Introduction
History
Definition
Classification of DNA Polymerase
Mechanism of DNA Replication
Process of DNA Replication
Initiation
Regulation
Termination
Conclusion
Reference
DNA replication is semi-conservative, one strand serves as the template for the second strand. Furthermore, DNA replication only occurs at a specific step in the cell cycle.
DNA replication in eukaryotes is much more complicated than in prokaryotes, although there are many similar aspects.
DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance.
Eukaryotic cells can only initiate DNA replication at a specific point in the cell cycle, the beginning of S phase.
Due to the size of chromosomes in eukaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple origins of replication
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Replication with their clinical applications for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Introduction
History
Definition
Classification of DNA Polymerase
Mechanism of DNA Replication
Process of DNA Replication
Initiation
Regulation
Termination
Conclusion
Reference
DNA replication is semi-conservative, one strand serves as the template for the second strand. Furthermore, DNA replication only occurs at a specific step in the cell cycle.
DNA replication in eukaryotes is much more complicated than in prokaryotes, although there are many similar aspects.
DNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance.
Eukaryotic cells can only initiate DNA replication at a specific point in the cell cycle, the beginning of S phase.
Due to the size of chromosomes in eukaryotes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain multiple origins of replication
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic dna replication with their clinical applicationsrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA Replication with their clinical applications for MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
The process by which DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as DNA replication or DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
Genetic code, Deciphering of genetic code, properties of genetic code, Initiation & termination of codons, Gene Mutation, non sense codon, release factors, Transition , Trans versions
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
The process by which DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as DNA replication or DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
DNA replication is fundamental process occurring in all living organism to copy their DNA. The process is called replication in sense that each strand of dsDNA serve as template for reproduction of complementary strand.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
DNA replication .pptx
1. Gaziosmanpasha University
College of Medicine
Department of Medical Biology
DNA Replication
Instructed by:
Dr. Nihan Bozkurt
Prepared by:
Milat Hussein
2. DNA Definition
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA, is a biological macromolecule that carries hereditary
information in many organisms.
are mostly present inside the nucleus.
Some cytoplasmic organelles like the mitochondria also
contain DNA molecules.
3. DNA molecules consist of two DNA strands.
The double helix structure of DNA was first discovered in
1953 by James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin.
4. Phosphate
group
Deoxyribose sugar
Nitrogenous bases
Nucleotides consists of three parts:
1- deoxyribose sugar .
2- phosphate group.
3- nitrogenous bases .
DNA Structure
DNA molecules are polymers and are made up of many
smaller molecules, called nucleotides.
5. Deoxyribose sugar :
Deoxyribose is the five-carbon sugar molecule that helps form
the phosphate backbone of DNA molecules.
Formula for deoxyribose is С₅Н₁₀О₄
Phosphate group :
chemical formula PO₄⁻³.
It is a chemical compound made up of one phosphorus and
four oxygen atoms.
When it is attached to a molecule containing carbon, it is
called a phosphate group.
6. There are four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA
molecules.
Adenine .
Guanine .
Cytosine .
Thymine.
7. Nucleotides are strongly linked together by phosphodiester
bonds.
Together, the phosphate groups and sugars form the sugar-
phosphate backbone.
The nitrogenous bases point inwards, like the rungs of a
ladder, and are joined together in base pairs.
9. DNA Replication
DNA replication is the basis for biological inheritance.
Two identical DNA molecules will be produced from a single
double-stranded DNA molecule.
DNA replication begins at specific locations in the genome,
called "origins".
Unwinding of DNA at the origin, and synthesis of new strands,
forms a replication fork.
Replication occurs in both prokaryote and eukaryote cells .
10. DNA replication is a process by which DNA is copied
during the S or synthesis phase.
11. General feature of DNA replication
• DNA replication is semi conservative.
• It is bidirectional process.
• It proceed from a specific point called origin.
• It proceed in 5’-3’ direction.
• It occur with high degree of fidelity.
• It is a multi-enzymatic process.
12. Models of DNA replication
Conservative : if both strands of the template DNA molecule
stayed bonded and intact while serving as a template for a
brand new and identical double-stranded DNA molecule.
Semiconservative : postulates that the two original strands
of DNA separate, each serving as a template for a new strand –
creating DNA molecules that have one original strand and one
new strand.
Dispersive :Each strand of both daughter molecules contain a
mixture of old and newly synthesized parts.
13.
14. Meselson and Stahl Experiment
Proves that DNA replication is semiconservative .
15. DNA replication occurs by three steps
1. Initiation: It involves recognition of the positions on a DNA
molecule where replication will begin.
2. Elongation:
- Leading strand synthesis
- Lagging strand synthesis
3. Termination :During this process, which is known as
replication termination, DNA synthesis is completed.
16. Initiation of DNA replication:
Initiator proteins recognize and bind to the replicator and
serve to initiate DNA replication.
The first step of replication is taken by connecting these
proteins to their starting points.
The activities that are provided by initiator proteins range
from recognition of the ori and recruitment of replication
factors, to melting of double-stranded DNA and replicative
DNA-helicase activity.
17. Replication origin
DNA replication origins in bacteria, archaea, plasmids,
bacteriophage, and viruses are specific sequences
essential for initiation of DNA replication, because they
contain binding sites for either their cognate helicase
loader or cognate DNA helicase
At E.Coli, the replication begins with a single origin, called
OriC, which is 245 bp long.
18. DNA Replication Bubble
Has the ability to grow in two directions.
In each replication bubble, there are two replication forks.
