This document discusses DG participation in distribution system volt/var control. It proposes an effective methodology for multi-objective variable power factor operation of DGs for distribution system volt/var control during normal and emergency situations. The document outlines electric distribution systems, distributed generation resources, volt/var control in distribution systems with DGs, and DG participation in volt/var control. It reviews literature on DG operating at constant and variable power factors for volt/var control.
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
The Power Generated in Karnataka(INDIA) is 7445.91MW and Demand is 8500MWwhich
causes the problem of Load shedding, many states face this problem and are forced to buy the power from
other states which leads to the extra economical burden, this is where the Distributed Generation (DG)
plays a role to cut down the costs of the power purchased. This paper discusses the various aspects of DG
Opportunities, conversion system, technology interconnections and environmental performance. Also
some of the challenges DG system is confronting, an overview of connection between DG system and
Microgrid, the feature aspects of DG and benefits of DG system are also brought out
Distributed Generation generally refers to power generation at the point of end user or
customer. Distributed Generation is gaining worldwide acceptance due to it’s a number of benefits.
Distributed Generation eliminates the cost and complexity and reduces the chances of inefficiency
which occur in the transmission and distributed network [1]. Basically electricity produced is
generated at large generating stations which is then send at high voltages through the transmission
lines to the load centers and then through local distribution network distributed to the customers at
distribution level voltage. In present scenario there is an increase in demand which is creating gap
between demand and supply to fulfill this gap distributed generation can plays the significant role.
The main reason for the need of distributed generation is it is clean and continuous. Distributed
generation means generating power on site not centrally. Distributed generation is the best way for
rural electrification. This paper will discuss the importance and benefits of Distributed Generation in
near future
The Power Generated in Karnataka(INDIA) is 7445.91MW and Demand is 8500MWwhich
causes the problem of Load shedding, many states face this problem and are forced to buy the power from
other states which leads to the extra economical burden, this is where the Distributed Generation (DG)
plays a role to cut down the costs of the power purchased. This paper discusses the various aspects of DG
Opportunities, conversion system, technology interconnections and environmental performance. Also
some of the challenges DG system is confronting, an overview of connection between DG system and
Microgrid, the feature aspects of DG and benefits of DG system are also brought out
A Comprehensive Review of Protection Schemes for Distributed GenerationUmair Shahzad
Due to the increasing demand of energy and the need for nonconventional energy sources, distributed generation (DG) has come into play. The trend of unidirectional power flow has been gradually shifting. With new technology comes new challenges, the introduction of DG into the conventional power system brings various challenges; one of the major challenges is system protection under DG sources. These sources pose a significant challenge due to bidirectional flows from DGs as well as lower fault current contribution from inverter interfaced DGs. This paper reviews existing protection schemes that have been suggested for active distribution networks. Most of these protection strategies apply only to smaller distribution systems implying that they may need to be extended to larger systems with a much higher penetration of distributed generation. In the end, a potential protection scheme has also been recommended as a future work.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR LOSS REDUCTION IN DISTRIBUTIO...ijiert bestjournal
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources in recent times,the studies on integration of distributed generation to the power grid have rapid ly increased. Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Am ong many of their merits,loss reduction and voltage profile improvement can be the salient spec ifications of Distributed generations (DG). Non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of Dist ributed generations (DG) units may lead to increase losses,together with bad effect on voltag e profile. Proper location of Distributed generations (DGs) in power systems is important for obtaining their maximum potential benefits. Distributed generation (DG) units reduce electric p ower losses and hence improve reliability and voltage profile. Determination of appropriate size and location of Distributed generation (DG) is important to maximize overall system efficiency. In this project,Newton raphson method optimization technique has been presented to determ ine the appropriate size and proper allocation of Distributed generation (DG) in a dist ribution network.So,this project focus towards,at determining optimal DG allocation and s izing as well as analyzing the impact of Distributed generation (DG) in an electric power sy stem in terms of voltage profile improvement and line loss reduction
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
Impact of Distributed Generation on Energy LossNadineCroes
The aim is to give more insight into the effect of distributed power generation on energy loss. In most cases these distributed generators (DGs) are based on renewable energy such as solar panels and wind turbines, but there are also new technologies to increase efficiency such as the micro combined heat and power systems. Distributed generation can increase efficiency in the grid by reducing the distance between generators and consumers of electricity. The objective is to find an optimal mix of distributed generators (DGs) in a district so that energy loss is minimized and overload is avoided. The effect of using future electronic devices, such as electric vehicles, is also studied. To find an optimal mix of DGs a mixed integer quadratic programming model is defined and a case study is presented. The results indicate that the optimal solutions give substantial reductions in loss without overloading the system.
