Domestic solid waste is becoming a threat to Addis Ababa city’s environment, as only 65% of the waste produced per day is collected and disposed, 5% is recycled, 5% is composted and the remaining 25% is uncollected and dumped in unauthorized areas. Since domestic waste dominate the municipality’s waste category, its management and associated environmental impacts is worthy of attention. This review aimed to examine the composition and impacts of domestic solid waste and evaluate the existing waste management practices through field visit, discussion and review of literature. The solid waste generation rate of the city is about 0.45 kg/capita/day. Waste collectors participate in the waste management by receiving service charge from residential areas equaling 20% of the cost of their water consumption. The city is still dependent on ‘Reppi/Koshe’ dumping site that receives over 750 tons of solid waste per day. Inadequate domestic solid waste management creates a range of environmental problems. Although the management strategy of the city is improving still it couldn’t address the demand side. Segregation, treatment, proper disposal, policy and law enforcement and capacity building are potential areas of improvement through research interventions.
ppt includes what is waste ?, basel convention, definition, kinds of waste, classification of waste, sources of waste, impact of waste, waste herarchy, graphs, catagories of waste disposal, impacts of waste on health, impact of waste on environment
In today's live there is more number of wastes are produced and they are not properly disposed due to improper disposal many pollution were made and the all living organisms were affected.
ppt includes what is waste ?, basel convention, definition, kinds of waste, classification of waste, sources of waste, impact of waste, waste herarchy, graphs, catagories of waste disposal, impacts of waste on health, impact of waste on environment
In today's live there is more number of wastes are produced and they are not properly disposed due to improper disposal many pollution were made and the all living organisms were affected.
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND CONTAMINATION DUE TO WASTE DISPOSAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIESSANDEEP PATRE
Human Settlement, Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban. Contamination, Sources of Wastes, Classification of Wastes . Impacts of Waste Accumulation, Water Contamination via Improper Wastes
this ppt is about solid waste management . it is simply based on environmental science . waste handling and recycling and abstracting matter from waste . analysis of data and graphs of solid waste management.
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.
Waste Disposal Management. Handy for starters in Environmental studies.Will be a much better view with animation, i.e. download will give you the proper content.
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND CONTAMINATION DUE TO WASTE DISPOSAL AND AGRO-INDUSTRIESSANDEEP PATRE
Human Settlement, Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban. Contamination, Sources of Wastes, Classification of Wastes . Impacts of Waste Accumulation, Water Contamination via Improper Wastes
this ppt is about solid waste management . it is simply based on environmental science . waste handling and recycling and abstracting matter from waste . analysis of data and graphs of solid waste management.
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat.
Waste Disposal Management. Handy for starters in Environmental studies.Will be a much better view with animation, i.e. download will give you the proper content.
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
1. What are the current challenges of waste management in our towns/municipals/cities today?
2. What are the possible measures that can be put forward to overcome the above challenges?
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
In the sense of landfill management, the general premise of pretreatment technologies is that treating the waste before final disposal will reduce the volume of waste being landfilled and enhance or accelerate the stabilization of the waste, reducing the long-term disadvantageous effects on the environment. Landfill making, Dozer For Landfill, Municipal solid waste landfill in India.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
The term ‘waste’ has a different meaning for different people. In general, Waste is any form of liquid, semi-liquid, solid, or gaseous material which is no longer serves the purpose for which it was originally intended. Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. However, ‘unwanted’ is subjective, as it could be of value for another person under different circumstances or even in a different culture. From the days of primitive society, humans and animals have used the resources of the earth to support life and dispose of wastes.
Similar to Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
Mohammed and Eyasu 195
Since wastes are inevitable by-products of consumption
and production processes, sound management of waste is
therefore necessary to avoid substantial adverse human,
health and environmental effects. The urgent need to
expand, improve and establish waste collection and
management systems will have to be supported by
institutional and legal reforms and changes in attitude.
However, legal, institutional and administrative framework
for the environmentally sound management of waste
remains either lacking or inadequate despite considerable
progress in formulation and adoption of waste
management policies.
