1) The document discusses the concept of samskara in Ayurveda, which refers to qualitative alterations done to substances like herbs to improve or modify their properties.
2) It provides examples of different types of samskaras like agni samskara (processing with heat), toyasamskara (processing with water), and their effects on changing qualities like taste, potency, and toxicity.
3) The document emphasizes that samskaras are an important aspect of drug formulation in Ayurveda, as they can influence the pharmacological, chemical and biological properties of substances.
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Bhavana is an important Samskara mentioned in classics by which even a small dose of a drug may be made to produce a very high result i.e. to increase its potency.
Bhavana is a triturition method and also a technique used to reduce particle size
Sandhana kalpana is the preparation of self generated alcohol. All the preparations that are resulting from FERMENTATION procedure come under SANDHANA KALPANA.
Sandhana kalpana is a special technique to prepare most effective medicines like Asava and Aristas. The medicines prepared through Sandhana kriya are quick in action, long shelf life, palatability and has nutritive value.The self-generated alcohol is the key factor behind the success of Sandhana kalpana.
This is the second part of presentation regarding definitions in Rasa shastra. An attempt is made to clarify the definitions in more clear way also useful images are added to further improvise the presentation.
Sandhāna Kalpana is an Alcoholic or Acidic Medicinal preparations of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals, It involves the process of fermentation where the 'dravadravya' (kwātha, swarasa or liquid preparation), 'madhura dravya' (jaggery, honey or sugar), 'praksepa dravya' (fine powders of medicinal drugs) and 'sandhäna dravya' (dhātaki puspa, madhuka puspa as fermentation initiators) are put together in an inert vessel (mud pot) and sealed for a specified time period to facilitate the process of fermentation Madhya (Alcoholic) and Shukti (Acedic) are the two basic types of this process
Bhavana is an important Samskara mentioned in classics by which even a small dose of a drug may be made to produce a very high result i.e. to increase its potency.
Bhavana is a triturition method and also a technique used to reduce particle size
Sandhana kalpana is the preparation of self generated alcohol. All the preparations that are resulting from FERMENTATION procedure come under SANDHANA KALPANA.
Sandhana kalpana is a special technique to prepare most effective medicines like Asava and Aristas. The medicines prepared through Sandhana kriya are quick in action, long shelf life, palatability and has nutritive value.The self-generated alcohol is the key factor behind the success of Sandhana kalpana.
This is the second part of presentation regarding definitions in Rasa shastra. An attempt is made to clarify the definitions in more clear way also useful images are added to further improvise the presentation.
For student of Rasa shastra it is important to be well versed with the knowledge of Paribhasa i.e definitions. As paribhasa itself is vast subject, an attempt is made by these series of presentations to bring the knowledge easily available to learners.
An Introduction to Pottali Kalpana- a RasarasayanaEbinuday
'Pottali Kalpana' is one among four types of Rasarasayana . 'Pottali' are classified into three based on the method of preparation ,namley Gandhaka Dravapaka Pottali , Varatika garbha Pottali and Bhavana Pottali .Among them, Gandhaka Drava paka Pottali kalpana plays an important role in emergency management. The principle of Gandhaka Drava paka pottali is 'swedana' in Dola yantra using Gandhaka (Sulphur) as the medium .To prepare Gandhaka drava paka pottali, a slow and steady rise in temoerature should be mainitained . The melting point of gandhaka ranges from110 - 119 degree celsius and boiling point is 444 degree celsius .The temperature should be maintained below the boilig pont and above the melting point of Gandhaka . Varatika garbha pottali is prepared by filling drug inside Cowrie shell followed by sealing with Tankana and milk. The principle of 'marana', by means of Gajaputa (in general). Bhavana pottali is prepared by grinding the drug in suitable medium , till it attain samyak bhavitha lakshana .
For student of Rasa shastra it is important to be well versed with the knowledge of Paribhasa i.e definitions. As paribhasa itself is vast subject, an attempt is made by these series of presentations to bring the knowledge easily available to learners.
An Introduction to Pottali Kalpana- a RasarasayanaEbinuday
'Pottali Kalpana' is one among four types of Rasarasayana . 'Pottali' are classified into three based on the method of preparation ,namley Gandhaka Dravapaka Pottali , Varatika garbha Pottali and Bhavana Pottali .Among them, Gandhaka Drava paka Pottali kalpana plays an important role in emergency management. The principle of Gandhaka Drava paka pottali is 'swedana' in Dola yantra using Gandhaka (Sulphur) as the medium .To prepare Gandhaka drava paka pottali, a slow and steady rise in temoerature should be mainitained . The melting point of gandhaka ranges from110 - 119 degree celsius and boiling point is 444 degree celsius .The temperature should be maintained below the boilig pont and above the melting point of Gandhaka . Varatika garbha pottali is prepared by filling drug inside Cowrie shell followed by sealing with Tankana and milk. The principle of 'marana', by means of Gajaputa (in general). Bhavana pottali is prepared by grinding the drug in suitable medium , till it attain samyak bhavitha lakshana .
Aushada is one which can be taken in disease, in alpha matra, even in severe condition, many doshas involved. Taken in specific disease, aushada which is of good quality, in proper dose should destroy it, without any complications.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
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Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
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2. Samskara is considered as rituals or religious
customs. In hindu dharma grantha there are shodasha
samskaras starting from garbhadana to antyeshtu
samskara.Samskara is a specific word used in Ayurvedic
texts. The concept of this samskara can be taken as a
Pratitantra Siddhanta of Ayurveda, because other
systems also have their own concepts related with the
same word Samskara.
In rasa sampradaya, the use of word Samskara,
is observed to be attached specifically with parada
samskara.