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution S...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
A Comprehensive Review of Protection Schemes for Distributed GenerationUmair Shahzad
Due to the increasing demand of energy and the need for nonconventional energy sources, distributed generation (DG) has come into play. The trend of unidirectional power flow has been gradually shifting. With new technology comes new challenges, the introduction of DG into the conventional power system brings various challenges; one of the major challenges is system protection under DG sources. These sources pose a significant challenge due to bidirectional flows from DGs as well as lower fault current contribution from inverter interfaced DGs. This paper reviews existing protection schemes that have been suggested for active distribution networks. Most of these protection strategies apply only to smaller distribution systems implying that they may need to be extended to larger systems with a much higher penetration of distributed generation. In the end, a potential protection scheme has also been recommended as a future work.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation on Radial Distribution System for...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR LOSS REDUCTION IN DISTRIBUTIO...ijiert bestjournal
Due to the increasing interest on renewable sources in recent times,the studies on integration of distributed generation to the power grid have rapid ly increased. Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Am ong many of their merits,loss reduction and voltage profile improvement can be the salient spec ifications of Distributed generations (DG). Non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of Dist ributed generations (DG) units may lead to increase losses,together with bad effect on voltag e profile. Proper location of Distributed generations (DGs) in power systems is important for obtaining their maximum potential benefits. Distributed generation (DG) units reduce electric p ower losses and hence improve reliability and voltage profile. Determination of appropriate size and location of Distributed generation (DG) is important to maximize overall system efficiency. In this project,Newton raphson method optimization technique has been presented to determ ine the appropriate size and proper allocation of Distributed generation (DG) in a dist ribution network.So,this project focus towards,at determining optimal DG allocation and s izing as well as analyzing the impact of Distributed generation (DG) in an electric power sy stem in terms of voltage profile improvement and line loss reduction
Challenges and Benefits of Integrating the Renewable Energy Technologies into...Power System Operation
In the recent decent, renewable energy has been becoming one of the independent energy sources in human life, and it will be a major resources for the future generation of power. Today, some people tend to use renewable energy in their home or land such as solar or wind energy. Most of those have two inputs of the power source; the utility power supply and renewable energy power supply, so the integration of renewable technologies variable generation sources within Ac grid has been made, but this connection is not easily reachable. This paper will be reviewed the challenges and benefits of integrating renewable energy into power system grid. A review of the integration process will be introduced. Also, the paper will discuss some difficulties that face the integration such as power quality requirements that must be achieved to get this connection successfully. Forecasting of renewable energy such availability of power at any time, the amount of variation in power output, the speed of variation, and the location of RE source are other challenges that may obstruct the successful incorporation of renewable energy and the grid. In addition, the paper will briefly show a device that can be used in homes to achieve this connection. Finally, advantages of the integration for both the power utility and the green energy owner will be present, and how this integration can affect our environment. Solar energy and wind energy will be used in this paper as examples of renewable energy. Keywords: grid, green energy, integration, global warming, renewable energy RE
Impact of Distributed Generation on Energy LossNadineCroes
The aim is to give more insight into the effect of distributed power generation on energy loss. In most cases these distributed generators (DGs) are based on renewable energy such as solar panels and wind turbines, but there are also new technologies to increase efficiency such as the micro combined heat and power systems. Distributed generation can increase efficiency in the grid by reducing the distance between generators and consumers of electricity. The objective is to find an optimal mix of distributed generators (DGs) in a district so that energy loss is minimized and overload is avoided. The effect of using future electronic devices, such as electric vehicles, is also studied. To find an optimal mix of DGs a mixed integer quadratic programming model is defined and a case study is presented. The results indicate that the optimal solutions give substantial reductions in loss without overloading the system.