Adopting Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) of
wastes focused on the promotion of the “3Rs” – Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle is needed. Moreover, Waste to Wealth
Initiatives; Corporate Social Responsibility by producers of
consumer products; involvement of multiple stakeholders;
Public-Private Partnerships and Waste Exchange
programmes should be explored.
We live in a world of increasing scarcity. Raw materials
from natural resources are limited, financial resources are
often insufficient, and securing land for waste disposal is
getting more difficult due to the prevalence of the ‘Not In
My Backyard’ attitude (e.g. ‘Sandafa’ solid waste disposal
site). Although waste management responsibilities
primarily lie with cities and municipalities, the key to
success is to collaborate with private sector, communities
and in some cases with the informal sector (UN-HABITAT,
2009).
Moreover, since the majority of Municipal Solid Wastes
come from households (domestic), emphasis should be
given on the management system and the associated
impacts on the environment (e.g. the surrounding rivers
and their services). Even though the city administration is
working to tackle these problems through different
initiatives the result is not clear and not that much
perceived by the society. Although some studies were
conducted on waste management of the city, they are
either old or focused on some parts of the city. Hence, the
current status of the solid waste management strategy of
the city is worthy of assessment and evaluation.
Objectives
General Objective
This review aims to examine the components and impact
of domestic wastes and evaluate existing domestic waste
management practices in Addis Ababa city.
Specific Objectives
The specific objectives include:
Assessing the main components of domestic wastes
in Addis Ababa,
Examining the impacts of domestic wastes on the
environment,
Evaluating the existing waste management strategies
at Addis Ababa
Proposing potential improvement areas to the waste
management system of Addis Ababa City.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area Description
Addis Ababa is a seat both for Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and Oromiya National
Regional State Government and is a diplomatic capital and
head quarter for different organizations. Geographically,
Addis Ababa is located between 9°1′48″N and 38°44′24″E
and covers an area of 540 km2. There are 10 sub-cities
(Kifle ketema) (see Figure 1) and about 99 Kebeles
(smallest administration units) (AACA, 2002) with a
population of about 3.5 million with 3.8 percent annual
growth rate, density of 5936.2/km2 (CSA, 2007).
Data Collection
The necessary data for the review were collected from
both primary and secondary data sources. Important
discussions were made with representatives of Addis
Ababa City Environmental Protection Authority, and Addis
Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency representatives.
The primary and secondary waste management sites and
practices, ‘Repi/Koshe’ (the city’s solid waste disposal site)
and the city’s rivers were visited. Moreover, informal
discussions were made with residents living at riversides
and near ‘Reppi/Koshe’. Secondary data from published
and unpublished documents were referred.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Domestic Waste Management
Definition and Components of Domestic Waste
Domestic solid wastes are wide variety produced from
household activities such as food preparation and
consumption, sweeping, burning, and garden wastes, and
used items like clothing, furnishings, and abandoned
equipment. Domestic waste includes both solid and liquid
and sometimes hazardous wastes generated from
residential areas and sometimes referred to as household
wastes.
Domestic solid waste
Domestic solid waste refers to wastes produced from
residential areas from day to day activities called
3. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 196
Table 1. Solid waste generation and disposal in Addis Ababa city from 2010-2012
Detailed information Year
2010 2011 20012
Average amount of solid waste generated (m3
/day) 2,585 5,367 5,613
Number of vehicle in charge of waste disposal 79 99 78
Capacity of vehicle in collection of waste product (m3) 943,518 1,178,935 1,304,340
Waste disposal in m3 60,225 72,570 *
Amount of waste used for composite (m3/day) 2,749 3,450 3,574
Number of institutions engaged in waste disposal 529 527 539
Source: Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency, 2012.
