This presentation introduces Digital Image Correlation, the optical technique that compares images of a tested specimen’s surface to generate full-field strain and displacement maps.
The document discusses digital image correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical technique for measuring surface deformation. DIC uses high-resolution cameras and digital image processing to track features on a material's surface as it deforms. This allows DIC to measure displacements, strains, and other values over thousands of points. DIC provides a rich data set for analyzing how materials respond to forces in both static and dynamic testing.
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a non-contact technique that uses cameras to measure surface deformation in 2D or 3D. It was developed in the 1980s and has since revolutionized mechanical testing. DIC provides more comprehensive analysis than traditional methods by measuring full-field deformation over entire sample surfaces. It can be used across industries from medical implants to aircraft wings to transform design, validation, and testing methods.
The document discusses key concepts related to elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic materials including: limits of proportionality and elasticity, yield limit, ultimate strength, strain hardening, proof stress, and the stress-strain relationships of ductile and brittle materials. It provides definitions and examples for each term and describes the stress-strain graphs for ductile materials like mild steel and brittle materials.
The document discusses plasticity theory and yield criteria. It introduces Hooke's law and its limitations under large strains. Generalized Hooke's law is presented for isotropic and anisotropic materials. Common stress-strain curves are shown including elastic-plastic and strain hardening responses. Several yield criteria are covered, including maximum principal stress, Tresca, and von Mises criteria. The von Mises criterion uses a second invariant of stress to predict yielding of ductile materials. An example compares predictions of yielding using Tresca and von Mises criteria for a given stress state in aluminum.
This document discusses various concepts and techniques in photoelasticity. It defines key terms like residual stress, polarized light, index of refraction, birefringence, and retardation. It explains how photoelasticity allows stressed materials to become doubly refractive. It also describes different methods for qualitatively and quantitatively measuring stress using polarized light, including observing color patterns, using a compensator, and analyzer rotation. The stress-optic law relates birefringence to stress differences, allowing stress calculations.
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
This document summarizes a study on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete elevated water tanks under different staging patterns. The study uses the structural analysis software SAP2000 to model an elevated Intze-shaped water tank supported by a radial braced or cross braced reinforced concrete staging system. Parameters like base shear, overturning moment, maximum bending moment, and displacement are compared for the different bracing configurations under empty, half-full, and full fluid levels. The results show that base shear, overturning moment, and displacement generally decrease while bending moment decreases as the number of bracing levels increases for all bracing types. Radial and cross bracing systems performed better in resisting seismic forces than a hexagonal bracing system alone.
This document discusses stress and strain concepts including:
1. Definitions of normal stress, normal strain, Poisson's ratio, shear stress, and shear strain. It also discusses tensile testing and stress-strain curves.
2. Stress-strain curves are shown for ductile and brittle materials. An example curve for low-carbon steel is described.
3. True stress and true strain are defined based on instantaneous cross-sectional area and gage length. Different regions of stress-strain curves are identified.
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
module 1.3
Deformation:
Definition, elastic and plastic deformation, Mechanism of deformation and its significance in design and shaping, Critical Resolved shear stress, Deformation in single crystal and polycrystalline materials, Slip systems and deformability of FCC, BCC and HCP lattice systems.
The document discusses digital image correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical technique for measuring surface deformation. DIC uses high-resolution cameras and digital image processing to track features on a material's surface as it deforms. This allows DIC to measure displacements, strains, and other values over thousands of points. DIC provides a rich data set for analyzing how materials respond to forces in both static and dynamic testing.
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a non-contact technique that uses cameras to measure surface deformation in 2D or 3D. It was developed in the 1980s and has since revolutionized mechanical testing. DIC provides more comprehensive analysis than traditional methods by measuring full-field deformation over entire sample surfaces. It can be used across industries from medical implants to aircraft wings to transform design, validation, and testing methods.
The document discusses key concepts related to elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic materials including: limits of proportionality and elasticity, yield limit, ultimate strength, strain hardening, proof stress, and the stress-strain relationships of ductile and brittle materials. It provides definitions and examples for each term and describes the stress-strain graphs for ductile materials like mild steel and brittle materials.