3. Derivation:
Samskara = Sam + Kara
Samyak + Kriya
nirukti:
Samyak Karana samskaranam
Word samskara has innumerable meanings such
as –Making perfect, preparation, refining
impression, influence, effect of work, purification
etc.
4. Definition
To change the qualities of a substance is
known as Samskara i.e. Qualitative alteration done
for improvement, enhancement, modification,
lowering bad effect or any such procedure,
pharmaceutical treatment etc. have been denoted
by a single term samskara.
5. According to Acharya Charaka, Samskara
is the process that may bring out some radical
changes in the substance by replacing their
natural properties totally or partially into a new
one or by intensifying or moderating their
qualities.
6.
7. Toya samskara
• With the help of water kathina, khara qualities
can be altered into mrudu, masrina etc.
• Ex: Ashuddha Shilajatu contains various
physical impurities. After dissolving it in water
as a pre-shodhana procedure the impurities
are filtered out.
8. agni samskara
• With the help of heating the qualities like sheeta,
mrudu, drava, masrina can be converted into
Kathina, sandra, khara etc.
• Ex: Tankana shodhana:
Na2B4O710H2O after shodhana Na2B4O75H2O
9. Toyagni sannikarsha
• This includes the combination of both water and
heat which is applies at the same time.
• Ex:
-
(..)
10. shoucha samskara
• To clean or to remove impurities by water is
known as shoucha.
• With the help of this samskara qualitative
changes is carried out in a substance for
instance washing of poisonous substances like
copper etc decreases its poisonous effect.
12. Desha
• The desha stands for site, place. According to the
place where the drug is cultivated or from where the
drug is collected, there may be variations in the
qualities.
• Ex:
(../)
13. Kaala
• This kala plays an important role in each
aspect of treatment. Here in samskara, kaala
factor stands for time of collection of dravyas,
its storage, shelf life and also the aushadha
sevana kala.
Ex: ,
(../)
14. Vasana samsKara
• It refers to flavoring of drugs.
-
Ex: In the preparation of Rasala, karpura is added
which is considered as vasana dravya in order
to give a pleasant feeling and also to increase
the palatability.
15. BhaVana samsKara
• The changes which are obtained by bhavana
samskara are to make the drug easy for
assimilation, to make the drug capable for
further procedure and to increase the potency
etc..
• Ex:-
16. Kala PraKarsha
• It means duration of length of time. It is useful
in deciding the time required for drug
preparation procedures. Time makes alteration
in the drug properties mainly in its potency.
Ex:
17. Bhajana samsKara
• It means container, pot, the material of receptacle
etc.
• Whatever procedure is carried out during drug
collection, preparation, storage and administration,
each and everything influence or impression on the
drug, can be included under samskara.
Ex:
18. • In Rasashastra the word samskara points out towards
the parada samskara (ashta and ashtadasha samskara)
• The uses of these ashta samskara can be listed as
follows where the change in quality of parada takes
place.
SAMSKARAS EFFECT
Swedana Dosha Shaithilyakari
Mardana Bahirmala Vinashana
Moorchana Kanchuka nashana
Utthapana Murcha vyapatthi nashana
Patana Vangahi samparkaja kanchuka nashana
Rodana Jadatwa nashana
Niyamana Chapalya nivritti
Deepana Increase the Graasa property
19. Article Supporting
Visha Dravya Changes After shodhana
Kupilu (Strychnine &
Brucine)
Alkaloids converted into less toxic derivatives like
isostrychnine, isobrucine, Strychnine N-Oxide, Brucine N-
Oxide. Due to N-Oxidation
Dhattura
(Hyosciamine &
scopalamine)
Reduction in total alkaloid content & increase in total
protein. Complete removal of Scopolamine & partial
removal of Hyosiamine.
Bhallataka (Anacardic
acid and cardol)
Due to decarboxylation of the oil, anacardic acid converts
into less toxic anadardol.
1. Poisonous plants as medicine after shodhana: A Review
Dikshit Manisha
Associate professor, Dept of Agada tantra, Uttarkhand Ayurveda
University, Haridwar
20. Visha dravya After effect of shodhana
Langali ( Colchicine and gloriosine) Alkaloids reduce significantly after
shodhana
Karaveera (toxic cardiac
glycosides the cardinolides
particularly oliandrin and nerilin)
After shodhana oliandrin
decreases which act as cardio-
tonic
Conclusion:
It is good to adopt shodhana processes as described in
ancient texts with modern technology to assess its safety and
efficacy. Shodhana can also influence the pharmacological,
phytochemical and toxicological profile of the drug plant. Specific
media used for bhavana also has an important role in making a
drug without complications
21. • Modern pharmaceutics also mentioned
qualitative alteration. The qualities of a drug
may be any of the below:
- Physical – Form, Particle size etc
- Chemical – Interaction with other drugs etc
- Physico-chemical – Changes in pH/
Viscosity/ stability etc.
- Biological – Absorption/ assimilation etc
22. CONCLUSION
•Thus it is clear that each and every procedure is
capable to produce some type of impact on drug by
altering the qualities of raw drug.
•Qualities altered or inherited by these samskaras,
ultimately will give rise to various formulations and
thus can produce different effects.
23. • So the basic important factor among drug
formulation principles is the samskaras.
• So as rightly told by Acharya Charaka, by
samyoga (combination), vislesha (elimination),
kaala (Proper time), Samskara one can
increase the potency of a drug and can reduce
toxicity of a drug.
Editor's Notes
Samskara is considered as rituals or religious customs. In hindu dharma grantha there are shodasha samskaras starting from garbhadana to antyeshtu samskara.