC infusion. Recent developments have shown that HBOCs are not only simple RBC substitutes, but highly effective O2 donors in terms of tissue oxygenation.
- Some of these molecules can dissolve 100 times more oxygen than plasma. Due to their small size, PFCs are able to permeate circulation where erythrocytes may not flow. In tiny capillaries, PFCs produce the greatest benefit,
- EPO injections. EPO is a hormone produced by the kidney. It regulates the body's production of red blood cells. In medical practice, EPO injections are given to stimulate the production of red blood cells. For example, a synthetic EPO can be used to treat patients with anemia related to chronic or end-stage kidney disease. Athletes using EPO do so to encourage their bodies to produce higher than normal amounts of red blood cells to enhance performance. EPO is already present in the human body. The kidneys release this peptide hormone and it stimulates the production of red blood cells by acting on the bone marrow. This may help in increasing the buffering of lactic acid. It is also known to increase how much oxygen is sent to the muscles by increasing red blood cell counts.
- The test method is based on a technique known as fluorescent-activated cell sorting. By examining markers on the surface of blood cells, the method can determine whether blood from more than one person is present in an athlete’s circulation. The test utilizes 12 antisera directed against the blood group antigens, obtained from donor plasma. The antigens are labeled with secondary antibodies, which are conjugated with fluorescein to label IgG-coated RBCs and enhance the detection by flow cytometry
- Autologous blood doping detection is done indirectly via CO rebreathing technique to measure the nonphysiologic increases in Hb mass. The principle of CO rebreathing method used currently requires an O2-CO gas mixture inhalation for about 10-15mins.[21] By measuring the difference in carboxyhemoglobin concentration (HbCO) before and after rebreathing, the volume of CO and the binding capacity of Hb for CO ( 1.39ml g-1), total Hb mass can be calculated.
- Blood doping affects the brain of the athlete. It can cause an increase in motivation level. The way that this is done is by the brain sends signals to the nerves, which in turn sends signals to the body, to secrete the hormones and enzymes that play a role in how the person is feeling increase the athlete’s exercise endurance levelEndurance refers to the power or capability of doing a certain activity for long periods without getting tired. Such a trait is important for any athlete or individual in body building workouts. Blood doping is said to enhance endurance levels by about 5% improve the health of athletes that have low haematocrit for genetic or dietary reason blood doping also benefits the athlete's long exercise; people who take part in long exercises such as marathon running and cross country skating and skiing, can increase their effectivenessand helps the athlete avoid oxygen depletion. During exercises of high intensity, such as weight training, oxygen usually becomes depleted. The body therefore cannot get sufficient amounts of oxygen for it to optimally perform. This state is known as oxygen debt, which may lead to formation of lactic acid. Blood doping prevents both oxygen depletion and also lactic acid formation.
- Increased Viscosity of the Blood: Since the usage of EPO increases the red blood cell production, it increases the viscosity of the blood (World ant-doping agency, 2011). This means that the blood of the user is thicker than non-users, and this inevitably makes it harder for the blood to circulate throughout the body. Medical issues arise when a person does not have proper blood circulation. It leads to a higher risk of heart diseases and the possibility of having a stroke. In addition, it leads to a high risk of having cerebral or pulmonary embolisms which are the blood clotting in the user’s brain or lungs. hyperviscosity syndrome which is characterized by increased blood viscosity and decreased cardiac output and blood flow velocity which results in the reduction of peripheral oxygen delivery. Weakened Immune System: Blood doping weakens the immune system, and increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are a large group of diseases that cause the immune system in the body to produce antibodies against the user’s own tissues. The body attacks itself when a person has an autoimmune disease. The immune system in the body is what is supposed to keep the person alive and healthy.
- Blood clots are also a serious effect from having a weakened immune system. Deterioration of the Mind: Not only does blood doping have negative physical effects on the body, it also has negative mental effects. After multiple uses of EPO, the athlete becomes reliant on it as if EPO were any other type of addicting drug. The athlete goes through withdrawal as would an addict on any other type of drug when it is removed from the body. Blood doping deteriorates the mind and causes the user to believe that they need EPO in order to survive, which is certainly not
- Blood contamination during preparation or storage is another issue. Contamination was seen in 1 in every 500,000 transfusions of red blood cells in 2002.[41] Blood contamination can lead to septicemia or an infection that affects the whole body. kidney damage from allergic reactions and transmission of infectious diseases like HIV. rash, fever and shock due to an allergic reaction, metabolic shock, acute hemolytic reactions with kidney damage if incorrectly typed blood is used, delayed transfusion reactions resulting in fever and jaundice (potentially life-threatening) and transmission of infectious diseases (viral hepatitis and AIDS