Presentation deals with the topic "scope of pharmacy". The topic is part of paper IV P.G final year syllabus of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana. It will provide basic information regarding this topic.
The Concept of Pakshachedhana in Ayurveda RasasastraEbinuday
'Pakshachedhana' simply means 'Cutting the wings'. In Ayurveda Rasasastra , Parada ( Mercury) is subjected to Pakshachedhana , through which the stability and heat sustaining capacity of Parada is attained . Pakshachinna Parada can thus be used accordingly in various efficient formulations.
Presentation deals with the topic "scope of pharmacy". The topic is part of paper IV P.G final year syllabus of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana. It will provide basic information regarding this topic.
The Concept of Pakshachedhana in Ayurveda RasasastraEbinuday
'Pakshachedhana' simply means 'Cutting the wings'. In Ayurveda Rasasastra , Parada ( Mercury) is subjected to Pakshachedhana , through which the stability and heat sustaining capacity of Parada is attained . Pakshachinna Parada can thus be used accordingly in various efficient formulations.
A Review on Rasadhyaya: It's Importance In Alchemyijtsrd
According to the development chronology,the use of Rasa Chikitsa Started from the 7th century to the 10th or 11th century. With the use of Rasa-Rasayanadi, success in Dehavada & Lohavada began to be successful and the attitude of Acharyas towards Rasa Chikitsa. In the tradition of Rasa Chikitsa, the Rasadhyaya written by Siddha Kankayala and his disciple comes. Rasadhyaya also comes in the classical treatise in high quality Rasagranthas. Its shaili (style), bhasha (language), nirmana prakara (method of drug formulations) & mana nirupana (value representation) etc. keeps its own space. In this article, the special description of Rasadhyaya & the contribution of Rasadhyaya in Rasa shastra has been described. Dr. Kavita | Dr. Gajendra Sahu | Dr. M. K. Dash | Dr. S. M. Parhate | Dr. K. S. Karbhal "A Review on Rasadhyaya: Its Importance In Alchemy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7188.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/7188/a-review-on-rasadhyaya-its-importance-in-alchemy/dr-kavita
METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING CONTROVERSIAL DRUGS-1.pptxhelipatel85
Controversy is very important subject to study for ayurvedic drug .Many drugs we are using for medicinal puprpose have controversy so here i tried to explain basic method to resolve controversy and every physician should follow it .
Pharmacovigilance for ASU Drugs Dr Joban Modha UG, Dept. of Rasasastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar
1. What is Pharmacovigilance.
2. How and why it started.
3. What is the goal of Pharmacovigilance.
4. Pharmacovigilance in India.
5. National Pharmacovigilance Programme for ASU.
6. How to report.
7. Pharmacovigilance and Ayurveda
8. Why Ayurvedic Medicines need PV.
'Rasasastra' ,is the science of metals , minerals , other toxic herbs , which are applied for attaining two goals. It is either used in the perspective of metallurgy, where lower metals are converted in to higher metals. It is otherwise used for the attainment of supreme health. This science , with both the applications were once well practiced in our country. But due to several factors, this divine science has been restricted to treatment aspect. 'Kshetreekarana' is the method of preparing the body to be eligible for administering processed divine mercury. In the midst various references Kshetreekarana generally , includes two steps. The first step is implementing Panchakarma therapy and second step involves administration of special formulations to attain a healthy condition to accept the divine mercury.