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution S...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
In urban area, sitting renewable energy (RE) can be a challenging issue because only few spacious land is available but the demand of the energy is high. Hence the proper selection of RE technology is important to ensure plenty of energy are delivered from limited site area. This paper present how does the local climate condition in typical urban area, Auckland Central Business District, affect annual electricity production and energy production of PV or Wind Power system. The analysis is then extended to find the energy density for respective RE system.The result are strategic to advise which renewable energy system can actually optimize energy production in the small land area.
Distributed generation of electric energy has become part of the current electric power system. In this context, a recent research study is arising on a new scenario in which small energy sources make up a new supply system : The Microgrid. The most recent projects show the technical difficulty of controlling the operation of Microgrids, because they are complex systems in which several subsystems interact: energy sources, power electronics converters, energy systems, linear and non-linear loads and of course, the utility grid.In next years, the electric grid will evolve from the current very centralized model toward a more distributed one.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Droop Characteristics of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Energy Storage System...IJPEDS-IAES
This article presents the operation of DFIG Doubly fed induction generator
and a component energy storage (ES) within micro grids (MG). The aim of
this proposal is to control voltage and frequency of wind farm micro grid
shared by the Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) through droop
characteristics. This paper is mainly concerned with the operation of islanded
micro grids. The proposed control methods are pretend by using
Matlab/simulink.
Performance Analysis of Voltage Stability Against Sudden Load Changes in Volt...IJAPEJOURNAL
Distributed Generation (DG) is playing an important role in the field of electricity generation by being a viable alternative to the Centralized Power Generation (CPG). Although, distributed generation has many advantages, it has some issues in the fields of protection, power control, stability, islanding detection etc. Amongst all the issues, this paper attempts to highlight the issue of voltage stability under sudden changes in loading conditions in a distributed generation systems operating in stand-alone mode. Proper design and tuning of compensators for closed loop operation in DG systems can ensure voltage stability. As the load demand increases, the output voltage of DG usually dips for a short time owing to the weak (smaller capacity) nature of renewable sources, after which it returns to steady state. This fall in the voltage profile could prove to be harmful if the settling time is more. The simulation and hardware results illustrate that, accurate compensator design, is one of the key factor in maintaining the voltage stability in DG system. This paper explores the effect of proper compensator design in maintaining voltage stability of DG.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
These slides present about islanding detection techniques in microgrid systems. Later on the classes other aspects of microgrid protection will be discussed in more detail
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In planning for Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in a microgrid, careful consideration must be taken to ensure the DER and microgrid are resilient during both grid-connected and islanded operation. There are many factors considered in the design of a microgrid, including the size of an existing DER, or the size of a new DER, the preferred DER/microgrid control technology and the material and labors costs. This paper discusses protection topics that need to be considered when analyzing microgrid voltage stability during fault conditions. Areas examined are fault contributions and voltage ride-though concerns with synchronous generators and inverter based DERs. A case study simulated on a real time power system simulator is presented in this paper.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Power-Grid Load Balancing by Using Smart Home AppliancesValerio Aisa
Climate change is one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet, and can be mitigated by increasing the efficiency of the electric power generation and distribution system. Dynamic demand control is a low-cost technology that fosters better load balancing of the electricity grid, and thus enable savings on CO2 emissions at power plants. This paper discusses a practical and inexpensive solution for the implementation of dynamic demand control, based on a dedicated peripheral for a general-purpose microcontroller. Pre-production test of the peripheral has been carried out by emulating the actual microprocessor. Simulations have been carried out, to investigate actual efficacy of the proposed approach.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. DG participation in DS control
DG Operation for Distribution System Volt/Var
Control
N. Daratha
guided by
Prof. J.D. Sharma and Prof. B. Das
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Roorkee
PhD Seminar Course
2 / 62
3. DG participation in DS control
Proposition
There is a need for an effective methodology of multi-objective
variable-power-factor distributed generation operation for
distribution system volt/var control during normal and emergency
situation.
