This document provides an overview of the municipal solid waste management system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It details the institutional framework, waste generation quantities and composition, collection and transportation methods, and processing/disposal activities. The key points are:
- The city health bureau manages collection and public toilets, while a waste management department oversees overall operations. Small businesses also provide some collection.
- An estimated 0.221 kg of waste is generated per person daily, with 65% collected. Organic materials make up about 70% by weight.
- Collection methods include door-to-door, communal bins, and street sweeping. Processing is limited to informal recycling; waste is disposed at one
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfou...ijtsrd
Increasingly, sustainable waste management has emerged as a major concern both in terms of environmental protection and sustainable management of urban spaces. Over the years, it has been observed that, the volume of waste generated in urban spaces in Cameroon far exceeds the capacity of local councils to manage. Mfoundi council, like the majority councils in Cameroon, has outsourced the collection and disposal of solid waste to the private waste collection company. However, decline in waste collection rates, rising cost associated with solid waste retrieval and disposal continue to exacerbate the challenge local councils experience with regards to urban waste disposal and management. From the foregoing, this study seeks to critically examine the sustainability of the policy, and practices of Municipal Solid Waste Management MSWM systems adopted in the Mfoundi Division. This study adopted a hybrid of qualitative and quantitative approaches using questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussion as main instruments of data collection. The non probability purposive sampling was used due to time and cost constraints The findings of this study revealed that, the council waste management approach does not meet the demands of the population. Poor collection and transportation facilities, insufficient waste collection frequency, low levels of household awareness of good solid waste management practices lack of awareness on waste reuse and recycling are some of the major challenges identified by the study. Thus, people have been left with little or no choice but to dump waste in open spaces, water bodies, drainage channels, deposit along roadsides and streets. The study recommends the following, adopting a community participative approach for efficient waste management, introduction of a waste reuse recycling and reduction plan, intensive sensitization to educate the population on proper waste management practices waste separation via mass campaigns, finally the state should compel brewery and water companies to put in place an avenue to collect the plastic bottles sold to the population. Fofack Abanda Blondelle "Local Governance and Sustainability in Municipal Waste Management in the Mfoundi Division, Yaounde Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38451.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/38451/local-governance-and-sustainability-in-municipal-waste-management-in-the-mfoundi-division-yaounde-cameroon/fofack-abanda-blondelle
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
I’m professional presentation maker . These presentations are for sale for 20$ each, if required you can contact me on my gmail id bestpptmaker@gmail.com and you can also suggest me topics for your required presentations
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The dandora dumpsite in nairobi city; status, challenges and way forwardcaxtonk2008
The Dandora dumpsite handles all the wastes generated by Nairobi City, East Africas’ largest and most populous City. It is located 8 KMs from the citys’ central business district. The dumpsite measures 26.2 Hectares and has been in operation for over thirty years. The dumpsite receives over 1500 tonnes of waste on a daily basis of which forms a less than half of Nairobis’ total generated waste.
Started in the 1970S’ by Nairobi City council, the site was initially a quarry. It was therefore established with the intention of filling up and eventually rehabilitating the quarry. However the dumpsite has been in operation for a period that far exceeds the ten to fifteen year limit set by international laws for the use of a dumpsite. It has thus ended up becoming a humanitarian nightmare especially for the surrounding communities, although it is considered by a blessing by those who depend on it for a living.
The dumpsite is surrounded by various residential estates including: Dandora, Baba Ndogo, Kariobangi and Korogocho of which is Nairobi Citys’ fourth largest slum. These estates harbor a population of over a million people and this is growing fast fuelled by among other factors the high urban immigration common in Africa.
Dumping at the site goes on due to lack of an alternative site and the interest of the dumpsite beneficiaries who are totally against its relocation. Attempts to move it has been strongly opposed by those benefiting from it. Attempts to move it to Ruai on the outskirts of Nairobi was strongly opposed by the community around the area who felt this was an attempt to dump the problem on them. Various solutions have been suggested including establishment of a semi aerobic land fill currently being piloted and establishment of thermal electricity generation plant among others.
The Dandora dumpsite continues to pose great threats to humanity. This is due to the fact that that the dumpsite has outlived its lifespan and overpassed its capacity. The activities in the dumpsite are not effective or efficient in dealing with the high amount of waste generated by in its source area. Attempts to address the situation continue to hit dead ends despite the many existing opportunities and developed plans.
Despite the many challenges that abound an alternative site needs to be urgently identified and modern recycling methods put into use. The plight of the separators operating at the dumpsite also needs to be addressed to ensure that solutions adopted don’t marginalize them and negate their great dependency on this malpractice. The participation of the people in the process of better waste management is also imperative
On 2nd October 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a 'Clean India' by 2nd October 2019. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is the most significant cleanliness campaign by the Government of India.
Effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of municipa...eSAT Journals
Abstract The paper discusses the effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site of Ludhiana City, Punjab (India). Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters to estimate its pollution potential. MSW landfill site is non-engineered low lying open dump. It has neither any bottom liner nor any leachate collection and treatment system. Therefore, all the leachate generated finds its paths into the surrounding environment. The landfill site is not equipped with any leachate collectors. Leachate samples were collected from the base of solid waste heaps where the leachate was drained out by gravity. It has been found that leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While, heavy metals concentration was in trace amount as the waste is domestic in nature. The data presented in this study indicated that with the passage of time and with seasonal variations particularly during rainy season values of various parameters increased, reason being with time the solid waste material degraded and the waste constituents percolated down along with rainwater. Thus, the age and seasonal variations has a significant effect on leachate composition. Indiscriminate dumping of MSW without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped or some remedial measures were required to be adopted to prevent contamination. Index Terms: Municipal solid waste, Landfill, Leachate, Organic and Inorganic constituents
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa ...Premier Publishers
Domestic solid waste is becoming a threat to Addis Ababa city’s environment, as only 65% of the waste produced per day is collected and disposed, 5% is recycled, 5% is composted and the remaining 25% is uncollected and dumped in unauthorized areas. Since domestic waste dominate the municipality’s waste category, its management and associated environmental impacts is worthy of attention. This review aimed to examine the composition and impacts of domestic solid waste and evaluate the existing waste management practices through field visit, discussion and review of literature. The solid waste generation rate of the city is about 0.45 kg/capita/day. Waste collectors participate in the waste management by receiving service charge from residential areas equaling 20% of the cost of their water consumption. The city is still dependent on ‘Reppi/Koshe’ dumping site that receives over 750 tons of solid waste per day. Inadequate domestic solid waste management creates a range of environmental problems. Although the management strategy of the city is improving still it couldn’t address the demand side. Segregation, treatment, proper disposal, policy and law enforcement and capacity building are potential areas of improvement through research interventions.
I’m professional presentation maker . These presentations are for sale for 20$ each, if required you can contact me on my gmail id bestpptmaker@gmail.com and you can also suggest me topics for your required presentations
We briefly present the current state of municipal solid waste management in China, the trends, and the challenges encountered in solving the issue of increasing waste production in urban area.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The dandora dumpsite in nairobi city; status, challenges and way forwardcaxtonk2008
The Dandora dumpsite handles all the wastes generated by Nairobi City, East Africas’ largest and most populous City. It is located 8 KMs from the citys’ central business district. The dumpsite measures 26.2 Hectares and has been in operation for over thirty years. The dumpsite receives over 1500 tonnes of waste on a daily basis of which forms a less than half of Nairobis’ total generated waste.
Started in the 1970S’ by Nairobi City council, the site was initially a quarry. It was therefore established with the intention of filling up and eventually rehabilitating the quarry. However the dumpsite has been in operation for a period that far exceeds the ten to fifteen year limit set by international laws for the use of a dumpsite. It has thus ended up becoming a humanitarian nightmare especially for the surrounding communities, although it is considered by a blessing by those who depend on it for a living.
The dumpsite is surrounded by various residential estates including: Dandora, Baba Ndogo, Kariobangi and Korogocho of which is Nairobi Citys’ fourth largest slum. These estates harbor a population of over a million people and this is growing fast fuelled by among other factors the high urban immigration common in Africa.
Dumping at the site goes on due to lack of an alternative site and the interest of the dumpsite beneficiaries who are totally against its relocation. Attempts to move it has been strongly opposed by those benefiting from it. Attempts to move it to Ruai on the outskirts of Nairobi was strongly opposed by the community around the area who felt this was an attempt to dump the problem on them. Various solutions have been suggested including establishment of a semi aerobic land fill currently being piloted and establishment of thermal electricity generation plant among others.
The Dandora dumpsite continues to pose great threats to humanity. This is due to the fact that that the dumpsite has outlived its lifespan and overpassed its capacity. The activities in the dumpsite are not effective or efficient in dealing with the high amount of waste generated by in its source area. Attempts to address the situation continue to hit dead ends despite the many existing opportunities and developed plans.
Despite the many challenges that abound an alternative site needs to be urgently identified and modern recycling methods put into use. The plight of the separators operating at the dumpsite also needs to be addressed to ensure that solutions adopted don’t marginalize them and negate their great dependency on this malpractice. The participation of the people in the process of better waste management is also imperative
On 2nd October 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. The campaign aims to achieve the vision of a 'Clean India' by 2nd October 2019. The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is the most significant cleanliness campaign by the Government of India.
Effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of municipa...eSAT Journals
Abstract The paper discusses the effect of age and seasonal variations on leachate characteristics of leachate generated from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site of Ludhiana City, Punjab (India). Leachate samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters to estimate its pollution potential. MSW landfill site is non-engineered low lying open dump. It has neither any bottom liner nor any leachate collection and treatment system. Therefore, all the leachate generated finds its paths into the surrounding environment. The landfill site is not equipped with any leachate collectors. Leachate samples were collected from the base of solid waste heaps where the leachate was drained out by gravity. It has been found that leachate contains high concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents beyond the permissible limits. While, heavy metals concentration was in trace amount as the waste is domestic in nature. The data presented in this study indicated that with the passage of time and with seasonal variations particularly during rainy season values of various parameters increased, reason being with time the solid waste material degraded and the waste constituents percolated down along with rainwater. Thus, the age and seasonal variations has a significant effect on leachate composition. Indiscriminate dumping of MSW without proper solid waste management practices should be stopped or some remedial measures were required to be adopted to prevent contamination. Index Terms: Municipal solid waste, Landfill, Leachate, Organic and Inorganic constituents
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Domestic solid waste management and its environmental impacts in Addis Ababa ...Premier Publishers
Domestic solid waste is becoming a threat to Addis Ababa city’s environment, as only 65% of the waste produced per day is collected and disposed, 5% is recycled, 5% is composted and the remaining 25% is uncollected and dumped in unauthorized areas. Since domestic waste dominate the municipality’s waste category, its management and associated environmental impacts is worthy of attention. This review aimed to examine the composition and impacts of domestic solid waste and evaluate the existing waste management practices through field visit, discussion and review of literature. The solid waste generation rate of the city is about 0.45 kg/capita/day. Waste collectors participate in the waste management by receiving service charge from residential areas equaling 20% of the cost of their water consumption. The city is still dependent on ‘Reppi/Koshe’ dumping site that receives over 750 tons of solid waste per day. Inadequate domestic solid waste management creates a range of environmental problems. Although the management strategy of the city is improving still it couldn’t address the demand side. Segregation, treatment, proper disposal, policy and law enforcement and capacity building are potential areas of improvement through research interventions.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Market report Waste and Circular Economy South Africa 2023MetaSus
Results of a market assessment waste management / circular economy in Durban, Cape Town and Johannesburg/Pretoria by Mr. Bert Keesman of MetaSus and Mr. Hans Breukelman of BreAd BV, carried out 24-28 July 2023. Key support was provided by Messrs. Don and Troy Govender of the Lindon Corp, Mr. Chris Whyte of the African Circular Economy Network (ACEN) and the team at the Royal Netherlands Embassy in Pretoria and the Consulate in Cape Town.
Waste management is typically viewed as a
resource intensive activity. Yet some urban
areas in Latin America have managed to
turn this idea on its head by converting
waste into energy and profit to tackle climate change. Case studies are described for Monterrey, Mexico, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Maldonado, Uruguay.
La gestión de residuos es típicamente vista como una
actividad que consume muchos recursos. Sin embargo, algunos zonas urbanas de América Latina han logrado
convertir esta idea mediante la conversión
de residuos en energía y beneficios económicos para la ciudad, como un mejor alumbrado público, bombeo de agua, y sistemas de transporte masivo, como el metro, generando sinergias en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Se presentan los casos de Monterrey, México, Sao Paulo, Brasil, y Maldonado, Uruguay.
Assessment of Existing Solid Waste management Practices and Challenges: The C...mowlid hassan hirsi
Solid waste is one of the most common challenges faced by many different countries. However, developing countries are suffering more than the developed countries when it comes to managing solid waste management. Jig-jiga City, like other cities in developing countries, faces problems associated with poorly managed solid waste operation. The study concerns about the Assessment of the current solid waste management and practices and challenges. The survey was conducted in 03 from commercial areas and 06 from residential area with total sample size of 298 households. Different sampling methods were employed to select the study units including: stratified sampling, systematic random sampling, and purposive sampling. Though the bulk of the data collected were qualitative in nature, it was also supported by quantitative information collected through survey and secondary sources. The study discovered that there is low performance of SWM in the city mainly due to: lack of properly designed collection system and time schedule, inadequate and malfunctioning operation equipment, open burning of refuse, poor condition of the final dumpsite and less awareness creation among community which encouraged illegal dumping are the technical problem identified. Insufficient budget and funds as well as lack of promotion on waste reduction, recycling, absence of waste recovery, practice of energy option, waste separation and composting are among the management challenges facing the city. Social problems encountered include: lack of public awareness, unwillingness to pay, ill dumping manner (often around residence and any open spaces) and improper outlook for waste workers. Incompetence of organizations in terms of equipment required for operation and man power /staff qualifications, training and human resource developments and unreliable service are the institutional challenge that the city encountered in the sector. Finally, the study forwarded some important recommendations towards improving the waste management practice.
