DNA contains the genetic code for all living organisms. It is made up of two strands coiled around each other. Four nitrogen bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine - form rungs between the strands. Watson and Crick discovered that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine. Genes, sections of DNA, provide instructions for making proteins. RNA carries copies of these instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein production. Mutations in genes can cause changes to proteins that may be harmful, harmless, or even beneficial to organisms.
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 1CMichael Taylor
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 1C
For students with first names starting with the letters O to Z.
This assignment is graded out of 110 points, and is worth 10% of your final mark. Please submit this assignment after you have completed Chapter 7 and before you write the midterm exam.
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
DNA is the largest molecule known. A single, unbroken strand of it can contain many millions of atoms. When released from a cell, DNA typically breaks up into countless fragments. In solutions, these strands have a slight negative electric charge, a fact that makes for some fascinating chemistry.
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 1CMichael Taylor
Biology 204 Principles of Biology I Assignment 1C
For students with first names starting with the letters O to Z.
This assignment is graded out of 110 points, and is worth 10% of your final mark. Please submit this assignment after you have completed Chapter 7 and before you write the midterm exam.
DNA caries genetic information of organisms. This presentation covers the discovery of DNA as genetic material, structure of DNA, Nucleotides and nucleosides. Watson and crick DNA model.
DNA is the largest molecule known. A single, unbroken strand of it can contain many millions of atoms. When released from a cell, DNA typically breaks up into countless fragments. In solutions, these strands have a slight negative electric charge, a fact that makes for some fascinating chemistry.
DNA is a double helical structure that transfers the genetic information from one generation to another. it consists of two strands with the four nucleotide basis .The four nucleotides contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine .These four nuclic basis are such arranged and coiled with the help of hydrogen bonds and forms the helical structure of DNA. In RNA the thymine is replaced with uracil. Here you will learn the replication ,transcription and translation process in DNA.
Nucleic acids unit-5 D.Pharm 2nd year, biochemistry and clinical pathology.
Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions
Nucleic acid_Power Point Presentation - By RJRishi Jat
Sorry for page no 1 & 9. aap sahi kar lena waise to download karne ke baad problem nahi hogi. upload karne ke baad in pages mein problem ho gayi kyonki inme words ke beech space jyada hai. thankyou
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Advantages and Disadvantages of CMS from an SEO Perspective
Chapter 4 section 3 (dna)
1. Chapter 4: Section 3
7th Grade Life Science
Minersville Area Jr./Sr. High School
Mr. Motuk
DNA
2. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
A. What is DNA and Why is it
important?
1. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic
acid.
2. The chromosomes in the nucleus of
a cell contains a code.
a. This code is in the form of a chemical
called deoxyribonucleic acid. (DNA)
2
3. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
3. DNA is the master
copy of an
organism’s
information code.
a. Every cell in your
body contains
your DNA.
3
4. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
B. History of DNA
1. Since the mid 1800’s, it has been known
that the nuclei of the cells contains
chemicals called nucleic acids.
2. Rosalind Franklin discovered that the
DNA molecule was a strand of molecules
in spiral shape.
a. Using X-ray technique Dr. Franklin showed
that the molecule was so large it was
probably made up of two spirals.
b. The structure of DNA is similar to the
handrails and steps of a spiral staircase.
4
6. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
C. DNA Model
1. James Watson and Francis Crick
made a model of a DNA molecule
using the work of Dr. Franklin and
others.
a. Watson and Crick determined the sides
(handrails of the stairs) of the DNA
molecule are made up of two twisted
strands of SUGAR and PHOSPHATE
molecules.
6
7. Watson and Crick
a. James Watson and
Francis Crick studied
the structure of DNA
b. Watson, Crick, Franklin
video with Journal
Entry!
c. Do not copy!!!
7
8. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
C (DNA Model) -1 (Watson and Crick Model)
b. The “stairs” that hold the two sugar phosphate
strands (hand rails) apart are made up of molecules
called nitrogen bases.