Anukta dravya- Unexplored or Undocumented Medicinal PlantsAditi Gandhi
Determination of Anukta Dravya or Undocumented medicinal plants in ayurveda and criteria of nomenclature and how to expand the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
9th century treatise rasashastara (Alchemical) book which gives detail description on ashtadasha parada samskaras and This manuscript is presented with a guideline, how to make Mercury competent for transmuting base metals into a noble one and produce therapeutic benefits with them. A alchemical book being the Heart of mercury - Rasahrudatya tantra
WHO and ICH Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drugijtsrd
The medicinal plant and herbal drugs products are widely used for thousands of years in all over the parts of the world. The word herbal drugs denoted plant parts or plants.That is converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of straight forward processes including harvesting, drying, and storage. In recent few decades, growth and recognition of herbal medicine and plant products have taken a big share of healthcare.Theres the increasing awareness and general acceptability of the use of herbal drugs in todays practice Although, most of these applications are unorthodox, its however known fact that all over 80 of the world population are depends on herbal medicine and products for healthy living Where standardization and control with proper integration of recent scientific techniques and lore is incredibly important. This rise within the utilization of herbal product has also given to numerous forms of adulteration and abuse of the products leading to consumers and manufacturers disappointment. The challenge is innumerable and making the worldwide herbal market unsafe Evaluation of herbal drug showing an important and vital tool within the formulation of high quality herbal products. Herbal drug technology mainly used for converting botanical materials into medicines. Ms. Bhadane Suvarna | Dr. Takarkhede Smita | Ms. Kakade Pooja | Ms. Jaiswal Sangeeta | Ms. Kanaujiya Shreya | Ms. Khan Alqama "WHO & ICH Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drug" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49571.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/49571/who-and-ich-guidelines-for-the-assessment-of-herbal-drug/ms-bhadane-suvarna
A Review on Rasadhyaya: It's Importance In Alchemyijtsrd
According to the development chronology,the use of Rasa Chikitsa Started from the 7th century to the 10th or 11th century. With the use of Rasa-Rasayanadi, success in Dehavada & Lohavada began to be successful and the attitude of Acharyas towards Rasa Chikitsa. In the tradition of Rasa Chikitsa, the Rasadhyaya written by Siddha Kankayala and his disciple comes. Rasadhyaya also comes in the classical treatise in high quality Rasagranthas. Its shaili (style), bhasha (language), nirmana prakara (method of drug formulations) & mana nirupana (value representation) etc. keeps its own space. In this article, the special description of Rasadhyaya & the contribution of Rasadhyaya in Rasa shastra has been described. Dr. Kavita | Dr. Gajendra Sahu | Dr. M. K. Dash | Dr. S. M. Parhate | Dr. K. S. Karbhal "A Review on Rasadhyaya: Its Importance In Alchemy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7188.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/7188/a-review-on-rasadhyaya-its-importance-in-alchemy/dr-kavita
METHODOLOGY OF STUDYING CONTROVERSIAL DRUGS-1.pptxhelipatel85
Controversy is very important subject to study for ayurvedic drug .Many drugs we are using for medicinal puprpose have controversy so here i tried to explain basic method to resolve controversy and every physician should follow it .
Pharmacovigilance for ASU Drugs Dr Joban Modha UG, Dept. of Rasasastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar
1. What is Pharmacovigilance.
2. How and why it started.
3. What is the goal of Pharmacovigilance.
4. Pharmacovigilance in India.
5. National Pharmacovigilance Programme for ASU.
6. How to report.
7. Pharmacovigilance and Ayurveda
8. Why Ayurvedic Medicines need PV.
'Rasasastra' ,is the science of metals , minerals , other toxic herbs , which are applied for attaining two goals. It is either used in the perspective of metallurgy, where lower metals are converted in to higher metals. It is otherwise used for the attainment of supreme health. This science , with both the applications were once well practiced in our country. But due to several factors, this divine science has been restricted to treatment aspect. 'Kshetreekarana' is the method of preparing the body to be eligible for administering processed divine mercury. In the midst various references Kshetreekarana generally , includes two steps. The first step is implementing Panchakarma therapy and second step involves administration of special formulations to attain a healthy condition to accept the divine mercury.
Anukta dravya- Unexplored or Undocumented Medicinal PlantsAditi Gandhi
Determination of Anukta Dravya or Undocumented medicinal plants in ayurveda and criteria of nomenclature and how to expand the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.
