A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
A physical map of a chromosome or a genome that shows the physical locations of genes and other DNA sequences of interest. Physical maps are used to help scientists identify and isolate genes by positional cloning.
According to the ICSM (Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping), there are five different types of maps: General Reference, Topographical, Thematic, Navigation Charts and Cadastral Maps and Plans.
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
The SPECIAL - GIANT CHROMOSOMES which are very transcriptionally active DNA, where loops of DNA emerging from an apparently continuous chromosomal axis are coated with RNA polymerase.
Comparatively much larger than polytene chromosomes.
Highly significant for scientific analysis especially regarding gene amplification.
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
Cot curve dispersed repeated DNA or interspersed repeated DNA tandem repeated DNA Long interspersed repeat sequences (LINEs) Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) satellite, minisatellite and microsatellite DNA Variable Number Tandem Repeat (or VNTR)
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
Introduction
Genetics of somatic cell
Somatic cell genetics
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Somatic cell hybridization
Mapping human genes by using human rodent hybrids
In medical application
Production of monoclonal antibodies by using hybridoma technology
Conclusion
References
Molecular evolution, four class of chromosomal mutation, Negative Selection and Positive Selection, Mutations in DNA and protein, Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution, Evidence supporting neutral evolution, Phylogenetic trees, Methods of Tree reconstruction
The SPECIAL - GIANT CHROMOSOMES which are very transcriptionally active DNA, where loops of DNA emerging from an apparently continuous chromosomal axis are coated with RNA polymerase.
Comparatively much larger than polytene chromosomes.
Highly significant for scientific analysis especially regarding gene amplification.
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
genetics is a study of heredity. By studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
genetics is a study of heredity, by studying microbial genetics, which is the most basic, one can extrapolate it to complex genetic studies of complex biological systems. effect of mutagens on genes is eye opening
Microbial genetics is a subject area within microbiology and genetic engineering. This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the expression system in the form of phenotypes
please help me with these two thank you- What of the following describ.docxmadalynbb3ja
please help me with these two thank you.
What of the following describes a consensus sequence? A sequence was created that all proteins in the cell can bind to A sequence was discovered that is found in all genes in the genome A tandem repeat sequence in repetitive DNA expand to take up a large portion of a chromosome All sites that a particular protein binds to were aligned and compared to select determine the most common nucleotide at each position All living organisms go through the same flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein Which of the following are TRUE about transcribing RNA in bacteria. (*select all that apply) The 3 ' end of the RNA is synthesized before the 5 ' end RNA polymerase moves along in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction along the template strand "Coding strand" is another term for the template strand of DNA that is used for RNA synthesis In the bacterial genome, only one of the strands of the double helix is used as the template strand for synthesis of all genes Promoters have particular sequences (elements) found at 10 and 35 bases before the transcription start site The sigma factor helps RNA polymerase bind to the promoter A singla RNA can encode multiple different proteins Once synthesized, RNA must transported out of the nucleus before translation can begin In order to contribute to cellular functions, an RNA molecule must first be translated into protein Specific RNA sequences trigger termination of transcription through intrinsice (hairpin) or protein-mediated mechanism
.
Structure of DNA. Coiling of DNA. Definitions about genetics. The Gene & The Genetic Code. Gene Mutation. Regulation of gene expression. DNA Functions. Patterns Of Inheritance
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. Repeated sequences (also known as repetitive elements,
or repeats) are patterns of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) that
occur in multiple copies throughout the genome.