Impact of Solid Waste Management Practices on Environmental Protection Case o...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This Solid waste management practices are essential component of environmental infrastructure in human settlements; its poor management can lead to health problem and environmental destruction in general, this study was conducted in Kicukiro district. The data were collected on the sample of 97 households and some authorities through questionnaires, and interview and were analyzed using SPSS Version 20 (statistical tools) and this helped in generating tables and performing descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency, and mean. The results obtained revealed that that in terms of waste segregation is explained excluding solid wastes from liquid wastes considering the mean of 2.73 which was interpreted as high mean. Those results influenced the grand mean to become 2.04 which is interpreted as low mean. This means that waste segregation practices is not efficiently done in households located in Kicukiro. It was revealed that transportation of wastes is characterized by the short time of loading wastes considering the mean of 2.91 which is interpreted as high mean. The findings revealed that the environmental protection in Kicukiro District is characterized by the following: little harmful materials (plastic packages) in the soils considering the mean of 3.18. This showed that there is link between solid waste management practices and environmental protection in Kicukiro District. For proper practices of waste management which is positive but only for waste transportation to have a significant relationship with environmental protection considering the correlation coefficient of 0.259 and the p-value or Sig.(2-tailed) of 0.010 which is below the p-alpha of 0.05. It is recommended that Kicukiro District has to launch a sustained, education and communication campaign informing residents on the importance of managing waste properly and its importance to their health, the environment and cleanliness of the city or use another waste reduction strategy in order to encourage recyclable production of goods to allow access to recyclable products.
Feasibility Study of ‘INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT in Nepal’ Dr Ramhari Poudyal
१ फाल्गुन, २०७८
प्रविधिमार्फत फोहोर व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी पूर्वी चितवनका चार नगरपालिकालाई प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ । सफा उर्जा नामक गैरसहकारी संस्थाले चार पालिकाबाट निस्कने फोहोरको सामुहिक व्यवस्थापन गर्ने गरी प्रस्ताव गरेको हो । कार्यक्रममा सफा उर्जाका निर्देशक डा रामहरि पौडेलले फोहोर व्यवस्थापनमा पालिकाहरुको अवस्थाका कार्ययोजना प्रस्तुत गरेका थिए ।
https://echitwanpost.com/163834/2022021316/12/46/
फोहोरमैला व्यवस्थापनका चुनौतीः इतिहासदेखि वर्तमानसम्म
https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2022/07/1160574
लेखक सफा ऊर्जाका निर्देशक हुन्। उक्त कम्पनीले हालसालै पूर्वी चितवनका चारवटा नगरपालिकामा (रत्ननगर, खैरहनी, कालिका र राप्तीमा फोहोर सम्बन्धी आधिकारिक तथ्यांकका लागि विस्तृत सर्भे गरेको छ। भरतपुर महानगरपालिकामा फलफूल मन्डीको फोहोरलाई व्यवस्थापन गरी प्रांगारिक मल बनाउने काम लिएसँगै मेडिकल वेस्टको बारेमा समेत वास्तविक सर्भे गर्दैछ।)
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
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1. Municipal Solid Waste Management
in
Addis Ababa City
An Overview
Office of Health and Environmental Sanitation
Addis Ababa City Health Bureau
January 2002
Addis Ababa
2. Page 2 of 22
Table of contents
Contents Page
Preface 3
1. Introduction 4
2. Geography & demography 4
3. Situation overview 5
3.1 Institutional bases 5
3.1.1 Public sector 5
3.1.2 Small scale businesses 5
3.1.3 NGOs 5
3.2 Manpower 5
3.3 Budget 6
3.4 Sanitation fee 6
3.5 Public toilet services in Addis Ababa 6
3.6 Solid waste stream in Addis Ababa 6
3.6.1 Quantity of waste generation 6
3.6.2 Source of solid waste 7
3.6.3 Physical composition 7
3.6.4 Chemical composition 7
3.6.5 Hazardous waste situation 8
3.7 Solid waste management stream in Addis Ababa 8
3.7.1 Collection system 8
3.7.2 Coverage of each collection system 8
3.8 Frequency of collection 9
3.9 Transport system 9
3.10 Solid waste processing and treatment 10
3.10.1 Composting and recycling 10
3.10.2 Disposal and Mining 10
3. Page 3 of 22
3.11 Legal system 10
4. System constraints 10
4.1 Funds and cost recovery system 11
4.2 Collection stations and disposal site 11
4.3 Manpower development 11
4.4 Waste disposal equipment handling and provision 11
4.5 Cooperation of the population 11
4.6 Management structure and institutional bases 11
4.7 Incentives system 12
4.8 Participation of private sector 12
4.9 Solid waste disposal and treatment measures 12
5. Main goals 12
6. Strategy 13
7. Conclusion 13
8. References 14
4. Page 4 of 22
Preface
Waste management is one of the key issues in urban centers of Ethiopia and attention should be
given from its crucial importance to urban management since urban centers are going to play an
increasing role in economic and social development of the country.