Table 2. Daily solid waste generation (2012)
Sector Contribution (%)
Households 76
Street sweeping 6
Industries 5
Hotels 3
Commercial and other institutions 9
Hospitals 1
Total 100
Source: Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency (2012)
"household" solid wastes (Edward S., 2010). These kinds
of wastes in lower income countries are dominated largely
by food and ash wastes and accounting for the highest
proportion of municipal solid wastes, for instance, about
75% in developing countries (Solomon, 2006). According
to the city government of the total solid waste generated
76% is from residential, 9% from commercial areas, 6%
from street sweeping, 5% from industries, 3% from hotels
and 1% from hospitals (see Table 2). The Per Capita solid
waste generation rate is 0.45 kg/capita/day and as a total
1,020,000 kg or 3,063.06 m3 with density of waste per year
and 330 kg/m3 per day. There is 5% rise urban waste
generation per year (WB, 2004). From the daily solid waste
generated only 65% is collected, 5% recycled and 5%
composted. The remaining 25% is simply dumped on open
sites, drainage channels, rivers and valleys as well as on
the streets. The estimated physical composition is as
follows: vegetables 4.2%, paper 2.5%, rubber/plastics
2.9%, wood 2.3%, bone 1.1%, textiles 2.4%, metals 0.9%,
glass 0.5%, combustibles leaves 15.1%, non-combustible
stones 2.5% and all fines 65% (AASBPDA, 2003).
However, the contents vary along with the change in the
socio-economic situation of the society and the seasonal
variation (WB, 2010).
In line with this, the composition of the residential waste
has been changing into higher proportions of plastics,
papers, packaging materials and alkaline batteries (Girma
K., 2004; Nigatu R. et al., 2011). Residential solid waste
contains rapidly decomposing animal and vegetable
matters which are the bi-products of the handling,
preparing cooking and consumption of food, paper,
cardboard, textile, ash, wood, old furniture, old household
utensil and so on (Solomon, 2006; WB, 2010; Edward S.,
2012).
The rapid population growth rate is also resulting in a rise
of approximately 5 percent of urban waste generation. This
implies that the current waste collection and disposal
capacity of the city could not match with the growing
population and generation of waste. Consequently, the
sectoral and compositional contribution of wastes has
shown tremendous growth (Abdulshikur, 2007; see Table
1 and 2).
The uncollected waste is disposed off through informal
means, except smaller percentage going to incineration,
dumped on open sites, drainage channels, rivers and
valleys as well as on the streets. The rivers that cross the
city, are widely used as disposal sites, although the
hygiene and environmental sanitation regulation issued by
the Addis Ababa city administration (Proc.No.1, 1994)
should be consistent prohibits people from disposing
waste along roads, avenues, rivers, ponds, and other
sites. Due to lack of proper means of discharging their day
to day waste, it becomes difficult to implement the
proclamation, directives and rules that result a continuous
violation of regulation by the people.
Environmental Impacts of Domestic Wastes
Ecological impacts
Due to inadequate domestic waste collection and disposal
considerable amounts of waste ends up in open dumps
(WB, 2012) or drainage system, threatening both surface
4. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
Mohammed and Eyasu 197
Table 3. Solid waste related diseases and morbidity in AA (annual report (2010-2012)
Diseases 2010 2011 2012
1. Parasitic infection 7887 36827 36845
2. Bronchitis 38100 28 849 28 780
3. Skin diseases 34426 27 119 27 047
4. Broncho pneumonia 30219 25 744 25 158
5. Dysentery 20782 13 596 14 631
6. Bronchial asthma, allergic 11607 7 677 6 291
7. Other respiratory diseases 7 932 3 845 7 532
8. Typhoid 6 596 3 622 4 046
9. Influenza 3 593 1 905 1 858
10. Trachoma 1 619 1 015 1 346
Source: Addis Ababa Cleansing Management Agency ( 2012)
and ground water quality and provide a breeding ground
for pests. Open air burning and spontaneous combustion
in dumping site, are among the causes of air pollution and
unpleasant odour (Nigatu et al., 2011), more exacerbated
in slum areas where there is lack of garbage collection
containers. It also leads to loss of productive land due to
the presence of non-biodegradable items and
contamination of soil, ground and surface waters by
leachate. Buried hazardous domestic wastes can filter
down through the soil and contaminate groundwater.
Pouring hazardous liquids on the ground can poison soil,
plants and water (EPA, 2004).
Current literatures also reveal that most of the Addis
Ababa city waste ultimately finds its way into the clogged
city streams and rivers ending up in inland water bodies
such as the Aba-Samuel Dam, one of the main sources of
water supply to the city. In addition to solid wastes,
household liquid waste is an environmental problem.