3 / 62
4. DG participation in DS control
Outline
Electric Distribution System
Distributed Generation
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
4 / 62
5. DG participation in DS control
Electric Distribution System
Electric Power System
Distribution System
5 / 62
6. DG participation in DS control
Electric Distribution System
Elements of Distribution Systems
Excluding DG, ....
All DS must have feeders and transformer with On-load Tap
Changer.
Most of them have shunt capacitors and/or shunt reactor
fewer of them have SVC (static Var compensator)
even fewer of them have D-STATCOM.
6 / 62
7. DG participation in DS control
Electric Distribution System
We Want Many Objectives
A distribution system must
have good voltage regulation
be energy efficient
have wide stability margin
support transmission system reactive power need
of course, maximize overall profit.
However, achieving all of them at the same time is NOT possible.
7 / 62
8. DG participation in DS control
Electric Distribution System
Feeders: Minimum Losses = Minimum Voltage Drop
Feeders bring electricity to consumers.
A feeder power loss is minimum when when load is pure
resistive.
A feeder voltage drop is minimum when load capacitive reactive
power equals feeders requirement.
8 / 62
9. DG participation in DS control
Electric Distribution System
Control Devices in Distribution Systems
For effective, secure, and safe operation of DS, utility control:
Switches
Voltage regulators (OLTC, SC, SR)
Distributed Generators
Energy Storages
9 / 62
10. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation (DG)
definition, altenative names
a distributed generation (DG) is a small generation connected to
distribution network
IEEE Standard Dictionary Terms :
Electric generation facilities connected to an Area EPS
(Electric Power System) through a PCC (Point of
Common Copling); a subset of DR (Distributed
Resources).
alternative names: embedded generation, dispersed generation
10 / 62
11. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation (DG)
International Energy Agency’s Definition 1
Distributed generation is generating plant serving a customer
on-site or providing support to a distribution network, connected
to the grid at distribution-level voltages.
Dispersed generation is distributed generation plus wind power
and other generation, either connected to a distribution network
or completely independent of the grid.
1 Distributed Generation in Liberalised Electricity Markets, IEA, Paris, 2002
11 / 62
12. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
DG Classifications
DGs can be. . .
renewable (wind,PV,hydro) or non renewable (diesel)
dispatchable (diesel, micro/small hydro) or not-dispatchable
(wind, PV)
intermittent (PV, wind, ocean wave) or steady (diesel, hydro, fuel
cell)
grid-connected or isolated
12 / 62
14. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
DG Impacts on Voltage Regulation
Before Fault
14 / 62
15. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
DG Impacts on Voltage Regulation
After Fault
15 / 62
16. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
DG May Not Participate in Voltage Regulation
IEEE Standard 1547-2003:
4.1.1 Voltage regulation
The DR shall not actively regulate the voltage at the
PCC. The DR shall not cause the Area EPS service voltage
at other Local EPSs to go outside the requirements of ANSI
C84.1-1995, Range A.
16 / 62
17. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Some DGs Reactive Power Capability
Interface that can control reactive power :
synchronous machine 3 (hydro,diesel)
voltage source converter (PV, DFIG4 , Ocean Energy)
(a) Synchronous Generator (b) Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
3 J.
Y. Jackson, “Interpretation and use of generator reactive capability diagrams”,
Industry and General Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. IGA-7, no. 6, pp. 729
–732, nov. 1971
4 S. Engelhardt, I. Erlich, C. Feltes, J. Kretschmann, and F. Shewarega, “Reactive
power capability of wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generators”, Energy
Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 364 –372, march 2011
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18. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
DGs Have Low Utilization Level
PV depends on solar irradiance.
