A PowerPoint presentation on "NSAIDS" suitable for reading by UG and PG Medical/Paramedical students of Pharmacology and Pharmacy sciences. This Ppt. is prepared for academic purpose only and already presented to my students in one of the theory classes of mine.
Presentation for Medical undergraduates for teaching pharmacology. It deals with Physiology of steroid hormones and their action along with agents which are used therapeutically with their action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
A PowerPoint presentation on "NSAIDS" suitable for reading by UG and PG Medical/Paramedical students of Pharmacology and Pharmacy sciences. This Ppt. is prepared for academic purpose only and already presented to my students in one of the theory classes of mine.
Presentation for Medical undergraduates for teaching pharmacology. It deals with Physiology of steroid hormones and their action along with agents which are used therapeutically with their action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
This presentation provides knowledge about Calcium, its role in human body, homeostasis, factors affecting calcium absorption, drugs affecting calcium regulation, various endogeneous & exogeneous substances, recent research. This ia an assignment in the subject Advanced Pharmacology -II, 1st year M.Pharm, 2nd semester.
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF CALCIUM
RDA OF CALCIUM
FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM
CALCIUM BALANCE
ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM
EXCHANGE OF CALCIUM BETWEEN BONE AND ECF
EXCRETION OF CALCIUM
REGULATION OF PLASMA CALCIUM LEVEL
APPLIED ASPECTS
CALCIUM METABOLISM:
VITAMIN D-PARATHYROID-CALCITONIN ROLE
(Rickets,Osteoporosis,Renal Osteodystrophy)
Prevention Dr.Sandeep C Agrawal Agrasen Hospital Gondia India
Metabolic Bone Diseases:phosphorus,magnesium and other minerals ,Calcium and vitamin D rich diets,Sunlight exposure,vitamin D synthesis,Osteoporosis prevention and diet
A Power point presentation on Betalactam antibiotics suitable for undergraduate medical students. This Ppt is already presented in theory class lectures to the students of NEIGRIHMS, Shillong, Meghalaya
A Powerpoint presentation on drugs excretion and elimination suitable for UG medical students. This ppt is already presented to my students in one of the theory classes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
2. Calcium –
Physiological Roles
• Excitability of nerves and muscles and regulates permeability
of cell membranes. Also integrity of cell menbanes
• Ca++ essential for excitation and coupling of all types of
muscles
• Excitation and secretion of endocrine and exocrine glands and
release of neurotransmitters from erve endings
• Intracellular messenger for hormones, autacoids and
transmitters
• Impulse generation and conduction in heart
• Coagulation of Blood
• Structural function of Bone and Teeth - hydroxyapatite
3. Plasma Calcium Level
• Regulated by 3 hormones Parathormone, calcitonin and
Calcitriol (active vit. D)
• Normal plasma level = 9-11 mg/dl
• 40% is bound to plasma protein – albumin, 10% - citrate,
carbonate and phosphate and 50% is free ionized and
important form
• Hypoalbuminemia – no decrease in conc. Of Ca++
• Acidosis – favours ionization
• Alkalosis – disfavours ionization – hyperventilation precipitates
tetany and aryngospasm in Calcium deficiency
4. Pharmacokinetics
• Absorbed from entire small intestine including duodenum –
carrier mediated active transport under the influence of Vit.D
• Phytates, phosphates, oxalates and tetracycline – reduces
absorption
• Glucocorticoides and Phenytoin reduces Ca absorption
• Filtered through glomerulus but mostly reabsorbed
• Vit. D increases and Calcitonin decreases reabsorption in
proximal tuule
• PTH increases distal tubular reabsorption
• 300 mg is excreted daily in urine and faeces
• Daily requirement: 800 -1500 mg per day (1/3rd absorbed)
5. Calcium
Preparations
• Calcium chloride (27% Ca): freely water soluble, but irritant -
tissue necrosis on IM or IV (extravasation). Orally also irritant
• Calcium gluconate (9 % Ca): 0.5 gm/1 gm tabs and 10%
injections – non irritant (preferred)
• Calcium lactate: orally non irritant
• Calcium dibasic phosphate (23% Ca): Insoluble, but with HCl
form soluble salts - antacids and replacement
• Calcium chloride: Insoluble and no irritant – antacids
6. Calcium - Uses
1. Tetany: Severe cases Calcium gluconate 10 to 20 ml IV over
10 minutes followed by 50 to 100 ml of Ca gluconate
solution over 6 Hrs
• Oxygen inhalation, IV fluids then oral therapy
2. Dietary supplement: growing children, pregnant, lactating
and meopausal etc. Also in men and women reduce the
bone loss
3. Osteoporosis: Prevention ant treatment of osteoporosis with
HRT/raloxifene/Alendronate – to ensure Ca++ deficiency
does not occur
• Calcium and Vit. D3 used as adjuvant
4. Empirically in dermatoses, parathesia and weakness
5. Antacids
7. Vitamin D
• Mainly D3 (cholecalciferol) and D2 (calciferol)
• Both are equally active in man
• Calcitriol (active form of D3) is more important physiologically
• Released from liver in blood and binds to specific vit D binding
globulin
8. Actions of calcitriol
• Enhancement of absorption of Ca and PO4 from intestine
• By increasing the synthesis of calcium channels and a carrier “calcium
binding protein (CaBP)” or calbindin
• Analogous to stroid hormones – binds to cytoplasmic vit D receptor
(VDR)-translocation-increased synthesis of mRNA-regulation of
protein synthesis
• But, why quick? - Activation of VDR also promotes endocytotic
capture of Calcium and transport across the duodenal mucosa
• Calcitriol also enhances recruitment and differentiation of osteoclast
precursor for remodelling - resorption of Calcium and PO4 from
bone
• Mature osteoclasts lack VDR, induces “receptor for acivaton of
nuclear factor-kB-ligand (RAANKL)” in osteoblasts and activates
osteoclasts indirectly
• Laying down and mineralization of osteoids
• Also enhances tubular reabsorption of Calcium
9. Pharmacokinetics
• Absorbed fro intestine in presence of Bile salts mainly by
lymphatics
• D3 is better absorbed than D2
• Binds to alpha-globulin and stored in fatty tissues for many
months
• Half life varies from 1 – 18 days
10. Unitage and preparation
• 1mcg of Cholecalciferol = 40 IU of vit.D
• Calciferol (D2): oily solutions in gelatin capsules –
25000/50000 IU caps
• Cholecalciferol (D3): oral and IM injections – given 3 to 4
weeks intervals
• Calcitriol: 0.25 to 1 mcg orally on altenate days
• Alfacalcidol: Prodrug – rapidly hydrolysed to calcitriol in liver.
