This document discusses waste management, particularly biomedical waste. It begins by defining waste and providing a brief history of waste management. It then outlines various authorities and regulations involved in waste management. It classifies different types of industries and wastes, including domestic, construction, industrial, infectious, and hazardous wastes. The document primarily focuses on proper procedures for handling, segregating, storing, and disposing of biomedical waste to prevent health risks, with a focus on following color-coded systems and treating different categories of waste appropriately. It emphasizes the importance of social responsibility in properly disposing of waste.

1. WASTE MANAGEMENT

2. INTRODUCTION
WASTE:
Wastes are unwanted or unusable material,
substances, or by-products.

3. HISTORY
• Until urban populations boomed, the garbage was not a
threat.
• When it rised up, It caused a stench, harbored rats and
other pests, contaminated water supplies and led to the
transmission of disease. The plagues that affected
Europe from the 14th to the 16th centuries were often
spread by the vermin.
• It killed 50 million people in the 14th century, or 60 per
cent of Europe's entire population.

4. Authorities are involved in the management
of waste:
• WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION)
• BASEL CONVENTION (Basel Convention on
the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal) that
was designed to reduce the movements
of hazardous waste between nations.
• MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS
(INDIA)

5. • HOSPITALS, Mines, Cements, Fertilizers &
Chemicals, Distilleries, Tanneries
• Hotels, Cinema Theatre, Lime Kilns,
Stone Crushing unit.
• NIL – No toxic substance, No effluent, No
fugitive emissions, No use of fuel
Classification Of Industries

6. HON’BLE SUPREME COURT OF
INDIA
Write Petition No 888 of 1996
Public Interest Litigation
Mrs. Almitra H. Patel vs. Union of India
 Pathetic Situation of Solid Waste Management
Practices
 Obligatory function of Urban Local Bodies
 Resulting in problems of Health & Sanitation
 No solution in sight.
Hon’ble Supreme Court after several hearings,
constituted a committee

7. INTERIM REPORT OF THE
COMMITTEE
Domestic / Trade Waste
Construction Waste
Industrial Waste
Infectious & Hospital Waste.
 Adverse impact on Human Health.
 Grossly neglected.
 Do not discharge their duties for safe disposale.
 Infectious waste & sharps get mixed up with Domestic Waste.
 Incinerators in certain Hospitals only – Often single chamber
not affectively functioning.
 Ministry of Environment, Govt. of India to issue mandatory
instructions to rectify with a time frame.

8. HOSPITAL WASTES
Non Infectious Infectious
Non Sharps Sharps
Solids Liquids
Incinerable Non Incinerable
(Autoclave, Microwave)
Biodegradable Non Biodegradable

9. CATEGORIES OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE
OPTION WASTE CATEGORY TREATMENT & DISPOSAL
Category No. 1 Human Anatomical Waste Incineration / deep burial
Category No. 2 Animal Waste Incineration / deep burial
Category No. 3 Microbiology & Biotechnology
Waste
Local autoclaving / microwaving /
incineration
Category No. 4 Waste Sharps Disinfection by chemical treatmet /
atoclaving / microwaving and
mutilation / shredding
Category No. 5 Discarded Medicines and
Cytoxic drugs
Incineration / destruction and
drugs disposal in secured landfills
Category No. 6 Contaminated Solid Waste Incineration / autoclaving /
microwaving
Category No. 7 Solid Waste (Disposable items
other than sharp)
Disinfection by chemical treatment
/ autoclaving / microwaving and
mutilation / shredding
Category No. 8 Liquid Waste Disinfection by chemical treatment
and discharge into drains.
Category No. 9 Incineration Ash Disposal in municipal landfill
Category No. 10 Chemical Waste Chemical treatment and discharge
into drains for liquids and secured
land for solids