Wind generator depends on wind speed.
Both solar irradiation and wind speed is highly intermittent
There is significant fraction of the time when DG works much
below rated power.
During those time, DGs can provide reactive power service.
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19. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Distributed Reactive Power Generation Control for
Voltage Rise Minimization in Distribution Network5
Prevent significant voltage rise because of DG presence.
2
∗ X X 2 2RPG
QG ≈ − − PG + 2
R2 + X 2 R2 + X 2 R + X2
Compared with constant power factor approach.
Effective reactive power control with two consequences:
increased stress on tap changers.
increased feeder losses.
Voltage become almost independent of DG real power
generation.
Voltage dependence on load is almost unchanged.
5 P.M.S. Carvalho, P.F. Correia, and L.A.F. Ferreira, “Distributed reactive power
generation control for voltage rise mitigation in distribution networks”, Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 766 –772, may 2008
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20. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Voltage Become Almost Independent of DG Real
Power Generation
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21. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Voltage Dependence on Load is Almost Unchanged
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22. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy Sources at
Distribution Level with Power Improvement Features 6
Some other functions that can be provided by DGs:
power transfer at unity power factor
local reactive power support
harmonic mitigation
load balancing
Those functions can be achieved simultaneously or individually
no additional hardware is needed
6 M. Singh, V. Khadkikar, A. Chandra, and R.K. Varma, “Grid interconnection of
renewable energy sources at the distribution level with power-quality improvement
features”, Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 307 –315, jan. 2011
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23. DG participation in DS control
Distributed Generation
Observation I
DG can cause voltage rise on the feeder to which it is connected.
There is a method to mitigate the voltage rise
variable power factor operation
increased number of switching and losses.
Current grid code do not allowed DG to control its output voltage.
DGs is also potential to improve power quality.
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24. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Works in which DGs are in
constant power factor mode.
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25. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Optimal Distribution Voltage Control and coordination
with distributed generation 7
Minimize total losses and voltage deviation
Control OLTC, Shunt Capacitor (SC), Shun Reactor (SR), Step
Voltage Regulator (SVR), Static Voltage Controller (SVC)
Optimization methods : Genetic Agorithm
DGs = PVs with constant unity power factor.
Centralized control
7 T. Senjyu, Y. Miyazato, A. Yona, N. Urasaki, and T. Funabashi, “Optimal distribution
voltage control and coordination with distributed generation”, Power Delivery, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1236 –1242, 2008
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26. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Optimal Distribution Voltage Control and coordination
with distributed generation
Objective: min w1 |Vn,ref − Vn | + w2 Loss
Contraints:
voltage limits
tap position limits (OLTC)
Optimization methods : Genetic Agorithm
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27. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Optimal Distribution Voltage Control and coordination
with distributed generation
SVC Model
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28. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Optimal Distribution Voltage Control and coordination
with distributed generation
SVR Model
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29. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Works in Which DGs are in CONSTANT power factor
mode 1
Alessandro Casavola, Giuseppe Franzè, Daniele Menniti, and
Nicola Sorrentino, “Voltage regulation in distribution networks in
the presence of distributed generation: A voltage set-point
reconfiguration approach”, Electric Power Systems Research,
vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 25 – 34, 2011 → OLTC only
Joon-Ho Choi and Jae-Chul Kim, “Advanced voltage regulation
method of power distribution systems interconnected with
dispersed storage and generation systems”, Power Delivery,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 329 –334, April 2001 →
OLTC only
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30. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Works in Which DGs are in CONSTANT power factor
mode 2
D. Viawan, F.A.; Karlsson, “Combined local and remote voltage
and reactive power control in the presence of induction machine
distributed generation”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,
vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2003–2012, 2007, cited By (since 1996) 10 →
OLTC and SC
Miyoung Kim, R. Hara, and H. Kita, “Design of the optimal ultc
parameters in distribution system with distributed generations”,
Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 297
–305, feb. 2009 → OLTC only
all of them do not include SVC and D-STATCOM
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31. DG participation in DS control
Volt/Var Control In Distribution System With DGs
Observation II: Constant Power Factor Operation
Among paper considering DG constant power factor operation:
most include OLTC and DG
other also include SC
only one include SVR and SVC
none include D-STATCOM
single objective mathematical programming
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32. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Works in which DGs are in
variable power factor mode
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33. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Minimizing Reactive Power Support for Distributed
Generation8
Choosing power factor of DGs and setting of OLTC
Maximising DG reactive power generation
Reducing transmission system burden
Enhanced passive approach vs active approach
Uses DG and OLTC only
8 L. F. Ochoa, A. Keane, and G. P. Harrison, “Minimizing the reactive support for
distributed generation: Enhanced passive operation and smart distribution networks”,
Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1, 2011
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34. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Multiagent Dispatching Scheme for DGs for Voltage
Support on Distribution Feeders9
Each generator control its output based on local measurements.
