The document discusses heredity and genetics. It explains that genes on chromosomes control traits that are passed from parents to offspring. These genes have different forms called alleles. The study of how traits are inherited is genetics. The section then discusses Gregor Mendel's contributions as the father of genetics, including his use of mathematics and experiments with pea plants to understand dominant and recessive alleles and heredity over generations. It also defines key genetics terms like genotype, phenotype, homozygous, and heterozygous.

1. Chapter 5: Heredity
Section 1: Genetics
Minersville Area School District
Mr. Motuk
Room 124

2. I. Genetics
A. Heredity: The passing of traits from parent to
offspring.
1. Genes on chromosomes control the traits
that show up in an organism.
2. The different forms of a trait that a gene may
have are alleles.
3. During meiosis a pair of chromosomes
separates and the alleles move into separate
sex cells.
4. Each sex cell now contains one allele for
each trait.
5. The study of how traits are inherited is
genetics.

3. B. Gregor Mendel-The father of Genetics
1. Mendel was the first to use mathematics of
probability to explain heredity and to trace one
trait for several generations.
2. Hybrid: receives different genetic information
for a trait from each parent.
a. Dominant allele: covers up or dominates
the other trait.
b. Recessive allele: The trait seems to
disappear, is covered up by the dominant
allele.
3. Probability helps you predict the chance
something will happen.

5. 4. A Punnett Square can help predict what an
offspring will look like.
a. Upper case letters stand for dominant
alleles.
b. Lower case letters stand for recessive
alleles.
Y= Yellow
y= Green
Yy= Heterozygous
yy= Homozygous

6. 5. Genotype: The genetic makeup of an
organism.
a. Homozygous: An organism with two
alleles for one trait that are the same. (YY
or yy)
b. Heterozygous: An organism with two
alleles for one trait that are different. (Yy)
Y= Yellow
y= Green
Yy= Heterozygous
yy= Homozygous

7. 6. Phenotype: The way an organism looks and
behaves as a result of its genotype.
a. YY and Yy would physically appear to
be yellow, even though their genotype is
different, they share the same
phenotype.
b. yy would physically appear to be green.
Y= Yellow
y= Green
Yy= Heterozygous
yy= Homozygous