Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011
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Francesco Redi performed an experiment in 1668 that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. He took two identical pieces of meat and placed them in sealed jars, with one covered to prevent flies from entering. Only the uncovered jar grew maggots, showing that living things arise from other living things, not non-living matter. Louis Pasteur further disproved spontaneous generation through experiments showing that microbes could only enter sterile broth through airborne dust, not by generating within the broth itself. This led to the theory of biogenesis, that all life arises from pre-existing life. While life on Earth is believed to have begun around 3.5 billion years ago, scientists have proposed theories of how simple
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- The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that organic compounds like amino acids and nucleotides can form when basic gases like methane and ammonia are exposed to electric sparks simulating lightning, supporting chemical evolution as a viable theory for how life began.
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Life likely arose between 3.85-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by stromatolites and microfossils from that period. Experiments show organic molecules can form naturally through chemical reactions in the atmosphere and near hydrothermal vents on the early Earth. It is proposed that self-replicating RNA molecules were able to evolve through natural selection in an "RNA world" before DNA and proteins existed, allowing for the emergence of the first living cells.
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Sexual reproduction involves the combination of sex cells from two parents to form a new organism. Meiosis is the process that produces sex cells, which contain half the number of chromosomes found in regular body cells. Meiosis involves two nuclear divisions, resulting in four haploid cells being produced from one original diploid cell. Fertilization then occurs when a haploid egg and sperm cell combine, forming a diploid zygote with the full chromosome number of the species. Mistakes during meiosis can result in sex cells with abnormal chromosome numbers, sometimes causing health issues or death.
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This document provides an overview of key chemistry concepts related to life. It discusses the structure of atoms and defines elements, compounds, and mixtures. The six main elements that make up living matter are identified as oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Organic compounds important for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, are introduced along with their functions. Water is emphasized as the most important inorganic compound for living things.
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This document lists 15 key vocabulary terms from Chapter 3 of a 7th grade science textbook, including types of transport like active transport, diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis, and osmosis. It also includes terms related to chemical processes in living things like metabolism, photosynthesis, respiration, enzymes, and organic and inorganic compounds.
Chapter 3 section 3 notes
1. Metabolism is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism and involves enzymes to break down or build molecules. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are key metabolic pathways.
2. Photosynthesis uses chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to produce glucose in producers like plants. Respiration breaks down glucose and other foods to release energy in all organisms.
3. Photosynthesis produces excess glucose that is stored as starches or other carbohydrates, which are then consumed as food by animals and used for cellular respiration which releases energy and produces carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis and respiration are thus directly linked.
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Chapter 3 section 2 notes (moving cellular material)
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Similar to Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011
Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011
This document summarizes key experiments and theories regarding the origins of life. It discusses (1) spontaneous generation, the belief that living things could come from non-living things, which Redi disproved by showing maggots only formed in uncovered meat; (2) Pasteur's experiments showing sterilized broth remained sterile, supporting biogenesis that life only comes from life; and (3) the belief that early Earth's atmosphere could have led to the formation of simple life like bacteria around 3.5 billion years ago, though this is just one theory of how life began.
Microbiology: History perspective - Simran Sonule.pptx
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Theory of Abiogenesis and Biogenesis and
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1. origin of life.ppt
- Life first appeared on Earth through chemical reactions according to physical and chemical laws under conditions on the early Earth such as a reducing atmosphere without oxygen but with gases like hydrogen, methane, and ammonia.
- Experiments by Miller and Urey simulated these early Earth conditions and produced amino acids and other organic compounds fundamental to life.
- For centuries, the theory of spontaneous generation that life could arise from nonliving matter was believed but experiments by Redi, Needham, Spallanzani and especially Pasteur disproved this theory and established that life only arises from preexisting life.
theory of origin of life.pptx
- The spontaneous generation/abiogenesis theory stated that living organisms could arise from non-living matter, without the need for parents. This was widely believed for over 2000 years.
- In 1665, Francesco Redi disproved this theory at the macroscopic level by showing that flies did not spontaneously generate from decaying meat when protected from eggs. Later experiments by Spallanzani and Pasteur provided further evidence against spontaneous generation.
- Through a series of experiments using flasks with S-shaped openings, Pasteur definitively disproved spontaneous generation by showing that microbes came from ambient dust particles, not non-living matter, establishing the theory of biogenesis. This resolved the long-standing
Introduction to Biological Sciences.pptx
1. The document discusses the history of theories on the origins of life, from early ideas of spontaneous generation to modern scientific understanding.
2. It describes key experiments that helped disprove spontaneous generation, including Redi's experiments showing that maggots come from flies rather than rotting meat, and Pasteur's experiments showing that microbes could infiltrate supposedly sterile environments.
3. Pasteur's experiments, which demonstrated that sterile broth remained microbe-free unless exposed to air, definitively disproved spontaneous generation and supported the theory that all life arises from pre-existing life, known as biogenesis.