9th century treatise rasashastara (Alchemical) book which gives detail description on ashtadasha parada samskaras and This manuscript is presented with a guideline, how to make Mercury competent for transmuting base metals into a noble one and produce therapeutic benefits with them. A alchemical book being the Heart of mercury - Rasahrudatya tantra
WHO and ICH Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drugijtsrd
The medicinal plant and herbal drugs products are widely used for thousands of years in all over the parts of the world. The word herbal drugs denoted plant parts or plants.That is converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of straight forward processes including harvesting, drying, and storage. In recent few decades, growth and recognition of herbal medicine and plant products have taken a big share of healthcare.Theres the increasing awareness and general acceptability of the use of herbal drugs in todays practice Although, most of these applications are unorthodox, its however known fact that all over 80 of the world population are depends on herbal medicine and products for healthy living Where standardization and control with proper integration of recent scientific techniques and lore is incredibly important. This rise within the utilization of herbal product has also given to numerous forms of adulteration and abuse of the products leading to consumers and manufacturers disappointment. The challenge is innumerable and making the worldwide herbal market unsafe Evaluation of herbal drug showing an important and vital tool within the formulation of high quality herbal products. Herbal drug technology mainly used for converting botanical materials into medicines. Ms. Bhadane Suvarna | Dr. Takarkhede Smita | Ms. Kakade Pooja | Ms. Jaiswal Sangeeta | Ms. Kanaujiya Shreya | Ms. Khan Alqama "WHO & ICH Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Drug" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49571.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/49571/who-and-ich-guidelines-for-the-assessment-of-herbal-drug/ms-bhadane-suvarna
The marketing plan assignment needs to be done in APA format and at .docxcdorothy
The marketing plan assignment needs to be done in APA format and at least 12 pages in length. If you have an idea for a business, this is a good time to explore the idea. Its better to have an unsuccessful marketing plan before you might invest in it. The plan should be a new to the world product or service or maybe an improvement over an existing one. Please do not submit a marketing plan of an existing company, product or service.
This is the time to be creative and have fun with this project.
The Marketing Plan will be due this week Sunday.
Please see the format required:
The Marketing Plan
Introduction
As a marketer, you’ll need a good marketing plan to provide direction and focus for your brand, product, or company. With a detained plan, any business will be better prepared to launch a new product or build sales for existing products. Non-profit organizations also use marketing plans to guide their fundraising and outreach efforts. Even government agencies put together marketing plans for initiatives such as building public awareness of proper nutrition and stimulating area tourism.
The Purpose and Content of a Marketing Plan
Unlike a business plan, which offers a broad overview of the entire organizations mission, objectives, strategy, and resource allocation, a marketing plan has a more limited scope, it serves to document how the organization’s strategic objectives will be achieved through specific marketing strategies and tactics, with the customer as the starting point.
The Role of Research
To develop successful strategies and action plans, marketers need to up date information about the environment, the competition, and the market segments to be served. Marketing Research helps marketers learn more about their customers’ requirements, expectations, perceptions, and satisfaction levels. This deeper understanding provides a foundation for building competitive advantage through well-informed segmenting, targeting, and positioning decisions.
The Role of Relationships
The marketing plan shows how the company will establish and maintain profitable customer relationships. The relationships affect how marketing personnel work with each other and with other departments to deliver value and satisfy customers. It also affects how the company works with other stakeholders that include suppliers, distributors, strategic alliance partners, government regulators, media and the community at large to achieve the objectives listed in the plan.
From Marketing Plan to Marketing Action
Companies generally create yearly marketing plans, but some plans may cover a longer period. Marketers start planning well in advance of the implementation date to allow time for marketing research, thorough analysis, management review, and the necessary coordination of departments.
For effective implementation and control, the marketing plan should define how progress toward objectives will be measured. Managers typically use budgets, schedu.
A marketing plan is a written document detailing the current situation with respect to customers, competitors, and the external environment and providing guidelines for objectives, marketing actions, and resource allocations over the planning period for either an existing or a proposed product or service.