The functioning of the replication bubble occurs with the
enzyme DNA helicase .
19.
20. DNA Replication Fork
It was previously mentioned that each replication bubble
contains two replication forks.
It first occurs at the origin point of synthesis and progresses as
the replication continues.
which move in the opposite direction from origin.
21. Replication Bubble vs Replication Fork
Replication bubble is defined
as an opening that is present
within the DNA strand during
the initiation of replication.
Replication fork is defined as
structures that are present in
the replication bubble that
denotes the occurrence of
replication.
22. Some of the major proteins in DNA replication
include the following:
Helicase:
- An enzyme that opens the double helix by breaking the
hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs.
- separates the double strands of DNA molecules.
- DNA Helicase moves in the direction of 5‘3' or 3‘5
along single chain DNA.
Single-strand DNA- binding proteins (SSBPs) :
- These proteins stabilize the individual strands of DNA to
prevent them from reconnecting.
Topoisomerase:
- Because unwinding of the DNA by helicase creates
tension further down the strand.
23. • Primase:
- An enzyme that adds a primer (which is a short segment of
ribonucleic acid, known as RNA) where DNA polymerase III
will attach.
• DNA polymerase III: which add DNA bases .
• DNA polymerase I: An enzyme that replaces the RNA primer
with DNA.
• DNA ligase :fills in the gaps between Okazaki fragments.
• Sliding clamp: A protein that holds DNA polymerase III in place
24.
25.
26. Replicating the Leading Strand
Replication is continuous.
There are no fragments.
DNA polymerase iii adds nucleotides in the direction of 5’ to 3’ .
DNA polymerase only works in the direction of 5’ to 3’ .
27. Replicating the Lagging Strand
Synthesizing in the opposite direction of the replication fork. This
is the first Okazaki fragment.
Once DNA polymerase III reaches the first Okazaki fragment
primer.
DNA ligase connects the segments of DNA by closing the sugar-
phosphate backbone.
28. DNA Polymerase.
DNA polymerase :
- is an important enzyme group involved in
DNA synthesis, repair, and replication, these enzymes are
found in all living organisms.
- It is a complex enzyme, It is an enzyme that carries out
polymerization of DNA, as it is clear from its name DNA
polymerase.
It is mainly of three types in prokaryotes ;
- pol-I
- pol-II
- pol-III
In eukaryotes, it is of five kinds ;
- pol-α
- pol-β
- pol-Ƴ
- Pol- δ
- pol-Ɛ.
29. Prokaryotic DNA Polymerase Types and Function
• DNA Polymerase I: is coded by polA gene. It is a single
polypeptide and has a role in recombination and repair. It has
both 5’→3’ and 3’→5’ exonuclease activity. DNA polymerase
Ⅰ removes the RNA primer from lagging strand by 5’→3’
exonuclease activity and also fills the gap.
• DNA Polymerase II : is coded by polB gene. It is made up of 7
subunits. Its main role is in repair and also a backup of DNA
polymerase III. It has 3’→5’ exonuclease activity.
• DNA Polymerase III : is the main enzyme for replication
in E.coli. It is coded by polC gene. The polymerization and
processivity rate is maximum in DNA polymerase III. It also has
proofreading 3’→5’ exonuclease activity.
30. Differences between Eukaryotic DNA Polymerase vs
Prokaryotic DNA Polymerase:
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
DNA pol III is involved in in vivo
replication of DNA.
DNA pol α and delta are
involved in in vivo replication
of nuclear DNA, whereas DNA
pol gamma for mitochondrial
DNA.
DNA pol I is the repair enzyme. DNA pol beta and epsilon
function as DNA repair
enzymes.
Primase synthesizes primer in
EColi
DNA pol alpha synthesizes
primers for both leading and
lagging strands
31. Telomerase Definition
Telomerase is an enzyme found inside our cells, which may be
related to the aging process.
It adds short, repetitive “caps” to our DNA strands.
Each time our cells divide, they must replicate their DNA so
that each daughter cell gets a full set of operating
instructions.
This finding suggests that use of artificial telomerase may
prevent cancer from occurring.
32. Telomere replication on the lagging strand is as follows:
1. Telomerase attaches to the very end of the lagging strand,
overhanging the un replicated portion of DNA.
2. Using its own RNA template, telomerase synthesizes the
extending telomere, adding additional bases to the 3’ end of
the lagging strand.
3. Primase adds the primer on the telomere.
4. DNA polymerase III binds to the primer and moves opposite of
telomerase to complete the synthesis of the lagging strand.
33. Prokaryotes DNA replication Eukaryotes DNA replication
1. It occurs inside the cytoplasm. It occurs inside the nucleus.
2. There is single origin of replication. Origin of replications are numerous.
3. DNA polymerase Ill carries out both
initiation and elongation.
Initiation is carried out by DNA
polymerase α while elongation by
DNA polymerase δ andε .
4. DNA repair and gap filling are done
by DNA polymerase I.
The same are performed by DNA
Polymerase β.
5. RNA primer is removed by DNA
polymerase I .
RNA primer is removed by DNA
Polymerase β.
6. Okazaki fragments are large, 1000-
2000 nucleotides long.
Okazaki fragments are short, 100-
200 nucleotides long.
7. Replication is very rapid, some
2000
base pairs per second.
Replication is slow, some 100
nucleotides per second.
8. DNA gyrase is needed. DNA gyrase is not needed.
9. The DNA is circular and double-
stranded.
The DNA is linear and double-
stranded.