35000 genes
3% coding sequence
(Large no. of repeat sequences)
60% single copy genes
40% repeat sequences
1)30% low to moderately repeat sequences
2)10% highly repeat sequences
Repeat Sequences
3. Multigene Families
Genes Encoding RNA
Pseudogenes
Extra-genic DNA
Categories of Repeat sequences
4. Refers to functional genes present as repeat
sequences(more than 1 copy in genome)
Has several subcategories
1)Classical Gene families
2)Genes Encoding Domains
3)Genes Encoding Motifs
4)Gene Super-family
Multi-Gene Families
5. Show high degree sequence homology throughout
the gene length or at least at the coding sequence
1st and 2nd copy have same sequences
3rd copy has only same coding sequence
1)Classical Gene Families
6. Examples
Ribosomal RNA genes on p arm of Chromosome
13,14,15,20,21 show classical homology
Histone genes on chromosome 1, 6 and 12 show high
degree of sequence homology
1)Classical Gene Families
7. Genes not showing sequence homology
Have variation among copies
In most cases, encoding large DOMAINS(large
sequences which perform specific functions)
Examples
1) Paired Box Domain
2) Homeo box Genes
2)Genes Encoding Domains
8. Paired Box Domain
390 bp
Encodes a paired domain
Present in several genes called PAX gene
Involved in transcription
Homeo Box genes
180 bp
Encodes a homeo domain of 60 amino acids
2)Genes Encoding Domains
9. No sequence homology
No domain encoding sequence
Have small motif encoding sequence MOTIF(Small
sequence of DNA, amino acids, nucleotides or
proteins performing specific functions)
Examples
1) DEAD Box genes
2) WD Gene family
3) Genes Encoding Motifs
10. DEAD Box Genes
8 Amino acid motif
D-> Aspartic Acid
E-> Glutamate
A-> Alanine
D-> Aspartic acid
Responsible for secondary structure of RNA molecule
WD Gene Family
2 small amino acid motifs but several WD
W->Tryptophan
D->Aspartic Acid
All are involved in cell division, transcription, mRNA
modifications, cell signalling
3) Genes Encoding Motifs
11. No sequence homology
No domain encoding sequence
No motif encoding sequence
Protein encoding genes are structurally and
functionally related to each other
Examples
1) Immunoglobulin molecules
2) T-cells receptor Genes
4) Gene Super-family
12. Immunoglobulin Molecules
Domain structure same and involve in immune system
Have three clusters
Present on chromosome 3,14,22
T-cell Receptor Genes
Have 4 clusters
Present on chromosome 7p,7q,14p, 14q
4) Gene Super-family
13. Genes are present in:
1)Cluster form
A gene cluster is a group of two or more genes found within
an organism's DNA that encode for similar polypeptides, or
proteins, which collectively share a generalized function and
are often located within a few thousand base pairs of each
other.
Within gene clusters all genes are not fully functional but non
functional copies of genes are also present called as pseudogenes
Arrangement of genes in Multigene
Families
14. Examples:
Ribosomal RNA genes present in 5 clusters on chromosome 13,
14,15,20,21. In these clusters only RNA genes are present and no
other gene is there
Histone Genes present on chromosome 1,6,12. Only histone
genes are present here.
Hemoglobin genes. Alpha chain genes on chromosome 16 and
beta chain genes on chromosome 11
Immune system genes on chromosome 6q(more than 200
clusters). These clusters are distributed by different classes of
genes involved in steroid hormone synthesis
Hox genes have 4 clusters on chromosome 2,7,12 and 17.
1) Cluster form
15. Highly repetitive DNA sequences spread throughout the
genome. These are usually present on different
chromosomes
Examples:
Aldolase gene: 5 copies as repeats on different
chromosomes( 4 functional : 1 pseudocopy)
Active Filament Gene: 20 Copies (only 4 functional: 16
pseudocopies)
PAX gene(transcription factor gene): 9 copies (1 functional:
8 pseudocopies)
2)Interspersed Form
16. 1)tRNA genes
1300 genes arranged in cluster form
10-100 copies in each cluster
2)rRNA genes
Genes for 28S,18S,5.8S rRNA are present in cluster
form on p arm of chromosome 13,14,15,20,21(all are
acrocentric chromosomes i.e. centromere present
towards one end)
Genes for 5S rRNA on chromosome 1q
Genes Encoding RNA
17. Size of ribosomal DNA= 2 MB
On each of these 5 clusters we have
on all 5 clusters we have a 27 kb intergenic sequence
between two 13kb transcriptional units
Genes Encoding RNA
13 kb transcriptional unit
27 kb intergenic distance
13 kb transcriptional unit
27 kb intergenic distance
18. Towards 5^ end 0f 13kb transcriptional unit, we have:
1) A DNA segment called External transcribed spacer(ETS)
2) 1n 18S rRNA gene
3) Another segment called internal transcribed spacer-1(ITS-1)
4) Then 5.8S rRNA gene, then ITS-2 and then 28S rRNA gene
13 kb transcriptional unit
ETS 18SRNA ITS-1 5.8S RNA ITS-2 28S RNA 27 kb intergenic distance
whole Transcribed into
Multigenic RNA transcript
Genes Encoding RNA
19. Multi-genic RNA transcript
Size is 45S (sedimentation rate coefficient; speed at which particles settle
down in centrifuge; 1S=10^-13sec)
It undergoes cleavages:
1st cleavage: removes ETS; 41S is left
2nd cleavage: slightly towards ITS-1; generates two RNA segments of 20S and
32 S
3rd cleavage: removes ITS part; generates 18S RNA
Further Cleavages: ITS-1 & 5.8S; 5.8S & ITS-2; ITS-2 & ID
This is how individual RNA’s are produced from multi-genic RNA transcript.