Running Head Marketing PlanSWOT Analysis .docxcowinhelen
Running Head: Marketing Plan/SWOT Analysis 1
Marketing Plan/SWOT Analysis 14
Marketing plan/ SWOT analysis
Heather Taylor
Kaplan
MT499: Bachelors Capstone in Management-peregrine
Prof: Angie Sokol
July 31, 2016
Part 1
A well-developed strategy will aid in the realization of the business goals and build a strong reputation for your products. This marketing strategy helps in the focusing of the company products and services to the market segment most appropriate for them. The development process usually involves the creation of two ideas that are powerful to create awareness of the business and its products thereof (Hooley and Saunders 2004)
Marketing strategy is a component of a marketing plan that aims at directing the program toward the achievement of the organisational goals and objectives. Marketing plan is therefore a comprehensive document that lays bare all the regulatory advertising and marketing efforts and activities that are geared towards achieving these goals within a given duration of time. Marketing strategy has a pivotal role in increasing the sales volume of every organisation and realizing sustainable competitive edge. (Viardot, 2004) It encompasses all primary, short-term and long-term activities in the marketing field and it entails analysis of the initial strategic position of business together with the creation, evaluation and selection of market-geared strategies and hence lend to the goals of the firm as well as its marketing objective.
The process of marketing strategy development begins with the evaluation of the environmental factors, which entails the strategic constraints. It is therefore necessary to have a clear understanding of the external environment, including, technological, economic, cultural, political and legal elements of the environment. Secondly, goals are chosen and objectives set. A marketing strategy is, therefore, the explanation of all the specific actions to be taken to achieve the set goals. Marketing strategies are interactive and dynamic; partially planned and partially unplanned (Luke, 2004) this is to give room for the business to react to unforeseen challenges within the marketing environment as they try to keep focussed on a particular direction. A longer time span is preferred, usually five years. Simulation models such as customer lifetime value models aid marketers to conduct “what if” analysis to try and predict what might happen in future if certain conditions are met, and rate the extent to which such actions can affect the organisation’s revenue per customer and the churn rate. Strategies offer specification on how to adjust the marketing mix; firms can use tools such as marketing mix model to aid the resource allocation decision for various media and distribution of funds across a portfolio of brands.
An effective marketing heavily leans a well-informe ...
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
5. Pre-launch ads:
• Pique interest in a new product
• Introduce logos and color schemes
• Introduce the brand name
6. A product release is the launch of a new product or a
combination of features that will provide value to customers
or users.
A product release program ensures that only
compliant products are released to the market. The facility
should prepare a procedure outlining the responsibility and
protocols for the release of products and effectively
implement that procedure.
Product release also applies to the procedures for
releasing quarantined or held product.
7. The product release procedure not only applies to
positive release of compliant products, the supplier should
also outline the procedure for releasing products from
quarantine or hold status.
In all cases, the facility should identify those staff
positions with responsibility for releasing products and
indicate the action they will take when results are outside
specification, including references to other procedures for
holding, reworking or disposing of product.
8. The facility should ensure that:
All products are confirmed as compliant before
release to the market.
All staff is familiar with the product release
procedures and that personnel authorized to
release product are aware of their responsibilities.
9. All products under quarantine or authorized personnel only
release hold status after the product has successfully passed
inspection. All products released for distribution should have
records maintained. These records should record the product
name and identification, confirmation of product checks, and the
product disposition. Products released from hold should also be
recorded.
Records should include the amount of product that was held and
the reason for the hold. Records should be reviewed routinely to
ensure that holds are closed out. Any product that is still on hold
should be physically or visually verified.
12. MARKETING:
Marketing is the business function that identifies customer
needs and wants, determines which target markets the
organization can serve best, and designs appropriate products,
services, and programs to serve these markets.
Marketing is a proven approach for stimulating consumers to
purchase new services.
13. An understanding of patient needs and wants is
essential for developing and implementing a successful
plan for marketing pharmacy services.