Liquid waste disposed to sewer drains into surface water
courses causing pollution of the aquatic environment with
resulting health hazards. And the consequences are very
clear as the trend persists (Abebe, 2001; Tessema, 2010).
Socio-economic impacts
More than 200-300 waste pickers per day work
continuously and obviously living nearby the site for
collection of salvageable materials such as wood, scrap
metals and discarded food. The adverse effect of
inadequate waste management service on productivity
and economic development of the city is very significant.
Inadequate collection, transport or improper disposal of
household waste can have adverse health impacts.
Potential health hazards from accumulation of polluted
water, which provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes and
attract flies, vermin. Lack of the most basic waste services
in crowded, low-income areas is a major contributor to the
high morbidity and mortality among the urban poor (see
Table 3). Also, there may be injuries from infected sharp
materials leading to transmission of HIV virus, etc
(Mazhindu et al., 2012).
The surveys by Abebe (2001), Tadesse (2004) and
Tessema (2010) attribute the proliferation of pathogens in
the living areas of poor homes and neighborhoods to a
combination of inadequacies in the provision of sanitation
facilities, inappropriate anthropogenic practices of
sanitation at household level and the current waste
management problems. The cramped living conditions and
the presence of pathogens in the home environments due
to the lack of basic infrastructure; the dangerous and
unhealthy sites of some neighborhoods due to the irregular
or non-collection of garbage and the city-wide problems of
toxic or hazardous waste disposal pose the major threats
to the health of most residents in city (Mazhindu et al.,
2012).
According to Alebachew et al. (2004), deficiencies of
sanitary services, low capacity for urban waste
management and the absence of regulations and scientific
criteria for enforcement pose increasing environmental
and public health hazards in the major towns of Ethiopia.
The studies by Girma K., (2004) and Tadesse K. et al.
(2004) suggest positive relationships between the
worsening environmental health status of Addis Ababa
and the current uncoordinated waste management and
refuse disposal practices playing out at all levels in the ten
administrative sub-cities of the capital.
The current uncoordinated approach to waste collection
and disposal led to the high incidence of waterborne
pathogens such as cholera, typhoid, and amoebic
infections accounting for four fifths of all diseases in the
country (Girma K., 2004). Other health impacts include:
respiratory tract, dermatological and sight problems, noise
nuisance, diarrheal and children less than 10 years play
with condoms and other used medical utensils including
syringes and needles.
Existing Solid Waste Management of AA City
Conventional waste management dominates: waste
collection, treatment (composting and incineration) and
disposal (landfills). Only limited attempts are made to
adopt integrated waste management practices: waste
reduction at the source, resource recovery and recycling.
The collection rate remain low and the quality of collection
services are poor (Abdulshikur, 2007; Nigatu et al., 2011).
5. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 198
Figure 1. Waste pre-collectors in Addis Ababa Figure 2. Waste containers in Addis Ababa
Limited technological and economic resources result in the
prevalent low standards of waste management which is
exacerbated by public perception of waste disposal.
Involvement of the private sector and communities in
waste management services is still very limited. The
wastes collected typically end up in open dumps, where
they may be burnt, and in some cases are deposited in
illegal dumping sites. While an ever-increasing volume of
waste is generated, the effectiveness of the solid waste
collection and disposal systems are declining in Addis
Ababa city (Mohammed and Elsa, 2003).
As an effort to improve SWM, the service provision was
transferred to Addis Ababa City Sanitation, Beautification
and Park Development Agency in 2003 to make the city
naturally balanced, green and favourable environment
through integrated solid waste management and urban
recreational area development.
Waste collection and transportation
Addis Ababa city started its solid waste management
some four decades back but currently the service cannot
meet the changing demands. The social waste collection
service is unsatisfactory, and scenes of scattered waste
are common in most part of the city (UNDP, 2004).
According to the existing policy, solid wastes are collected
by the government employees, private companies’ based
on contractual agreements and Micro and Small
Enterprise. However, the principle, stating that the waste
producers are subject to put their wastes into different
containers based on specific type of wastes, is not
practiced in the city (Hayal et al., 2014). There are two sub-
stages of waste collection: primary and secondary
collection.