Since Addis Ababa is among the forefront growing cities of Ethiopia there is no doubt that waste
management in the city will serve as references, if not model, for other Ethiopian regional capital
cities and towns. This document presents an overview of solid waste management system of
Addis Ababa City.
Fikru Tessma (B.Sc, MSc)
Head of The Office
P.O.Box: 213431
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
e-Mail: fikrut@gmail.com
5. Page 5 of 22
1. INTRODUCTION
Today, environmental protection is becoming one of the most important and urgent issues for
policy makers and administrators of urban centers of developing countries to consider
because of:
- The rapid population growth that increases environmental problems,
- The ever-increasing demand for the improvement of the urban environment,
- The quantity and diverse nature of waste,
- The funding limitation for public service, and
- The impacts of emerging technology and limitation in both energy and raw
materials.
Addis Ababa, among the forefront growing cities of Ethiopia, has been established as the
capital city of Ethiopia in 1887 by emperor Menelik on the Entoto hills, then later moved
down to the plains below. As the surrounding countryside was denuded of timber and fuel
wood, the capital moved to places where wood was available. The planting of a fast growing
eucalyptus species in 1895 enabled the capital to remain and expand with decreasing of the
species at its current situation. Its north ward expansion has, and still is, prevented by the
steep slopes of the Entoto hills. The city has thus expanded east and west along the foot of
the hills, more recently southwards out on to the plains.
Beside the physical lay out of the city, that creates inaccessibility of the residents to some
services including waste management services, it is not well planned. With these and some
other complexities of the situations, environmental development is the one that poorly
developed and protection is also inefficient.
2. GEOGRAPHY & DEMOGRAPHY
Addis Ababa has 2200 – 2800 m of altitude above sea level with climate varies from season
of summer, warm, to winter, cool seasons. Addis Ababa City has a size of 53,915 hectares.
Some 24% is residential while 7% is used by government institutions and urban services, 6%
by light and heavy Industry, with the remaining 62% covered by agricultural land, forestry
and other open spaces.
6. Page 6 of 22
The Addis Ababa City Government is one of the chartered cities and its City Council is
headed by a president having executive committee engaged in day to day activities and
members of the council’s house. Administratively, the city is divided in 28 woredas and 328
kebeles. Keble is the lowest organ with an average population of 6000 - 7000 dwellers.
The total population of Addis Ababa is 2.7 million with 5.2 persons per households;
however, as to the current situation it is estimated to be about 3 million. The population is
projected to grow at 3.8% per annum.
The majority of people struggle with poverty of below subsistence: up to 100 Birr per month,
101 – 400 birr per month and 400+ per month with 56.7%, 35.1% and 8% population
respectively.
The population age structure (the pyramids) shows that 0 –14 years accounts for about
31.7%, 15 – 64 years 65.6% and 65+ 2.7%. About 40% of the population dwell in highly
densely areas (400 persons/ha).
The majority of the population (97%) lives in non-storied residential units with an average of
2.57 rooms per housing units. Elementary sanitary facilities such as garbage bins and sewer
lines are lacking in most housing units. Over 22% of the households have no toilet facilities.
7. Page 7 of 22
3. SITUATION OVERVIEW
Addis Ababa has commenced its SWM service over three decades back with a very limited
resource.
3.1 Institutional Bases
3.1.1 Public Sector
Currently, the Addis Ababa City Health Bureau is engaged in the handling of municipal
solid waste and providing of public toilet (PTS) services since 1994. At regional level,
Waste Management Department in charge of SWM and PTS in the city. At zonal and
woreda level there are Coordinators
.
3.1.2 Small Scale Businesses
There are some small scale businesses (about 11) involved in primary collection of
household wastes by using manual carts with 119 crewmen and over 300m3
garbage
collection per week. This system of collection needs up-grading to bring a significant
change to MSWM service coverage.
3.1.3 NGOs
The NGOs involved, to some extent, are ENDA-Ethiopia, promotes Integrated Solid
Waste Management in Woreda-12, 22 & 26; Plan International, provides dustbin for
households in Woreda-12 & 13; and Women Aid-Ethiopia, has organized primary
collection in Woreda-26.
8. Page 8 of 22
3.2 Manpower
There are 1036 workers (permanent) out of which 60% and 36% are practically engaged
in the operation of municipal solid waste management and public toilet services
respectively and 6 professionals in the field and 21 administrative staffs at regional, 6 at
zonal and 26 at woreda level and on the contract bases 276 sanitary guards.
Type Qualification
Grade 12 & Below B.Sc. B.A Diploma
Professionals
In the field
Others
1
1
36
Administrative staff 19 2
Crewmen:
Public (HB)
Small Scale Business
1036
119
Sanitary guards 276
Total 1450 1 3 36
3.3 Budget
The annual recurrent budget is 8 mill. birr or 0.945 mill. USD and capital budget is 0.7 mill. birr
or 0.0833 mill. USD in which:
Cost share for each type of expenses:
- for salary 46%
- for truck operation 36%
- for disposal 18%
Cost share by type of activities:
- for collection 21%
- for transport 46%
- for street sweeping 15%
- for disposal 18%
9. Page 9 of 22
3.4 Sanitation fee
Households do not pay sanitation fee but some institutions in the form of fee and chat
providers in the form of tax pay not more than 3-4 million and 18-20 million birr per year
respectively. Some institutions, that generate large volume of waste, are also pay as a
service charge at a rate of 11 birr per cu.m.