8
10. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
2. Four types of Nitrogen
Bases in DNA
a. Adenine (represented
with an A)
b. Guanine (represented
with a G)
c. Cytosine (represented
with a C)
d. Thymine (represented
with a T)
10
11. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
C. DNA Model (continued)
3. Watson and Crick discovered that the
nitrogen bases ALWAYS occur in pairs.
a. The Watson and Crick model shows that:
1. Adenine pairs Thymine (A-T)
2. Guanine pairs with Cytosine (G-C)
3. Each base pairs up only with its correct partner!!!!
11
12. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
D. How DNA Copies Itself
1. When chromosomes are doubled at
the beginning of cell division, the
amount of the DNA in the nucleus is
doubled.
a. This process is called DNA REPLICATION.
12
13. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
D. How DNA Copies Itself
2. Steps of DNA Replication
a. An enzyme breaks the bonds between the
nitrogen bases; the two strands separate.
b. The bases attached to each strand then
pair up with new bases from a supply
found in the cytoplasm.
i. Adenine pairs with Thymine, Cytosine pairs
with Guanine.
ii. The order of the base pairings of DNA will
match the order in the original DNA!!
13
14. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
D. How DNA Copies Itself
2. Steps of DNA Replication
c. New Sugar and phosphate groups form
the side of each new DNA strand.
i. Each new DNA strand contains one strand
of original DNA and one new strand of DNA
ii. Show video clip of DNA Replication.
14
15. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
E. Genes
1. DNA is important because all of the
characteristics that you have are affected
by the DNA that you have in your cells.
a. It controls things like eye color, hair color,
and whether you can digest milk.
b. These characteristics are called TRAITS.
c. How traits appear in you depends on the
kinds of proteins your cells make.
d. DNA stores the blueprints for making
proteins.
15
16. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
E. Genes
2. Proteins are made up of amino acids.
a. Amino acids are linked in a certain order.
i. The chain can be hundreds or thousands of
amino acids to create one protein.
ii. Changing the order of one amino acid
would change the type of protein being
made.
16
17. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
E. Genes
3. The section of DNA
for a chromosome
that directs the
making of a specific
protein is called a
gene.
a. The gene gives the
direction for the
order in which
amino acids will be
made.
17
18. • We have at least 30,000
different genes. Each of us has
two copies of every gene. One
set of copies is inherited from
our mother, the other from our
father. They are made up of a
complex chemical called DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA
controls all the processes which
take place in our bodies by
producing proteins which carry
out the genes’ instructions.
• When genes are damaged they
may cause the production of
abnormal proteins that lead to
disease. It is known that cancer
can occur due to changes in
particular genes
18
19. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
F. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
1. Proteins are made by ribosomes.
(remember?)
a. If the proteins are made by ribosomes,
and genes found on chromosomes tell
what amino acids to make in order to
from proteins, how does the
information leave the nucleus?(Do not
copy this Question?)
19
20. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
F. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
2. The code for making proteins are
carried from the nucleus to the
ribosomes by RNA.
3. RNA is different from DNA
a. Made up of only one strand.
b. Contains a nitrogen base called Uracil
(U) instead of Thymine (T).
20
21. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
F. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
4. Two different types of RNA are made
from DNA in the nucleus.
a. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b. Transport RNA (tRNA)
21
22. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
5. How does RNA work?
a. Protein assembly begins as mRNA moves
out of the nucleus and attaches to the
ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
b. Pieces of tRNA pick up amino acids in the
cytoplasm and bring them to the ribosomes.
c. There tRNA temporarily matches up with
mRNA and the amino acids become
arranged according to the code carried by
the mRNA.
d. The amino acids become bonded together
and a protein molecule begins to form.
22
23. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
G. Mutations
1. Any permanent change in a gene or
chromosome is called a mutation.
2. Causes of mutations:
a. Error during replication of a gene.
b. Occasionally a cell receives an entire extra
chromosome.
c. Outside factors such as X-rays and
chemicals have been know to change or
breakdown chromosomes.
23
24. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
G. Mutations
3. What Happens When
Mutations Occur?
a. If a mutation occurs
in a body cell it may
or may not be life
threatening.
b. If a mutation occurs
in a sex cell then all
the cells that are
formed from that
sex cell will have the
mutation.
24
25. Chapter 4: Section 3 (DNA)
G. Mutations
4. Are All Mutations Lethal? (Deadly)
a. Many mutations are harmful or deadly to
organisms.
b. Some mutations do not appear to have
any effect on the organism.
c. Mutations can be helpful in some
organisms; they add variety and make
them more resistant to certain diseases.
25