Evolution introduction
The document summarizes the history of scientific thought regarding biogenesis vs spontaneous generation. It describes key experiments by Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur that provided evidence against spontaneous generation and established biogenesis as the correct theory. It then provides an overview of the formation and early evolution of life on Earth, including the development of radiometric dating techniques, emergence of the first organic compounds and cells, evolution of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, and the origin of eukaryotic cells through endosymbiosis.
Origin of life (Evolutionary biology)
origin of life including aspects of prebiotic environment and molecular evolution
by Nisha kataria
M.Sc Botany
DPG Degree college, gurgaon.
The origin of lif eb
The document discusses several theories about the origin of life and evolution. It describes the theory of spontaneous generation which was disproved by Pasteur's experiments. The primordial soup theory proposes that early Earth's atmosphere allowed organic compounds to form in water with energy from lightning or volcanoes. Miller and Urey's experiment supported this by producing amino acids. The coacervate theory suggests these compounds organized into early cell-like structures. Regarding biodiversity, fixism was replaced by evolutionism comprising Lamarckism, Darwinism, neo-Darwinism, and punctuated equilibrium explaining species change over time as shown by the fossil record.
Experiment of lazaro spallansani (basic biology) unm
b.
-
Meat broth (bouillon)
-
Distilled water
-
Cotton
Students:
-
Meat broth (bouillon)
-
Distilled water
C. Experiment Steps
1. Prepare 2 pieces of reaction tube and label them as tube A and tube B.
2. Put 10 ml of meat broth in each tube.
3. Heat tube A by Bunsen burner until boiling for 5 minutes to sterilize the content.
4. Close tube A tightly using rubber stopper and seal it using plastic tie.
5. Leave tube B open without sterilization.
6. Observe both tubes
How Does Biology Work
1. Biologists use the scientific method to systematically study problems through observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and conclusion drawing.
2. In the 1600s, scientists like Redi and van Leeuwenhoek used controlled experiments to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation and show that living things arise from other living things, not from non-living material.
3. In the 1700s, Spallanzani's experiments further supported biogenesis over spontaneous generation, though his methods were criticized. Pasteur later designed elegant experiments using swan neck flasks that definitively showed microbes arise from existing microbes, not spontaneously from non-living sources.
Origin of life
- According to Oparin's theory of chemical evolution, the early Earth's atmosphere contained simple gases like methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. As the planet cooled, longer carbon-containing molecules like acetylene and ethylene were formed in the oceans through geochemical processes.
- Through further condensation, polymerization, and oxidation-reduction reactions, more complex organic compounds like amino acids, sugars, and fats emerged. Macromolecules of these compounds aggregated into coacervate microspheres and protocells.
- The emergence of self-replicating nucleic acids allowed for the formation of protocells containing genetic material. Early prokaryotic cells evolved that could carry out photos
History of Microbiology - General microbiology.pdf
HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
Effects of Disease on Civilization
Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history.
Bubonic Plague epidemic of mid 1300's, the "Great Plague", reduced population of western Europe by 25%. Plague bacterium was carried by fleas, spread from China via trade routes and poor hygiene. As fleas became established in rat populations in Western Europe, disease became major crisis.
Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500's were responsible for destroying Native American populations. Example: In the century after Hernan Cortez's arrival in Mexico, the Aztec population declined from about 20 million to about 1.6 million, mainly because of disease.
Infectious diseases have killed more soldiers than battles in all wars up to World War II. Example: in U. S. Civil war, 93,000 Union soldiers died in direct combat; 210,000 died as a result of infections.
Until late 1800's, no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes, so there is no possibility of prevention or treatment.
LIFE SCIENCE PPT.pptx
The document discusses how life began on Earth, noting that evidence from fossil records shows the oldest fossils resembled one-celled organisms like bacteria. It describes early experiments by Francesco Redi and Lazaro Spallanzani that disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. The document also summarizes Alexander Oparin's hypothesis that simple organic molecules could have formed in the early atmosphere through energy from lightning and ultraviolet rays, which was supported by Stanley Miller's experiment simulating these conditions.
Early earth and theories
- Early theories proposed that life arose spontaneously from non-living matter, but experiments disproved this. Miller and Urey's experiment showed that amino acids could form from simple gases on the early Earth. Sidney Fox produced early cell-like structures called protocells and microspheres in experiments. Endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as internalized prokaryotes. Early life on Earth was likely anaerobic prokaryotic heterotrophs that evolved into autotrophs as organic compounds became scarce. Archaebacteria and cyanobacteria-like organisms were early photosynthetic life forms.
Historical aspects of microbiology part 1
This document discusses the historical discoveries and debates around spontaneous generation versus biogenesis. It describes key figures like Antony van Leeuwenhoek, who was the first to observe microbes using microscopes in the 1600s, and Louis Pasteur, who in the 1860s designed experiments using flasks to prove that microbes arise only from other living microbes, not from non-living material. The document outlines the transition from early beliefs in spontaneous generation to the acceptance of Pasteur's theory of biogenesis, which established that life only comes from pre-existing life.