To be successful, a pharmacy can incorporate a
marketing management process as a basic component
of their operation
14. A marketing management process should include 3 primary steps:
*Evaluating a market.
*Planning marketing strategies and tactics.
*Implementing and controlling marketing effort.
A market can be viewed as containing buyers and sellers that react to each
other and to other influences acting in the market.
In this case, the actors in the market for pharmacy services usually include
service providers, patients, payers and employers.
15. Evaluating a market:
It entails consideration of both a macro-environment and a micro-
environment.
A macro-environment refers to forces that effect the parties in a
market, and encompasses 5 sectors:
Economic
Competitive
Technological
Social
Regulatory
16. Economic:
These consideration can effect the likelihood that patients will
be able to pay for a pharmacy service.
Ex:- The closing of a large local employer can greatly limit the demand
for services, perhaps by eliminating health insurance coverage.
Competitive Factors:
Such as consolidation of ownership can be important. For
instance, the presence of a large chain usually affects pricing levels
and could affect supply of pharmacists.
17. Technology:
It can support new services. For example, some pharmacists are
incorporating personal digital assistants(PDAs) into their service provision.
Social:
Social factors should be considered, such as the percentage of elderly
without family support in the community.
Regulatory:
It can include state or federal regulations. For example, many states allow
collaborative practise agreements between pharmacists and physicians.
18. Planning of marketing
The second phase of marketing management process is to plan marketing
strategies and tactics.
A marketing plan should contain key elements that are essential for
successful implementation.
The marketing plan should be consistent with the mission of the practise
and should incorporate analyses performed during the evaluation phase,
especially the SWOT analysis.
From the analyses, target markets may be identified, the marketing mix
can be determined, and the marketing strategies can be developed.
19. The key elements of a marketing plan
include:
SWOT analysis.
Goals and
Objectives.
Target
markets.
Marketing
mix.
Control processes.
20. SWOT Analysis:
S = Strengths of the practise
W = Weaknesses of the practise
O = Opportunities for the practise
T = Threats to the practise
Goals and Objectives:
After the SWOT analysis is written, a set of goal statements can be
prepared. These statements lead to objectives that a pharmacy want to
accomplish. They should reflect the mission statement for the practise,
which is the underlying philosophy of the pharmacy.
21. Goal statements are general and provide direction for the practise to meet
the mission of the pharmacy. Each goal statement has its own specific
objectives that are the outcomes needed to meet the goals.
The objectives that are developed for the practise should be clearly
stated, realistic, and measurable. It is through the objectives that pharmacists
can determine the success or failure of their marketing plan.
Target markets:
Target markets are those customers who behave in similar patterns and
can benefit from the pharmacy care services offered by the practise.
22. Marketing mix:
The term for the variables that are under the pharmacists control is
marketing mix. The variables are selected strategically to increase the
likelihood of successful marketing.
The elements of the marketing mix, also called the 4 P’s of marketing
include:
• Product
• Price
• Promotion
• Place
24. Pharmacy service rollout:
It should be guided with an action plan that identifies the activities that need to
be performed when each activity will occur, and who will be responsible for getting it
done.
A starting place is to generate a task list for the service rollout. Tasks can address
a variety of areas that are likely to require some change to accommodate a new
pharmacy service. Such areas include :
Workflow and staffing
Staff training
Materials and systems for service provision and documentation.
Pharmacy layout
Marketing materials
25. Monitoring of marketing activities:
To monitor the marketing activities, an information system should be
utilized. The system should allow the evaluation of performance at achieving
marketing objectives.
Performance indicators should be identified, and processes for
collecting and reporting this information can be established. Then, regular
reports can be used to assess service quality and other marketing
performance objectives.
26. A number of performance indicators can be monitored.
These indicators should be established before implementation and
processes are in place to collect the data. The outcomes may
include:
*No of services or programs sold
*Increase in pharmacy service revenue
*Increase in referrals
*No of contracts with employers
*Improved patient satisfaction surveys
*Quality of the services
27. By assessing these outcome data from the marketing
efforts, one can make decisions about future marketing
efforts and the cost effectiveness of certain strategies.