ETS+ITS-1+ITS-2= 6Kb
Cleaved by nucleases to generate individual nucleotides
Genes Encoding RNA
20. a section of a chromosome that is an imperfect copy
of a functional gene
No. of pseudogenes vary from chromosome to
chromosome
Distributed throughout the genome
Present as cluster or interspersed form
5 different categories
Pseudogenes
21. Same structure as that of functional copy i.e. same
introns, exons and other sequences
Most pseudogenes belong to this category
Pseudocopy in 4th exon stop codon
Wild type stop codon
Pseudogene premature stop codon stop codon
(makes wild type non functional)
i)Non processed/conventional
pseudogenes
22. Both have 3 exons and intron sequences
Wild type stop codon
Pseudogene premature stop codon stop codon
(initially expressing)
When 2nd copy was generated it was initially
expressing, then it generated a premature stop
codon on exon 2 and became non functional
ii) Expressed Non-processed
pseudogenes
23. Example
Alpha globin gene cluster on chromosome 16
It has θ gene which never becomes the part of Hb
gene
Initially it has low expression but then develops a stop
codon and becomes non functional
ii) Expressed Non-processed
pseudogenes
24. Processing occurs, Removes intronic sequences and makes
it non functional
It is present as such in genome but is non-functional
Same process occurs in CDNA synthesis where reteroviruses
convert RNA into CDNA with the help of RNA transcriptase.
CDNA contains only coding sequences and no intronic
sequences are present.
iii) Processed Pseudogenes
25. How they are present in humans?
During evolution we have RT-encoding sequence which
have RT like activity and convert mRNA into cDNA and
incorporate it in genome. This cDNA becomes non-
functional
Gene->RNA->mRNA->cDNA->integrated in chromosome
as such->non-functional
iii) Processed Pseudogenes
26. Processed and integrated in genome; also expressing
because integration occurs at such point which has a
promoter which helps in expression
iv)Expressed Processed Pseudogenes
27. Only have 5` and 3` sequences.. Rest of the gene is
missing
Wild
5` end truncated 3` end
Or we have an exon and some DNA segment and rest
is missing
v) Truncated genes or gene
segments
28. By gene duplication
It has 3 possibilities
1)By recombination between non-allelic sequences among sister chromatids
2)By recombination between non allelic sequences among non sister chromatids
3) Sleeping mechanism
Recombination b/w either sister or non sister chromatids involves repeat sequences. This
is called sleeping mechanism
e.g. CAG CAG CAG
GTC GTC GTC
(In meiosis recombination occurs b/w allelic sequences while in gene duplication b/w non
allelic sequences)
How are pseudocopies generated?