3.5 Public toilet services in Addis Ababa
There are 74 public toilets in the city with 565 seats and serve on the average 1.7 thousand
to 2.0 thousand people per day. At present a total of 167 m3
of sewerage per day is
transported to the treatment plant (oxidation ponds located at south and south east of the
city) from septic tanks of the toilets by using vacuum trucks.
3.6 Solid Waste Stream in Addis Ababa
3.6.1 Quantity of Waste Generation
The quantity of solid waste generation units and its handling was unclear until 1982 when a
Norconsultant first published its study findings. The second study was made by the French
Mission in the year 1986. The third available study was made by Louis Berger International
in collaboration with the Addis Ababa City Health Bureau in the year 1994 and 1995.
The last study was made by Ethiopian Science and Technology Commission in
collaboration with the Addis Ababa City Administration and Addis Ababa University
Engineering Faculty, which mainly focuses on technological options for waste treatment in
the year 2000.
Typical estimates on urban solid waste generation in less developed countries are as
follows:
- Domestic solid waste 0.2 – 0.8 kg/capita/day
- Commercial waste 0.1 – 0.2 kg/capita/day
- Street sweepings 0.05 – 0.2 kg/capita/day
- Institutional waste 0.05 – 0.2 kg/capita/day
10. Page 10 of 22
The typical density range of MSW for some industrialized countries is also 100 – 150
kg/m3
, for middle income countries 175 – 330 kg/ m3
and for low income countries 250 –
650 kg/ m3
,
According to the Luis Berger consult study, the unit of domestic waste generation of per
capita per day is 0.221 kg per day and density is also 336kg/m3 (1994 Study). This study
result is very close to the situation of Addis Ababa City and can be used for planning
purposes. The municipal solid waste collection service coverage is estimated at 65% of the
total generation in the city.
3.6.2 Sources of solid waste
Of the total solid waste generated in the city, major portion is from households and significant
amount from industries and street sweepings and the rest from commercial areas and hotels and
very small amount is from hospital.
3.6.3 Physical Composition
The percentage composition by weight for combustible materials (leaves, grass, etc) is 22%,
for non-combustible (stone, etc) 3%, for fines greater than 10mm size (food waste, straws,
etc) 34%, for fines (ashes) less than 10 mm size 28% and for recyclable materials (paper,
wood, metals, plastics, rubber, etc) 13%.
The organic component of the solid waste of Addis Ababa constitutes about 70% by weight
(1994 Study).
3.6.4 Chemical Composition
No available data was found about the chemical composition of the municipal solid waste of
Addis Ababa. However, from the data available for developing countries’ cities, it can be
11. Page 11 of 22
predicted that organic substances (C, N, H) compose about 40 – 50% by weight, inorganic
substances (P, K) 20 – 30% and moisture about 30 - 40% by weight for a typical municipal
solid waste.
3.6.5 Hazardous Waste Situation
Some hazardous wastes are still admitted to the landfill of Addis Ababa for disposal
unknowingly. The improper hazardous waste management system deserves the degradation
and pollution of the environment in the order of sustaining health risks among the exposed
population.
3.6.6 Landfill Atmospheric Emission and Leachate
Methane emission from MSW accounts for 61% of the total emissions of waste sector and
from Addis Ababa City landfills accounts for 18% of the total emissions of urban centers
of Ethiopia.
Based on the IPCC method of estimation, the amount of emission of methane for the last
ten years is estimated at 5343 – 5645 tons per year from Addis Ababa City landfill (2001
Study). The nature of Rapi landfill leachate is not yet known. Sometimes hazardous wastes
are also admitted for disposal in the landfill unknowingly.
3.7 Solid Waste Management Stream in Addis Ababa
3.7.1 Collection System
Most households (HH) have no proper dustbin for storage in their yards, but, few HHs
have dustbin of size ranging from 60 - 100L. There exist different types of collection
systems for the city MSW management, namely: door-to-door/block, communal collections
and street sweeping and emptying of the sewage sludge of septic tanks of the public toilets
(PT), shelters and health institutions (HI).
12. Page 12 of 22
It is facilitated by five types of truck: side-loader, compactor, route-packer, container lifter
and vacuum trucks and street cleaners. The 8 and 1.1 m3
containers usually represent mini
transfer stations at communal points of collection and dustbin on the streets for rubbish
collection that covers 14 km street.