Primary collection is done by micro and small enterprises
having formal agreement to collect from households and
dump them in designated containers. There are about 750
micro and small enterprises organized to pre-collect waste
from household. They use door-to-door method (see
Figure 1) to collect and dumped in another container to be
picked by secondary collectors, the sub-city and private
companies, and then dumped at the City’s landfill.
The collection is currently handled in different types of
collection systems namely the door-to-door, curbside, set
out, the block (container) collection systems and the street
sweeping. The door-to-door collection system is applied
for households and is carried out by MSEs by walking the
short distances from house to house. Each house owner
put wastes in baskets, sacks, plastic bags or other suitable
materials at the door side so that the collectors pick using
the pushcarts (see Figure 1) to a common temporary
storage for the trucks to pick up them to the disposal site.
Some of the storage areas could be street sides and
pedestrian walkways (see Figure 2). However, the
regularity and frequencies of collection are not always
maintained due to the less number of laborers with their
low payment (Hayal et al., 2014).
Curbside collection is the most common practical method
where different sized containers are kept near the street
6. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
Mohammed and Eyasu 199
Figure 3. ‘Reppi’, solid waste disposal site and compaction
corners and street crossings so that householders deposit
their wastes on them using baskets, bags, sacks, or other
suitable materials. Payment for the collectors is volume
based rate (30 birr/m3). Service charges are collected with
water consumption rate. Residential houses pay 20%,
commercial houses 42.5% of the total water consumed.
Although large proportion is collected by the MSEs, private
companies and employees also participate. However the
contribution of private companies is still low as compared
to the government share. Due to shortage of containers
collected wastes are improperly stored on open spaces
and roadsides (see Figure 2) (Hayal et. al., 2014).
Secondary Collection is a system of transporting solid
wastes from containers to final dumping site, undertaken
by the municipality which represents the highest level in
transportation system. The role of the private sector in this
system is limited.
Waste disposal
Until the start of 2016, Addis Ababa city was using
‘Reppi/Koshe’ open dumping site for all solid wastes,
which has been in operation since 1950s receiving over
750 tons of waste per day. It is located 13 km south West
of the city covering about 25 hectare. It is bounded by ring
road and residential areas straight without any protection
for man and animals (see Figure 3). It is managed by Addis
Ababa City Sanitation, Beautification and Park
Development Agency (AACSBPDA) since 2003. The
method of disposal was crude open dumping; the waste is
placed on flat land: hauling by truck, spreading and
leveling by bulldozer and compacting. Since the start of
2016, ‘Reppi/Koshe’ has been closed and shifted to
another disposal site constructed around Kotebe area,
north of the city, although it didn’t last long.
Latest figures show that about 765 tons of wastes are
being produced daily and is expected to increase
significantly in the future. It has been estimated that about
80 % of the wastes are municipal waste, which is highly
dominated by domestic waste. Solid waste segregation at
the point of generation is not carried out, 80% of the waste
produced is dumped with a low percentage being reused
or recycled. Since once in the dumping site, paper, garden
and food waste decompose under microbial action into
various gases, water and other compounds. Even though
both biodegradable non-biodegradable wastes exist (see
7. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 200
Figure 4. Partial view of solid waste dumped at ‘Reppi/Koshe’
Figure 4), from table 2 it can be deduced that more than
80% of the wastes are biodegradable.
Measures to Combat Waste Management Problems
Integrated Waste Management (IWM)
As a consequence of conventional waste management
practices, Addis Ababa is facing environmental and health
risks as well as losing economic opportunities in terms of
the resource value of the waste. Hence, a paradigm shift
from conventional waste management practices to
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) is essential
to effectively manage the waste stream. ISWM is a
comprehensive waste prevention, recycling, composting,
and disposal programme that considers how to prevent,
recycle, and manage waste in ways that most effectively
protect human health and the environment. The main
areas to be focused in implementation of ISWM strategy
for Addis Ababa city are discussed below.
Waste avoidance and minimization
The generation of waste should be reduced to a minimum
in terms of quantity and/or hazard potential. The marketing
of goods in reusable containers, which could be returned
to the supplier and be reused, is one example. Waste
generation could sometimes be reduced if commodities
were available in bulk quantity to a retailer who would sell
the goods in smaller quantities, thereby eliminating the
need for as much packing. Packaging of goods for
aesthetic reasons could be discouraged, as could the
supply of a small item in a large package for marketing
reasons. Waste avoidance and minimization practices in
Addis Ababa city is considered as absent or negligible.