29. Repeat sequences which are not part of any genome
1) Tandomly Repeat DNA
2) Interspersed Repeats
Extragenic DNA
30. Present next to each other
In blocks or arrays
Depending on the block size which contains repeat
sequences, it can be divided into further 3 categories
i)Satellite DNA
ii)Mini satellite DNA
iii)Micro satellite DNA
1) Tandomly Repeat DNA
31. Size of block varies from 100 kb to several megabase
Further classified into:
a) Satellite 1:
48 kb
Located near centromere heterochromatic(inactive) region
AT rich sequence
b) Satellite 2 and 3:
5 bp repeats ATTCC
Present throughout chromosome
i) Satellite DNA
32. c) α satellite(α-alphoid)
171 bp repeats
Located at centromere heterochromatic region
d) β-satellite
68 bp
Present on centromere of chromosome
1,9,13,14,15,20,21
i) Satellite DNA
33. Size of block 0.1 kb to 20 kb
Polymorphic as well
Further divided into 2 categories:
a)Hypervariable mini satellite sequence
Located on sub-telomeric region
Present on all chromosomes
By comparing HVMSS on different chromosomes, we
observe sequence variation
Core sequence GGGCAGGAXG same on all chromosomes
ii)Mini satellite DNA
34. b) Hexa-nucleotide Sequences TTAGGG:
6 bp repeats
Present on telomeric region of all chromosomes
10-15 kb region of telomere has this sequence
Telomerase RNA + Protein -> functions as template
This sequence is added at the end of chromosome by
telomerase
ii)Mini satellite DNA
35. Size of block 50bp-500bp
Present throughout the chromosome
Have several sub categories
Runs of A’s : AAAA--- Repeat sequences
Runs of T’s : TTTT---- Repeat sequences
(about 0.3% of human genome contains such sequences)
Similarly, GGGG---repeats and CCCC---repeats are also present but
they are very rare
Dinucleotide repeat: CA repeat (0.5% of human genome)
CT/AG Repeats : (0.2% of human genome)
Trinucleotide repeats
Tetra-nucleotide repeats
iii) Micro Satellite Sequences
36. All repeats are highly polymorphic i.e no. of repeats varies
e.g. on chromosome 1q
Individual 1: 100 CA
Individual 2: 102 CA
Individual 3: 98 CA
Or within the same individual they are also polymorphic (
one allele=101 repeats; other allele= 105 repeats)
Tri and tetra nucleotides are more polymorphic than others
These repeats are used in DNA fingerprinting
iii) Micro Satellite Sequences
37. Extragenic repeats distributed throughout the
genome
Subcategories are:
1) SINE-1(AluD)
2) LINE-1(Kpn-1)
3) MER family
4) THE-1
5) HERV family
2) Interspersed Repeats
38. Shorter interspersed nuclear elements
Alu D restriction sites: after every 4-6 kb we have Au-1
sequence
Size=280 bp
More than 1 million copies
Most abundant repeat sequences
Have 2 units(120 bp repeats)
32 bp additional sequence in 2nd monomer of 120 bp
sequence which is missing in 1st monomer
120 bp 120 bp 32 bp integrated seq
i)SINE-1
AAA
TTT
AAAA
TTTT
39. 7SLRNA Sequence
SRP(signal recognition particle)= 7SLRNA(size is 300
nucleotides) + 6 proteins help in transport of
proteins
Alu-1 sequence is very similar to 7SLRNA; probably
Alu-1 is considered to be derived from 7SLRNA
through transposition
i)SINE-1
40. Promoter Internal
Whenever integration occurs, it carries its promoter
sequence with it
This promoter seq. is present within its gene
So no need of any other promoter for gene transcription
and can form several copies
Lipoprotein Receptor gene
Rare example: present as a part of geniome
40 Alu-1 sequence present in intronic sequence
i)SINE-1
41. Long interspersed nuclear elements
Have kpn-1 enzyme restriction site
Size= full length 6.1 kb
Several truncated forms(short forms)= 1.4 kb size
60000 copies in genome
5` UTR ORF1 ORF2 3` UTR
Promoter P40 RT like activity
ORF= Open reading frame: have no stop codon
5` UTR= promoter sequence of ORF1 and ORF2
ii)LINE-1
42. In truncated forms, we have 5` UTR and other
sequences are missing
1-1.4 kb of different size
Only 35000 copies for function
ii)LINE-1
45. Human endogenous retrovirus like elements
Size=6-10 kb
10000 copies in genome
We have 3 different members of 5 classes which are involved in
transposition
Retrotransposition: Transposition which occurs through an RNA
Its members are :
a) Exogenous retrovirus
b) Retrotransposons
c) Processed pesudogenes
v) HERV Family
46. R U5 gog Pol Env U3 R
gog,pol,env are 3 genes of reterovirus
These three genes are involved in different mechanisms
They give rise to several proteins including reverse
transcription
We isolate these and use in cDNA synthesis
U3 and U5 are subterminal repeats
Retrovirus Structure
47. LTR RT LTR
LTR= long terminal repeats
RT= here we have reverse transcriptase encoding
sequence. They show RT like activity as human have no RT
Duplication at the point of integration
DNARNARNA gets integratedat this point
duplication occurs
a) Exogenous reterovirus
AAA
TTT
48. RT
LTR is missing
Have only RT encoding sequence
Also called reterosomes
b) Reterotransposons
AAA
TTT
49. Reteropseudogenes
No RT encoding sequence
RT in this is provided by LINE-1 sequence
c) Processed pseudogenes