Abiogenesis and spontaneous generation
An explanation of the theories of abiogenesis and spontaneous generation and the experiments used to disprove spontaneous generation
Biogenesis vs. abiogenesis
This document discusses the historical debate between abiogenesis and biogenesis. It describes early experiments by scientists like Aristotle, van Helmont, and Needham that seemed to support abiogenesis, the idea that nonliving things can spontaneously generate life. However, later experiments by Redi, Spallanzani, and especially Pasteur provided evidence against abiogenesis and in favor of biogenesis, that life only comes from preexisting life. Pasteur's key experiment used a swan-neck flask to definitively disprove abiogenesis and prove biogenesis.
History
Microorganism appear before man man use microorganism with out know any thing about spontaneous generation was man theory to explain small creature life Redi describe his experiment the flies appear on uncovered meat flies put it egg on it ancient Egyptian preserve their mummies by adding antimicrobial Koch Pasteur lister
Rationalism.pptx
This document provides an introduction to life science concepts that will be covered in the module. It outlines five key learning objectives, including identifying organisms and conditions that enable their existence, explaining evolution based on evidence, describing classic experiments that model early life conditions, describing unifying themes in life science studies, and showing connections between living things. The document then provides examples of content that will be discussed to meet these objectives, such as a description of the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak, the process of genetic reassortment in viruses, definitions of pandemics, and examples of evolution at work.
Similar to Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011 (20)
Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011
Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011
Microbiology: History perspective - Simran Sonule.pptx
Microbiology: History perspective - Simran Sonule.pptx
Experiment of lazaro spallansani (basic biology) unm
Experiment of lazaro spallansani (basic biology) unm
History of Microbiology - General microbiology.pdf
History of Microbiology - General microbiology.pdf
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1) Gregor Mendel conducted the first recorded scientific study of heredity by breeding pea plants in the 1850s. He discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units that we now call genes.
2) In his experiments, Mendel crossed purebred pea plants that differed in one trait, such as stem height. The offspring all exhibited the dominant trait, but when he allowed those offspring to self-pollinate, some exhibited the recessive trait that had been hidden in the previous generation.
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This document outlines a challenge for students to build a bridge spanning 20 centimeters using only 25 drinking straws and masking tape. The bridge must not touch anything between the two book stacks marking the span. Students will first build their bridge, then test it by adding weight until it fails, with the goal of supporting at least 2.5 pounds.
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CSI Toolmarks etc.
This document provides information about firearms and toolmarks analysis in crime scene investigations. It describes key parts of guns like the barrel, cartridge case, slide, and firing pin. It explains how guns work and the components of cartridges, including the primer, smokeless gunpowder, and projectile. It also details characteristics of bullets like rifling impressions, striations, caliber and rifling number that examiners analyze to determine if a specific gun was involved in a shooting. Class characteristics refer to marks that are common to a brand or type of firearm, while individual characteristics are unique to a single firearm.
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
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Chapter 1 section 3 (where does life come from) 2011
- 1. Chapter 1: Nature of Science Section 3: Where Does Life Come From?
- 2. A. Spontaneous Generation 1. Theory that living things could come from non- living things. a. Rain creates worms; meat grows maggots. 2. This theory was accepted for hundreds of years. a. Scientists did not believe this and had to prove it wrong.
- 3. 3. 1668 Francesco Redi tested the maggots and meat belief. a. Took 2 identical raw pieces of meat and put them into 2 identical jars. b. Covered one of them with a piece of light cloth. (so air could get through) c. Waited. d. Upon his return he found that the uncovered jar had maggots on the meat, but the covered jar did not. e. Since both jars did not have maggots, he stated that SG (Spontaneous Generation) had to be wrong. f. His experiment did not disprove SG entirely.
- 5. B. Louis Pasteur and Biogenesis. 1. Louis Pasteur was a French chemist that tested broth. (meat juices) a. Boiled broth to make it sterile. b. Placed into an s-shaped flask. (these flasks allows air to enter the broth but not dust; all the dust gets caught in the curve of the S. c. Upon return he found no contamination to any of the flasks. d. He then tilted the flask so the dust could enter the broth, within days it was contaminated. e. Concluded that broth does not make germs, but is contaminated by the dust in the air.
- 7. 2. Pasteur’s experiment led to the theory of BIOGENSIS. a. Living things come only from other living things. b. See page 20 in your textbook!!!!
- 8. C. Life’s Origin 1. Earth is believe to be 4.6 billion years old. 2. The oldest found life is about 3.5 billion years old. 3. 1924 Alex Oparin: Russian scientist suggested Earth’s atmosphere had no oxygen in it but had ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor. a. Believed these gases combined to form the simplest form of life (bacteria) and then the evolution cycle began. b. This is only one belief of how life was created!!!!