Chapter 3 of the document focuses on genetics and heredity, outlining Gregor Mendel's contributions to understanding traits and inheritance patterns through experiments with pea plants. It explains key genetic concepts including dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes, phenotypes, and the use of Punnett squares for predicting genetic outcomes. Additionally, it covers the role of chromosomes in inheritance, the genetic code, and the impact of mutations on organisms.

1. Chapter 3 Genetics:
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
The Science of
Heredity
Heredity
Section 1: Mendel’s Work
Section 1: Mendel’s Work

2. Section 1- Objectives:
Section 1- Objectives:
 To describe Mendel’s genetics
To describe Mendel’s genetics
experiments
experiments
 To identify the factors that control the
To identify the factors that control the
inheritance of traits in organisms
inheritance of traits in organisms
 To explain how geneticists use symbols
To explain how geneticists use symbols
to represent alleles.
to represent alleles.

3. Vocab
Vocab
 1. trait
1. trait
A characteristic that an organism can
A characteristic that an organism can
pass on to its offspring through its
pass on to its offspring through its
genes.
genes.

4.  2.
2. heredity
heredity
The passing of traits from parents to
The passing of traits from parents to
offspring.
offspring.

5.  3.
3. genetics
genetics
The scientific study of heredity.
The scientific study of heredity.

6.  4.
4. purebred
purebred
An organism that always produces
An organism that always produces
offspring with the same form of a trait
offspring with the same form of a trait
as the parent.
as the parent.

7.  5.
5. gene
gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome
A segment of DNA on a chromosome
that codes for a specific trait.
that codes for a specific trait.

8.  6.
6. alleles
alleles
The different forms of a gene.
The different forms of a gene.

9.  7.
7. dominant allele
dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in
An allele whose trait always shows up in
the organism when the allele is present.
the organism when the allele is present.

10.  8.
8. recessive allele
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a
An allele that is masked when a
dominant allele is present.
dominant allele is present.

11.  9.
9. hybrid
hybrid
An organism that has two different
An organism that has two different
alleles for a trait; an organism that is
alleles for a trait; an organism that is
heterozygous for a particular trait.
heterozygous for a particular trait.

12. Notes
Notes
 1. _______________________ is
1. _______________________ is
called the “father of genetics”
called the “father of genetics”
Gregor Mendel

13.  2. Mendel used peas because:
2. Mendel used peas because:
– A. _________________________
A. _________________________
– B. _________________________
B. _________________________
They have many traits that exist in only 2 forms
Garden peas produce large numbers of
offspring in one generation so it is easy
to collect large amounts of data to analyze

14.  3. Traits are controlled by
3. Traits are controlled by
_________________ of
_________________ of
_____________
_____________
inheritance
genes

15.  4. Organisms inherit ______ allele
4. Organisms inherit ______ allele
from _________ parent.
from _________ parent.
one
each

16.  5. Some alleles are
5. Some alleles are
____________________and others are
____________________and others are
__________________________.
__________________________.
dominant
recessive

17. Chapter 3 Genetics:
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
The Science of
Heredity
Heredity
Section 2: Probability &
Section 2: Probability &
Genetics
Genetics

18. Section 2 -Objectives:
Section 2 -Objectives:
 To describe the principles of probability
To describe the principles of probability
and how Mendel applied them to
and how Mendel applied them to
inheritance
inheritance
 To state how geneticists use Punnett
To state how geneticists use Punnett
squares
squares
 To explain the meaning of the terms
To explain the meaning of the terms
phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, and codominance.
heterozygous, and codominance.

19. Vocab
Vocab
 10.
10. probability
probability
The likelihood that a particular event
The likelihood that a particular event
will occur.
will occur.

20.  11.
11. Punnett square
Punnett square
A chart that shows all the possible
A chart that shows all the possible
combinations of alleles that can result
combinations of alleles that can result
from a genetic cross.
from a genetic cross.

21.  12.
12. phenotype
phenotype
An organism’s physical appearance, or
An organism’s physical appearance, or
visible traits.
visible traits.

22.  13.
13. genotype
genotype
An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele
An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele
combinations.
combinations.

23.  14.
14. homozygous
homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait.
Having two identical alleles for a trait.

24.  15.
15. heterozygous
heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a trait.
Having two different alleles for a trait.

25.  16.
16. codominance
codominance
A condition in which neither of two
A condition in which neither of two
alleles of a gene is dominant or
alleles of a gene is dominant or
recessive.
recessive.