For example, low patient satisfaction with a service
can be used to guide improvements in the service delivery.
Any performance shortfalls should lead to
identification for the cause of the shortfall. All of the
marketing mix should be considered.
Once a potential cause is found, adjustments can be
made in the marketing effort to address it.
28. Budgeting for the marketing plan will need to be
addressed at this time as well .Several strategies can be
used to determine the appropriate amount that should be
spent for marketing and advertising.
One common approach is to determine a fixed
percentage of sales to set aside for advertising . Although
this method is easily applied, it has some inherent
problems. Its major shortcoming is the implication that
sales cause advertising. Instead, marketing and advertising
should be seen as increasing sales.
29. A second method is to establish a marketing budget
based on the competition or industry norms. This is not an
optimal approach because the competition may be reaching
a different target market or may not have appropriated
sufficient funds for marketing. In addition, these figures
may not be readily available.
The next approach is the affordable method. This
strategy takes the marketing budget into consideration only
after funds have been allocated to other important
operations or projects to the pharmacy. The remaining funds
then are applied to the marketing budget.
30. The last strategy, objective and task approach, is the most
cost-effective method for determining a budget. This bottom-up
method determines the goals and objectives of the marketing
plan, the tasks that need to be completed and the costs
associated with each task.
The marketing budget is created by determining what
investment is needed to implement the marketing strategies
developed during the planning process. Assessments of the
effectiveness of each strategy allow adjustments to be made in
the plan and budget.
Decisions about the amount spent on marketing should be
evaluated routinely by looking at the return on investment.
31. Another key part of monitoring marketing effort is
to seek feedback from patients. Receiving feedback from
patients and stakeholders regarding promotional
materials before market testing helps in the
development of these marketing tools.
One approach is to recruit a small group of
patients and stakeholders to preview materials regularly.
During the market testing, carefully evaluate
patient and stakeholder response to the marketing
strategies.
32.
33. A product recall is a request to return a product
after the discovery of safety issues or product defects
that might endanger the consumer or put the
maker/seller at risk of legal action.
The recall is an effort to limit ruination of the
corporate image and limit liability for corporate
negligence, which can cause significant legal costs.
There are approximately 200 pharmaceutical
recalls every year.
34. The reasons for recalls and withdrawals range from
life-threatening situations to situations where there is no
health hazard or risk, but simply, the product does not
measure up to the quality control standards that the
pharmaceutical community wishes to present to the public.
There are mainly 3 sections to deal with namely;
1. Recall procedures
2. Action when a recall happens
3. Background information, Future directions, and
implication of recalls.
35. Elements of recall procedures:
Communication
Product handling
Record keeping
A pharmacist may discover that for a particular
pharmacy institution, facility, or type of pharmacy practice,
there needs to be additional elements. There is probably no
one right answer.
36. After becoming aware of a product recall or
withdrawal, one of the first things a pharmacist will
probably need to do is to communicate the recall to
someone else. It may be helpful to think in terms of:
oWhom to contact?
oWhat to communicate?
oWhen to send out communication?
oHow to communicate?
37. Establishing written procedures for how product is to
be handled should address such items as:
Identifying the recalled product
Locating the product in the pharmacy
Quarantining and returning the product
38. The reasons that a pharmacists would want to
document the actions in a recall range from the simple
determination of fact to lessening of legal liabilities.
Documenting a pharmacists actions during a recall
can be greatly facilitated by forms and checklists.
In addition to using forms to establish documentation
of a pharmacists own actions, copies of documents created
by others should also be kept.
39. Once a recall event has begun, the pharmacist should proceed
in a step-by-step manner. A good outline that the pharmacist may
wish to customize may include:
Receiving the initial information
Listing further action steps
Carrying out further notification
Responding to the initial notification
Product handling
Reimbursement
40. Initial Notification:
The first thing that will occur in any particular recall is
that the pharmacist will learn about that recall for the first
time. This may be by one of several methods. Most common is a
notice from a pharmaceutical manufacturer, a wholesaler or a
community chain headquarters. This can be by letter or
automated telephone voice message.