Segregation at source
The resource value of waste cannot be realized unless
separation is practiced at the source. In urban centers
throughout African regions, less than half of the solid waste
produced is collected, and 95 percent of that amount is
either indiscriminately thrown away at various dumping
sites, or at a number of temporary sites (Mohammed and
Elsa, 2003). This will promote recovery operations, and
prevent pollution or damage to human health. There is no
formal segregation and separation of wastes in Addis
Ababa city. However, informally some households
separate few recyclable wastes and sell for informal
recyclers (EPA, 2004).
Solid waste transfer stations
Transfer stations are intermediate places where solid
wastes are deposited and stored until transported to the
final disposal site. However, they are not given due
consideration in the solid waste management system of
Addis Ababa development plan. The collected wastes are
stored at road sides and other corners of the city until they
are transported to the city’s disposal site. Moreover, the
collected wastes are totally kept open without cover and
exposed to rain and sun making them to produce
superfluous odor, cause hideous urban panorama, attract
vectors and disturb human activities in the surrounding
area (Hayal et.al., 2014). So, the city administration is
expected to solve this problem.
Solid waste preliminary treatment
The ISWM principles state that the collected solid wastes
need to be segregated into various types for the purpose
of recycling, reuse or transformation at various levels.
8. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
Mohammed and Eyasu 201
Therefore, there must be treatment processes before
disposal to separate the recyclable and reusable
resources out of the wastes. However, almost all the
collected wastes are transported to the open disposal site
without segregation. It is not also binding at present to
separate recyclable or reuse materials from the collected
wastes at the city level. However, informal recyclers at
small-scale level are accomplishing some form of sporadic
recycling manually though it is insignificant. There are
craftsmen, who recycle metal, wood, rubber, clay to
provide essential goods to great number of customers.
Participation of the informal waste collectors and recyclers
need to be encouraged with financial or technical support
from the city government (Hayal et al., 2014).
Solid waste transportation
Like other cities of the developing world, Addis Ababa is
facing shortage of equipment to transport its waste. Waste
collecting trucks are not available to the level demanded
and even some of the available trucks do not perform at
daily bases due to their old age, accidents and
maintenance issues. All the trucks carry a single container
with maximum capacity of 8 m3 or 2160 kg at ht e time of
disposal. Since the trucks have no cover for the waste
containers, they drop wastes in the city on their way to the
disposal site (Hayal et al., 2014). With the increasing trend
of waste production comparable transportation and
equipment should be available.
Solid waste disposal
Disposal is the ultimate stage in solid waste management
system for those wastes that have no further use to
society. However all the generated solid wastes have not
been collected and disposed properly. There are still some
city dwellers who dispose wastes in their respective
premises which have to be avoided. Addis Ababa was
using open dumping at ‘Koshe/Reppi’, located 13 km away
the outskirts of the city. The site is part of the city now due
to expansion affecting the residents and institutions found
there. The disposal system is unhygienic having a
negative impact on health of the surrounding
neighborhoods and the environment (WB, 2001; Mazhindu
et al., 2012).
However, the existing situation has pushed the city
government to construct sanitary landfill as it was
proposed in the city’s development plan to establish four
landfill sites in the eastern, northeastern, west and
southwest part of the city. However according to Hayal et
al. (2014) this plan was changed into constructing a landfill
site some 35 km away from the city centre around
Sendafa, north of the city. The preparation for the
establishment of the landfill site has been ongoing since
2010 and started functioning at the start of 2016. However,
after 6 months service the local farmers opposed and
conflict broke out. Now the city government has returned
to the old site, ‘Koshe/Reppi’, despite the site has reached
its full capacity. This shows the need of ISWM decisions
on how to handle wastes in a way that must take into
account the environmental, economic and social
dimensions (Hayal et al., 2014).
The city government in collaboration with a foreign firm is
building a facility to convert the solid waste dumped at
Repi/Koshe site to produce energy from methane.
Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework
The SWM strategy mentions lack of strong political
commitment for SWM; challenges to streamline existing
legal and regulatory frameworks; absence of mechanisms
that would ensure inter-institutional collaboration; limited
managerial and technical competencies in municipal SWM
operations; and lack of service delivery standards as gaps
in waste management (MUDHCo, 2015).
The Addis Ababa City Administration was the first to issue
a SWM policy in 2004 (AACA, 2004) and SWM regulation
in 2005 in response to the enormity of the SWM-related
problems faced by the city. The SWM Proc. No. 513/2007
(FDRE, 2007) recognized SWM-related challenges as a
nationwide concern. Other key legislations related to
waste management include Environmental Pollution
Control Proc. No. 300/2002 and Environmental Impact
Assessment Proc. No. 299/2002, Amendment of the Basel
Convention Proc. No. 356/2003, Ratification of Kyoto
Protocol Proc. No. 439/2005, Environmental Protection
Organs Establishment Proc.No.295/2002 and
Establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority
Proc. No. 9/1995 (FDRE, 1995), which is recently
reorganized under a new Ministry for Environment Forest
and Climate Change.
However, the existing SWM proclamation does not provide
a comprehensive framework for sustainable SWM.
Existing legislations do not elaborate on all principal waste
streams, namely municipal, industrial, construction,
biomedical, agricultural and e-waste as well as all phases
of ISWM. They also fail to specify the need to
institutionalize the licensing and regulation of SWM
operations by municipalities and other actors (MUDHCo,
2014; 2015).
Ethiopia has national solid waste proclamation dealing
with comprehensively with all aspects of SWM being used
in all its federal states. Federal Environmental Protection
Authority (EPA) is given the authorization in setting rules,
laws, regulations, and standards as well as imposing
penalties for non-compliance regarding the management
of solid waste. Ministry of Health is also responsible at the
Federal level to play a principal role in issues related to
9. Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa city
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 202
“Public Health and Sanitation” for which SWM has been
given to Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management Agency
since January 2010. National Environmental Policy,
National SWM Proclamation, City Charter, City’s SWM
policy and City’s solid waste regulation are existing policy
and legal issues being used. As per its development plan
Addis Ababa has started encouraging private companies
and Micro and Small Enterprise Unions to participate in
SWM since 2004. Currently there are 6 private companies
and 521 MSEs with more than 10,000 operators collecting
from households, institutions and commercial areas.
Research Interventions
One of the critical gaps in improving waste management
operations is the absence of institutionalized research on
different aspects of waste management. On the other
hand, the absence of accurate and reliable data on waste
management is among the major factors determining the
quality of operational plans. Moreover, neither
environmental protection agencies nor waste
management service providers are engaged in research,
as they are bogged down with routine operations
(MUDHCo, 2015). As a result the necessary information
with regard to waste characteristics, impacts and
management practices are not available in an organized
manner. Hence, a coordinated approach should be
implemented in conducting specific research with regard
to waste management in the city.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion
The main burden of the city’s municipal wastes comes
from residential areas, making them the main focus for the
waste management strategy. Despite the practice of waste
management for almost 60 years, the progress when
compared with the degree of urbanization and population
pressure is not as expected. Nowadays wastes become
more complex and the quantity has also increased from
time to time. Although the burden of managing the
municipality’s waste is on the city administration, recent
involvement of private sectors and micro and small
enterprises is the good decision. It plays a great role in
creating job opportunities and improving the socio-
economic status of the city’s poor. Lack of awareness and
enforcement are some of the challenges facing SWM.
Recommendations
The city administration should focus on integrated waste
management technologies and increasing the capacity of
the informal sector participating in waste management.
Institutional capacity building must also be considered.
Strong networking opportunities within the sub-cities is
also required to facilitate information flows. A system of
fees for the treatment of collected solid wastes should be
gradually introduced. The legal frameworks must also be
put in place along with effective enforcement mechanisms
to implement the existing pertinent laws and policies.
Penalties should be practiced on those who do not obey
the laws. Enhancement of the participation and role of
NGOs, private sector and communities must also put in
place.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge governmental offices and their
representatives who voluntarily provided different data to
prepare the document and those who participated in
reviewing the contents and those who provide assistance
in different forms.
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