26. Notes
Notes
 1. Probability is the
1. Probability is the
___________________ that a
___________________ that a
____________________ will occur.
____________________ will occur.
likelihood
particular event

27.  2. _____________________ was the
2. _____________________ was the
first scientist to recognize that the
first scientist to recognize that the
________________________ of
________________________ of
________________________ can be
________________________ can be
used to predict the result of genetic
used to predict the result of genetic
crosses.
crosses.
Mendel
principles
probability

28.  3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to:
3. Geneticists use Punnett squares to:
– A.
A.
– B.
B.
Show all the possible outcomes of a
genetic cross
Determine the probability of a particular
outcome

29.  4. _________________________ is
4. _________________________ is
the physical appearance, while
the physical appearance, while
________________________ is the
________________________ is the
_______________________ make-up.
_______________________ make-up.
Phenotype
genotype
Genetic makeup

30.  5. Punnett Square
5. Punnett Square
practice:
practice:
 B-Blue
B-Blue
 b-red
b-red
 Genotype:
Genotype:
 Phenotype:
Phenotype:
B b
B
b
BB Bb
Bb bb
1 BB: 2Bb: 1bb
3 Blue, 1 red

31.  5. Punnett Square
5. Punnett Square
practice:
practice:
 G- Green
G- Green
 g-Yellow
g-Yellow
 Genotype:
Genotype:
 Phenotype:
Phenotype:
G g
g
g
Gg gg
Gg gg
–2 Gg: 2gg
–2 Green: 2 Yellow

32. Your turn. Practice sheet.
Your turn. Practice sheet.
 Independent and Silent
Independent and Silent
 Refer to your notes.
Refer to your notes.
 Go over as a group.
Go over as a group.

33. Chapter 3 Genetics:
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
The Science of
Heredity
Heredity
Section 3: The Cell and
Section 3: The Cell and
Inheritance
Inheritance

34. Section 3: The Cell and
Section 3: The Cell and
Inheritance
Inheritance
 To describe the role of chromosomes in
To describe the role of chromosomes in
inheritance
inheritance
 To identify and describe the events
To identify and describe the events
that occur during meiosis
that occur during meiosis

35.  17.
17. meiosis
meiosis
The process that occurs in sex cells
The process that occurs in sex cells
(sperm and egg) by which the number of
(sperm and egg) by which the number of
chromosomes is reduced by half.
chromosomes is reduced by half.

36. Notes
Notes
 1. Sex cells have exactly
1. Sex cells have exactly
____________ the number of
____________ the number of
chromosomes as ____________ cells.
chromosomes as ____________ cells.
half
other

37.  2. The chromosome theory of inheritance
2. The chromosome theory of inheritance
states:
states:
 http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-1
http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-1
3-036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-03673
3-036738-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-03673
8-9/video/vtchromo.mov
8-9/video/vtchromo.mov
Genes are carried from parents
to their offspring on chromosomes

38.  3. During meiosis, the chromosome:
3. During meiosis, the chromosome:
 http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13-0367
http://www.pearsonsuccessnet.com/snpapp/iText/products/0-13-0367
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38-9/ch3/videoBlank.html?/ebook/products/0-13-036738-9/video/vtm
eiosi.mov
eiosi.mov
 See pg. In text
See pg. In text
The chromosome pairs
separate and are distributed
to two different cells. The
resulting sex cells have only
have half as many
chromosomes as the other
cells in the organism.

39.  4. ____________________ are
4. ____________________ are
located on chromosomes.
located on chromosomes.
Genes

40.  5. Our bodies have ________ pairs of
5. Our bodies have ________ pairs of
chromosomes that contain over
chromosomes that contain over
__________ genes.
__________ genes.
23
60,000

41. Chapter 3 Genetics:
Chapter 3 Genetics:
The Science of
The Science of
Heredity
Heredity
Section 4: The DNA
Section 4: The DNA
Connection
Connection

42. Section 4: The DNA Connection -
Section 4: The DNA Connection -
Objectives:
Objectives:
 To explain the term “genetic code”:
To explain the term “genetic code”:
 To describe the process by which a cell
To describe the process by which a cell
produces proteins
produces proteins
 To describe different types of
To describe different types of
mutations and how they affect an
mutations and how they affect an
organism.
organism.

43.  17.
17. messenger RNA
messenger RNA
RNA that copies the coded message
RNA that copies the coded message
from DNA in the nucleus and carries
from DNA in the nucleus and carries
the message into the cytoplasm
the message into the cytoplasm.
.

44.  18.
18. transfer RNA
transfer RNA
RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an
RNA in the cytoplasm that carries an
amino acid to the ribosome and adds it
amino acid to the ribosome and adds it
to the growing protein chain.
to the growing protein chain.

45. Notes
Notes
 1. The main function of genes is to:
1. The main function of genes is to:
Control the production of
proteins in the organism’s cells.
Proteins help to determine the
size, shape, and many other
traits in an organism.

46.  2. The _________ of
2. The _________ of
_______________ bases along a
_______________ bases along a
_____________ forms a genetic code
_____________ forms a genetic code
that specifies what type of
that specifies what type of
___________ will be produced.
___________ will be produced.
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eneti.mov
eneti.mov
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rotei.mov
order
nitrogen
gene
protein

47.  3. A _____________ is a change in a
3. A _____________ is a change in a
___________ or
___________ or
____________________.
____________________.
 DNA mutations:
DNA mutations:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ajRf8yMBe0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ajRf8yMBe0
mutation
gene
chromosome

48.  4. Mutations can be:
4. Mutations can be:
 A. ____________ and an example
A. ____________ and an example
would be ______________.
would be ______________.
 B. ____________ and an example would
B. ____________ and an example would
be ______________.
be ______________.
 C. ______________________ and an
C. ______________________ and an
example would be ______________.
example would be ______________.
Harmful
Helpful
Neither harmful or helpful
cancer
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
A white buffalo color on
a farm (versus a white
buffalo color in the wild)