3.7.2 Coverage of each collection system
4. Door-to-door service/block:
Municipal 31%
Small scale business 5%
5. Communal service:
Containers (8 m3
) 33%
Containers (1.1m3
) 23%
6. Street sweeping 8%
13. Page 13 of 22
Se. No Treatment /Processing Public Sector Remarks
1 No. of Transfer Station:
Standard
Mini
None
Skips 512
2 No. of Compost plant None
3 No. of Incineration plant None
4 No. of landfill 1 Unsanitary
5 No. of Recovery plant None
6 No. of Vehicles for SW collection 78 Minus Vacuum
trucks
7 Transportation rate (Truck/Driver/Day)
1.4
8 Average No. of trips (Trip/Vehicle/Day)
To disposal
To mini transfer station
3.5
16
9 Population per refuse vehicle (P:RV) 34615:1
10 Population per crewmen (P:CM)
Available
Standard
2606:1
1000:1
11 Expenditure per capita:
ETB
US$
3.22
0.38
12 Expenses per M3
SW:
ETB per M3
US$ per M3
21
2.45
14. Page 14 of 22
3.8 Frequency of Collection
The frequency of collection is based on the type of collection systems. For door-to-door and
block collection service, it is every one - two weeks in serviced areas.
The average frequency of emptying of the skips is estimated at 4-7 days for the 8m3
containers and on daily basis for 1.1 m3
containers. The septic tanks of PT are emptied every
other day and for shelters & HI as need arise.
3.9 Transport System
It is direct hauling for block and door-to-door collection services. In some cases for door-to-
door collection services, there is a sort of transporting to mini transfer station and from mini
transfer station to the landfill. It is also direct hauling for container collection services.
Truck routing is done at woreda level by solid waste management coordinators and for
vacuum trucks at regional level.
3.10 Solid Waste Processing and Treatment
3.10.1 Composting and Recycling
The public sector has nothing to do with processing of solid waste. There is no waste
recovery system or operation, composting, waste-to-energy and source reduction and
separation at point of generation. But, some scavengers practice an informal type of solid
waste recovery at landfill site. They recover plastics, rubber, bottles, metals and
combustible materials that can be used as a fuel. Some other informal groups also recover
some components of solid waste at its source.
15. Page 15 of 22
3.10.2 Disposal and Mining
The method employed to dispose refuses is disposal on land. The existing disposal site
called Rapi dump yard is the only site for disposal of municipal solid wastes for the last 37
years and situated southwest of the city with a total area of 25 hectares. Currently, it is
filled with garbage and needs rehabilitation.
The already disposed refuse is estimated to be more than 8.9 million cubic meters or 3
million tones. The landfill operational procedure is unsanitary. It is simply spreading and
leveling by using the bulldozers and compacting by steel studded wheel compactor. There
is also no atmospheric emission and leachate control and soil cover. There is no mining for
the already decomposed wastes placed in the LF as a fertilizer or land reclaim.
There are 3 new proposed sites by the master plan for landfilling and each with 6-10
hectares in size and situated at eastern, western and southern part of the city. They are not
yet developed.
3.11 Legal System
There is no waste policy at federal or regional level. A regulations for pollution control is
under process and no guidelines for private waste operators. The only laws and regulations
are the Legal Notice of the Addis Ababa City Government and the Public Health Law of
the Ministry of Health. They are operational community health regulations and laws.
Based on the current policy issues, the City Council of Addis Ababa also considers its
responsibility for waste management among issues requiring top priorities; gives due
attention to up-grade solid waste management and public toilets services and reinforce the
legal aspects as regards to beautification and environmental protection in the city with the
involvement of private sector and community participation.
16. Page 16 of 22
4. SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
The situation of WM problems in other parts of the world is to a certain extent similar;
because WM has become one of the most important environmental issues in terms of
pollution control, finance and health.
4.1 Funds and cost recovery system
The public sector is not organized as a profit making organization. The resource available for
solid waste management is not sufficient and a cost recovery system is also absent. Specific
waste collection taxes are not well organized and funds are derived from the general income
of the city government.
As a consequence, economics of scale of equipment and facilities are seldom recognized.
The expensive parts of the system like waste collection, transport & disposal equipment and
public toilets have started to deteriorate.
4.2 Collection stations and disposal site
The physical layout of a city, road condition, disposal sites and increase of waste generation
determines the collection system. Most of the inner part of the city is not accessible for trucks
thus the skips are placed near/on the main roads and wastes should be carried manually from
the households to the skips. The landfill site located at one direction also affects frequency of
collection and also incurs transport cost.
4.3 Manpower development
Number of crewmen is 40% of the total need and shortage of qualified professionals are also
problems to be addressed. As a result, much more effort is needed to strength solid waste
management services.