Action steps:
If there are no written recall procedures for the
pharmacist’s particular facility, it is recommended that the
pharmacist should first simply write down all the action steps
that he/she can think of.
41. Further Notification:
It is also called as sub-recall. In the case where patient
notification is required, the pharmacist will have to identify any
patients who may have received the recalled product and then
communicate the recall instructions to them.
Response to notification:
An important aspect of the recall is responding back to
the manufacturer, wholesaler, or whomever initiated the recall
notification. The pharmacist should promptly respond that the
notice was received and that the pharmacist is carrying out the
actions instructed in the recall communication.
42. Product handling:
The recalled product must be identified, located, quarantined,
and returned.
Reimbursement:
The pharmacist will want to monitor when reimbursement is
received from the manufacturer. Although the product is not an urgent
health- related issue, many patients may be understandably anxious
about how much and when they will be reimbursed. Pharmacist should
attempt to ascertain what the manufacturer’s reimbursement policy
will be, and, failing that, at least, reassure the patient that some form
of reasonable compensation could be expected from most major
manufacturers.
43.
44. Importance of lot number:
Pharmaceuticals are manufactured in batches.
Each lot manufactured is coded with a specific lot
number so that if there is any need, then that
particular lot can be traced back to discover such
things as which raw materials were used, what
equipment was used, and which personnel were on
duty during the manufacture of that lot.
45. Classes of recalls and withdrawals:
The difference between a recall and a withdrawal is
that the word recall applies if the product in question could
potentially violate the FD & C Act.
RECALL WITHDRAWAL
A recall is defined as “
a firm’s removal or
correction of a marketed
product that the FDA
considers to be in violation
of the laws it administers
and against which the
agency would initiate legal
action.”
A withdrawal is defined
as “a firm’s removal or
correction of a distributed
product which involves a
minor violation that would
not be subject to legal
action by the FDA or which
involves no violation”
46. Level of recalls and distribution channels:
When a recall is announced by a manufacturer, there
should be a statement about at what level the recall is being
carried out. In its simplest form, the levels of
pharmaceutical distribution system can be charted as
Pharmaceutical
Manufacturer
Drug wholesaler
Pharmacy
Patient
47. Reasons for recalls:
REASON DESCRIPTION % ALL DRUG
RECALLS
Potency Failure to maintain potency at
certain time points during the in
date period
20
Labelling/ packaging
mixups
Incorrect strength on label;
wrong product in bottle etc.
25
Misc.Product problems Discoloration; leaking bottles;
particulate matter etc.
5
Dissolution Failure to dissolve at certain time
points during the in date period
5
Manufacturing
discrepancies
Deviations from official
manufacturing procedures
5
Contamination Contamination with bacteria or
general lack of sterility
45
48. Future directions and implications:
Some potential legal developments may affect
pharmacists directly in coming years. Legislation changes
constantly, and pharmacists must be aware of new
regulations. One possible legislative initiative may require
pharmacists to notify patients in the case of certain recalls.
One outgrowth of recalls that may affect pharmacists
practise is the topic of tracking dispensed drugs by lot
number. Tracking by lot number is an enormous data
management burden for manufacturers.
49. To successfully implement pharmacy-care services, pharmacists
can market their services. The 3 steps of the marketing process
provide a basic framework that can be applied to any practise.
Each step of the marketing process may be individualised to a
particular practise site, demographic area, patient base,
competitive environment and financial constraint.
A thorough analysis of one’s environment is essential to identify
key targets and stakeholders, recognize opportunities and
threats to the practise’s success, and ensure that marketing
resources are used in the most cost effective manner.
50. Important steps for a pharmacist to take to handle
recalls effectively are as follows:
Establish procedures
Document what is performed
Use good judgement.