Equally active to calitriol on long term use. Dose – 1-2
mcg/day
11. Vit D - Uses
• Metabolic Rickets
• Vit D resistant rickets: PO4 with high doses of calcitriol
• Vit D dependent rickets
• Renal rickets
• Senile or postmenopausal osteoporosis
• Hypoparathyroidism: calcitriol/alfacalcitriol
• Fanconi like syndrome
12.
13. Introduction
• Non-hormonal agent in Ca++ homeostasis
• Recently attracted considerable attention
• Prevent osteoporosis and useful in metabolic bone diseases
and hypercalcaemia
• Most effective “antiresorptive” drug at present
• BPNs are analogous of pyrophosphates – Carbon atom
replacing “P-O-P skeleton”
• BPNs have selective affinity for Calcium phosphate – so
calcified tissues
14. Classification –
BPNs
Classified in generations (chronological):
BPNs Relative Potency
First generation: Simpler side chain
Etidronate 1
Tiludronate 10
2nd generation: amino or nitrogenous side chain
Pamidronate 100
Aledronate 100-500
Ibadronate 500-1000
3rd generation:
Risedronate 1000
Zoledronate 5000
15. BPNs - MOA
• BPNs have selective affinity for Calcium phosphate – so calcified tissues
• 2 main component of Bone – Bone matrix and Solid mineral phase (hydroxyapatite)
• Normally, The non-mineralized osteoid covers the mineralized
bone matrix preventing its resorption by osteoclasts
• For resorption – osteoids must get dissolved or mineralized
(solubilized) such that osteoclasts can attach to the mineralized
matrix
• In resorptive pits – acidic zone is created at ruffled boarders of
osteoclasts followed by resorption of matrix by acid hydrolases
• BPNs localize in the acidic zone due to high affinity for Ca++ ions
• Ca++ ions released from bone surface due to high acidity BPNs
also released – internalized into osteoclasts by endocytosis
• Results in
• Accelerated apoptosis of osteoclasts reducing their number
• Disruption of the cytoskeleton of the ruffled boarder of osteoclasts
16. BPNs - MOA
Figure 2. Osteoclastic membrane domains. 1) When an osteoclast is not resorbing bone, it shows no
signs of polarized membrane domains. 2) Once the osteoclast starts the resorbing, it quickly
polarizes its membrane into distinct domains. Ruffled border (RB) is a membrane domain facing the
bone surface, where the actual resorption takes place. Sealing zone (SZ) forms a tight contact to the
bone, sealing the proteolytic enzymes and acid into the forming resorption lacuna. Basolateral
membrane (BL) faces towards the bone marrow. 3) When the osteoclast is actively resorbing bone,
a fourth domain arises into the basolateral membrane, the functional secretory domain (FSD),
which acts as a route of osteoclasts to exocytose the resorbed material.
17. Therapeutic Uses
1. Osteoporosis: Alendronate>HRT or raloxifene
I. Prevention and treatment of post-manaupasal osteoporosis
II. Both Men and Women – age related, steroid induced and
idiopathic osteoporosis
Oestrogen prevents only vertebral fracture, BNPs 5 years protection
2. Pagets disease: Honeycomb like bone architecture – arrest
osteolytic lesions, reduce bone pain and improve secondary
symptoms. Alendronate, Risedronate, Pami and Zole are
used. Calcitonin combination better
3. Hypercalcaemia of Malignancy: Medical emergency with
altered consciousness – Pamidronate 60-90 mg IV 2-4 hours
or Zoledronate 4 mg IV 15 minutes. Suplement with
calcitonin IM 6-12 Hrly for 2 days
4. Osteolytic Bone Metastasis
18. Individual Drugs
1. Etidronate: Not used anymore
2. Pamidronate: Only IV 60-90 mg for 2-4 Hrs, weekly or
monthly in Pagets disease and hypercalcaemia
3. Alendronate: Available in oral form 5, 10, 35, 70 mg tabs.
Prevention of osteoporosis in man and woman.
a. In empty stomach with glass of water
b. Do not allow to lie down or eat till 30 minutes – oesophagitis;
Tea, coffee, mineral water, Juice, NSAIDs
c. ADRs: Gastric errosion, retrosternal pain, flatulence
d. Bioavailability 1%, 50% goes to Bone, terminal elimination half-
life 10.5 years
19. Individual Drugs – contd.
4. Risedronate: Similar to Alendronate, but more potent
• Used in osteoporosis and Paget`s disease
5. Zolendronate: Prenterally effective, highly potent
• Suppression of osteoclastic activity and additional antitumor
effect (mevalonate pathway)
• Proliferation of bony metastasis of Prostate and breast cancer
cells are suppressed
• Can be infused in 15 minutes
• ADR: Flu-like symptoms due to cytokine release