10. COLOUR CODING AND TYPE OF CONTAINER
FOR DISPOSAL OF BIOMEDICAL WASTES
COLOUR
CODING
TYPE OF
CONTAINER
WASTE
CATEGORY
TREATMENT OPTIONS
as per Schedule I
Yellow Plastic Bag Cat.. 1, 2, 3
and 6
Incineration / deep
burial
Red Disinfected
container /
Plastic Bag
Cat. 3, 6, and
7
Autoclaving /
Microwaving /
Chemical Treatment
Blue / White
Translucent
Plastic Bag /
puncture proof
container
Cat. 4, Cat. 7 Autoclaving /
Microwaving /
Chemical treatment
and destruction
shredding
Black Plastic Bag Cat. 5, 9 and
10 (Solid)
Disposal in secured
landfill

11. Examples:
Sharps:
• Throughout the world an estimated 16 000 million injections are
administered every year.
• WHO estimates that, in 2000, injections with contaminated syringes
caused 21 million hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, two million hepatitis
C virus infections and 260 000 HIV infections worldwide.

12. PLASTIC WASTE
IV Sets
Tubings
Blood & Urine bags
Syringes
SEGREGATION OF WASTE
No
Sharps
In this
bag
RED BAG OR CONTANIER

13. SEGREGATION OF WASTE
YELLOW
BAG OR CONTAINER
INFECTIOUS WASTE
Soiled bandages
Dressings
Cotton Swabs
Sanitary Pads
No
Plastics
In this
bag

14. SEGREGATION OF WASTE
Needles and Ampoules
to be put
in the separate
puncture proof bin provided

15. SEGREGATION OF WASTE

16. Procedure of Bio-Medical
Waste Disposal
Generation of Waste
Segregation at source
Collection of Waste
Transportation Autoclaving & shredding
Treatment
Incineration

17. The major sources of health-care
waste are:
• Hospitals and other health-care
establishments
• Laboratories and research centres
• Mortuary and autopsy centres
• Animal research and testing laboratories
• Blood banks and collection services
• Nursing homes for the elderly.

18. LAB TECHNICIANS
 Use gloves during all tests.
 Reusable items to be soaked in bleach.
 Needles to be disinfected with bleach.
 Sharps to be put in needle container.

19.  Segregate waste as per category
 Put waste in correct bin wiz. Plastic/rubber waste
in Red, Anatomical soiled waste in Yellow, Non-
infectious general waste in Black and Sharps in Blue
Puncture Proof Container. Ensure colour bags of the
same colour as bins.
 Ensure that the plastic bag has bio-hazard symbol
and label.
 Remove plastic bags when ¾ full, tie the bags
properly. Ensure bag is properly tied / sealed to
avoid spilling.
 Wear protective gear while handling waste.
 Always keep your record book on waste activity up
to date.
DO’S

20.  Put the waste indiscriminately.
 Put wrong bags in bin. (Adhere to colour code.)
 Fill the bags till neck. (Waste would otherwise
spill over.)
 Handle waste without protective clothing.
 Drag the bags after removal. (Bags can burst
and the site could be repulsive.)
 Never recap the needle. (Never re-use needle
without disinfection)
 Mix non infectious waste with infectious waste.
DON’TS

21. Magnitude Of Problem: Indian scenario
Waste management is primarily categorized in
Municipal Waste, Industrial Waste, Bio-Medical
Waste and Electronic Waste.
Annual increase in the waste generation in approximating to 5 percent and
per capita waste generation is increasing by 1.3 percent per annum. Waste
generated in the 7 Mega cities of India is calculated as close as 19 percent
of the total waste, against 19 percent generation in Metro cities and almost
34 percent waste in all other class – I cities of India.
Only 60 percent of this volume is collected, even less is transported and
disposed off. Sanitary landfill or composting as methods of garbage
disposal is limited to very few cities. Mumbai generates about 3200 tonnes
of garbage of which about 97% is collected. In other cities, collection varies
from about 90% in Delhi and Chennai, about 75% in Calcutta and
Hyderabad, 68% in Bangalore and 70 % in Kanpur. The collection is around
50% in smaller towns.

22. PROPER DISPOSAL
OF WASTE
– SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

23. Let us prove that we are
ECO FRIENDLY