17. Page 17 of 22
4.4 Waste disposal equipment handling and provision
There is no well-organized specialized central or discenteralized truck parking and effective
and efficient garage service. As a consequence, it is not possible to have spare truck for daily
activities to make the collection and transport system sustainable. As a result, collection and
transport systems are becoming the most inefficient part of the service. The number of refuse
trucks should increase annually by 13% of the existing fleet to sustain truck availability and
cope up with the ever increasing demands for the handling of waste generation.
4.5 Cooperation of the population
Irrespective of who carries and places waste in the skips and trucks is still demanding the
cooperation of the population to be corrected. The cooperation from population becomes
more and more important in the SW collection and storage System and utilization of public
toilets properly. This is the case in the City of Addis Ababa: collection and storage system
of solid waste that has been performed is unsatisfactory. As a result, open drains, spaces and
rivers are the places where wastes end up.
4.6 Management structure and institutional bases
With respect to the institutional arrangement and management structure, they are not set in
the most responsive manner and this greatly affects work coordination, control, monitoring
and evaluation mechanisms.
4.7 Incentives system
The general and social status of motivation system for workers of WM is still low and a
barrier to give good quality of services. Salaries for management staff and workers are also
low and jobs within such organization are not attractive to most careers minded qualified
personnel.
18. Page 18 of 22
4.8 Participation of private sector
The involvement of the government alone and lack of private sector involvement in SWM
and PTS are becoming the main important parts to be considered for their implication on
collection and disposal of wastes in the city. Especially collection is labour intensive and it
is not an easy task for the public sector to carry out alone.
4.9 Solid waste disposal and treatment measures
The existing landfill is unsanitary and creates environmental pollution to the surrounding
areas. Treatment options like composting, recycling and waste to energy are totally absent.
Transporting all wastes to one landfill is not economical because it incurs landfilling
operational costs and increases atmospheric emissions.
19. Page 19 of 22
5. MAIN GOALS
The main goals with in the solid waste sector target a system for Addis Ababa City that will
help to develop a sound waste management towards economically affordable,
environmentally effective and socially acceptable services.
Mainly this includes:
Private sector involvement:
- To solve institutional deficiency and improve capacity.
- To increase service coverage and access every citizens.
An acceptable standard collection system:
- To improve collection technique and make the facilities
attractive and acceptable.
- To avoid unsighty condition and increase
environmental attractiveness.
- To bring population cooperation.
Resource recovery:
- To enhance waste minimization mechanism.
- To improve landfill management and transport costs.
- To avoid shortage of land for disposal.
- To maximize raw material inputs from waste.
- To integrate the operational system.
A standard landfill management:
- To exempt environmental impacts at landfilling.
- To make safe the operational procedure for workers.
Appropriate landfill resource utilization:
- To mine the already decomposed wastes for land
reclamation.
- To use the landfill gas as energy source.
Environmental pollution control policies, laws and regulations:
- To penalize polluters and secure the sustainability of
the system.
20. Page 20 of 22
6. STRATEGY
6.1 Create a phased action plan for the key elements:
Identify elements for system development (improvement of institutional bases:
institutional arrangement and management structure).
Identify other elements for capacity building (provision of necessary equipment, facilities
and personnel and financing).
6.2 Determine an appropriate solid waste management system:
Design an integrated waste management system – different treatment options and private
sector involvement.
6.3 Establish an acceptable standard of service delivery:
Determine portion of waste generated in each category and set the target for collection
service.
Identify what level of citizen convenience is acceptable in the collection technique: type
and accessibility of collection services.
6.4 Provide public education and participation programs:
Provide community awareness creation pilot programs
6.5 Develop regulatory and enforcement support system:
Enforce proclamations on polluters.
Formulate waste policy.
21. Page 21 of 22
7. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The situation of waste management, especially in urban centers, is very important from
health, beautification and their position point of view. It is, therefore, important to develop
environmentally effective, economically affordable and socially acceptable solid waste
management system.
An integrated solid waste management fulfils this intention, because it:
Combines a range of waste treatment options: source reduction, composting, recycling
and waste to energy,
Involves different stakeholders, which will help to manage towards sustainable
development,
Improves institutional bases to increase service coverage and
Establishes a standard service delivery mechanism.
22. Page 22 of 22
8. REFERENCES
1. CSA, The 1994 population & Housing census of Ethiopia results for Addis Ababa, 1996.
2. Gordon, S, Addis Ababa Solid Waste Management 3rd
and 4th
Study, Louis Berger
International, 1994 & 1995.
3. Legal Notice of the Addis Ababa City Government, 1994
4. Legal Notice of the Ministry of Health, 2000
5. Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Annual Reports, 1999 – 2001.
6. Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Health Sector Development Program, the Second Five Year
Plan (2000 -2004), Addis Ababa, October 2001.
7. NMSA, Initial National Communication of Ethiopia to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), June 2001.
8. USEPA, A Guide for Methane Mitigation Projects, Jan. 1996.
9. H. Glas, etal, Solid Waste Disposal, Netherlands, 1994.