Those measurements used to calculate sensitivity factors.
Coordination between DGs through a Control Net Protocol (CNP)
Reliable communication network
Uses DG and OLTC only
9 M.E. Baran and I.M. El-Markabi, “A multiagent-based dispatching scheme for
distributed generators for voltage support on distribution feeders”, Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 52 –59, feb. 2007
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35. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Options for Controls of Reactive Power by Distributed
PV Generators 10
Local control of PV generators
Local measurements were sufficient for voltage regulation
Support the idea of Baran and Markabi (2007)
Uses DG and OLTC only
10 K. Turitsyn, P. Sulc, S. Backhaus, and M. Chertkov, “Options for control of reactive
power by distributed photovoltaic generators”, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6,
pp. 1063 –1073, june 2011
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36. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Voltage and Reactive Power Control in Systems with
Synchronous Machine-Based Distributed Generation11
Minimize total losses.
Include OLTC and SC.
DG regulate voltage at point of common connection.
If SC is enough, DG participation does not reduce losses
significantly.
Excess reactive power can support transmission system (Ochoa,
et. al. , 2011).
11 F.A. Viawan and D. Karlsson, “Voltage and reactive power control in systems with
synchronous machine-based distributed generation”, Power Delivery, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1079 –1087, april 2008
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37. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Short-Term Schedulling and Control of Active
Distribution Systems with High Penetration of
Renewable Energy Resources12
a day-ahead scheduler + intra-day (15 minutes) scheduler.
includes dispatchable and not-dispatchable DGs.
a day-ahead scheduler is a forecaster of generator and energy
storage.
intraday scheduler minimize generation deviation define by the
other scheduler.
12 A. Borghetti, M. Bosetti, S. Grillo, S. Massucco, C.A. Nucci, M. Paolone, and
F. Silvestro, “Short-term scheduling and control of active distribution systems with high
penetration of renewable resources”, Systems Journal, IEEE, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 313
–322, sept. 2010
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39. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
The Day-Ahead Scheduler
objective is minimal energy cost
R N
min cj,r ∆tPjr
r =1 j=1
constraints:
Electrical Load balance
Storage units
Power and energy limits
Thermal load balance
inputs: load forecast, generation forecast, energy cost, limits of
generating units, initial status of storage units.
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40. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
The Intra-day Scheduler
Multiobjective:
min αSP + βPloss + γSV
∆x
minimal voltage deviation
minimal generation deviation
minimal network losses
Input: 15-minutes ahead forecast, state estimation results
output: control signal for OLTC, voltage regulators, DGs and
energy storages
controlled variable: active and reactive power generation and
OLTC tap position
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42. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
What are missing?
Further considerations are needed:
switching seguence?
transition cost?
security?
Optimum path?
Reachability?
Initial state Proposed
Optimum State
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43. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Reducing Number of Switching:
1. Constraint Addition
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44. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Importance of Switching Reduction
switching may initiate transients
device has limited total number of switchings
DG’s variable power factor mode increase OLTC’s switching
numbers
slow mechanical switch vs fast load change and intermitent
renewables
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45. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Distribution
System with Limited Switching Operation 13
Objective : min energy losses
23
min E = f (x1 (t), x2 (t), x3 (t))
t=0
x1 discrete variables: OLTCs and Capacitors
x2 Q and V
x3 P and θ
13 M.B. Liu, C.A. Canizares, and W. Huang, “Reactive power and voltage control in
distribution systems with limited switching operations”, Power Systems, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 889 –899, may 2009
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46. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Distribution
System with Limited Switching Operation
Constraints:
power flow equations
tap positions limits
capacity limits
additional constraints : Maximum Allowable daily switching
operation (MADSON)
23
h(x1 (0), x1 (1), ..., x1 (23)) = |x1(t+1) − x1(t) | ≤ Sx1 Cx1
t=0
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47. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Distribution
System with Limited Switching Operation
Proposed optimization method:
discrete variables are treated as continous variables
inequality constraints are converted into equality constraints with
help from slack variables
x1(t) + su1(t) = x1(t)max
x1(t) − su1(t) = x1(t)min
x2(t) + su2(t) = x2(t)max
x2(t) − su2(t) = x2(t)min
h(x1(0) , x1(2) , ..., x1(23) ) = Sx1 Cx2
su1(t) , sl1(t) , su2(t) , sl1(t) ≥ 0
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48. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Reactive Power and Voltage Control in Distribution
System with Limited Switching Operation
Proposed optimization method:
interior point method was used
KKT are derived and solved with Newton-Raphson method.
compared with Genetic Algorithm, BARON and DICOPT
test cases: Baran and Wu 69-buses system and chinese
14-buses system
the proposed method is faster than other methods.
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50. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Alternative Approach:
Rule-based Control
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51. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Reasons for Alternative Approach
Our problem is NP-hard MINLP unless some simplification is
assumed.
Distribution system is large
Slow voltage controller movement and changing load and
generation profile
minimum switching is favorable
some switching action are mutually exclusive
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52. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Configurable, Hierarchical, Model-Based Control of
Electrical Distribution Circuits14
objective : close and better operating state; minimize change of
state
preference-based multi objectives and constraints:
voltage regulation
Capacity constraint
losses
priority is adjustable
control devices : SC, OLTC, SVR, DG
single step (SS) : SC, DG (on-min-on)
multi step (MS) : OLTC, DG (min - max discretized)
14 J. Hambrick and R. P. Broadwater, “Configurable, hierarchical, model-based
control of electrical distribution circuits”, Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.
PP, no. 99, pp. 1, 2010
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53. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
CHMC Main Loop
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54. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
CHMC Main Loop
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55. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Selection of New State
If voltage deviation is smaller than before, accept this newer state.
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56. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Selection of New State
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57. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Selection of New State
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58. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Ways to Reduce Number of Switching
Using previous methods, variable power factor DGs operation
increase number of switching. There are to ways to reduce the
number:
MADSON constraint
rule-based optimization
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59. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Observation III: Variable Power Factor Operation
Among paper considering DG variable power factor operation:
most include only OLTC and DG (one include DG)
single-objective mathematical programming
increased number of switching is expected
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60. DG participation in DS control
DG Participation in Volt/Var Control
Observation IV: Possible Gaps for Future Research
What is not available in literature is volt/var control strategy/method
which:
include a rather complete types of (potential) voltage regulator
is multi-objective optimization plus higher information processing
In addition, optimum switching sequence needed to reach the
optimum state has not been well studied.
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61. DG participation in DS control
Summary
Summary
DGs reactive power capability is not fully utilised.
Grid codes require constant-power factor operation.
Most published research follow the grid codes.
Some works consider the variable-power factor (VPF) operation.
VPF operation increase number of switchings of voltage
regulators
two ways in limiting switching number: MADSON constraint and
a rule-based approach
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62. DG participation in DS control
Summary
Thank You Very Much
DG Operation for Distribution System Volt/Var
Control
N. Daratha
guided by
Prof. J.D. Sharma and Prof. B. Das
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Roorkee
PhD Seminar Course
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