The document discusses plasticity theory and yield criteria. It introduces Hooke's law and its limitations under large strains. Generalized Hooke's law is presented for isotropic and anisotropic materials. Common stress-strain curves are shown including elastic-plastic and strain hardening responses. Several yield criteria are covered, including maximum principal stress, Tresca, and von Mises criteria. The von Mises criterion uses a second invariant of stress to predict yielding of ductile materials. An example compares predictions of yielding using Tresca and von Mises criteria for a given stress state in aluminum.
This document discusses various concepts and techniques in photoelasticity. It defines key terms like residual stress, polarized light, index of refraction, birefringence, and retardation. It explains how photoelasticity allows stressed materials to become doubly refractive. It also describes different methods for qualitatively and quantitatively measuring stress using polarized light, including observing color patterns, using a compensator, and analyzer rotation. The stress-optic law relates birefringence to stress differences, allowing stress calculations.
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
This document summarizes a study on the seismic behavior of reinforced concrete elevated water tanks under different staging patterns. The study uses the structural analysis software SAP2000 to model an elevated Intze-shaped water tank supported by a radial braced or cross braced reinforced concrete staging system. Parameters like base shear, overturning moment, maximum bending moment, and displacement are compared for the different bracing configurations under empty, half-full, and full fluid levels. The results show that base shear, overturning moment, and displacement generally decrease while bending moment decreases as the number of bracing levels increases for all bracing types. Radial and cross bracing systems performed better in resisting seismic forces than a hexagonal bracing system alone.
This document discusses stress and strain concepts including:
1. Definitions of normal stress, normal strain, Poisson's ratio, shear stress, and shear strain. It also discusses tensile testing and stress-strain curves.
2. Stress-strain curves are shown for ductile and brittle materials. An example curve for low-carbon steel is described.
3. True stress and true strain are defined based on instantaneous cross-sectional area and gage length. Different regions of stress-strain curves are identified.
Mumbai University
Mechanical engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
module 1.3
Deformation:
Definition, elastic and plastic deformation, Mechanism of deformation and its significance in design and shaping, Critical Resolved shear stress, Deformation in single crystal and polycrystalline materials, Slip systems and deformability of FCC, BCC and HCP lattice systems.
This document discusses the direct stiffness method for structural analysis. It begins by introducing the direct stiffness method and its key aspects, including using member stiffness matrices to express actions and displacements at both ends of each member. It then provides examples of applying the direct stiffness method to analyze a plane truss member and plane frame member. This involves deriving the member stiffness matrices in local coordinates, and transforming displacement, load, and stiffness matrices between local and global coordinate systems using rotation matrices.
A review of constitutive models for plastic deformationSamir More
Materials like mild steel have defined yield point hence it is easy to distinguish between the elastic region and plastic region of deformation. But for materials that do not have specified yield point, it is hard to distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation region. In that case may be plastic deformation starts from beginning of the application of the load. For elastic region, stress and strain are in linear relationship with each other hence Hook’s law valid true. But for plastic region, the relation between stress and strain is nonlinear and complicated. So need for continuum plasticity model arises. The main aim of continuum plasticity model is to formulate mathematical model based on experimental results that can predict the plastic deformation of material under varying loading conditions and at different elevated temperature.
The document provides an introduction to the finite element method (FEM). It discusses that FEM is a numerical technique used to approximate solutions to boundary value problems defined by partial differential equations. It can handle complex geometries, loadings, and material properties that have no analytical solution. The document outlines the historical development of FEM and describes different numerical methods like the finite difference method, variational method, and weighted residual methods that FEM evolved from. It also discusses key concepts in FEM like discretization into elements, node points, and interpolation functions.
Mohr's circle is a graphical representation of the transformation between normal and shear stresses on planes at various angles to the original plane of reference in two-dimensional stress fields. It allows determination of principal stresses and maximum shear stress. The document discusses the theory behind Mohr's circle, how to construct it, and provides an example problem calculating principal stresses and maximum shear stress given normal and shear stresses on a reference plane.
The document discusses the differences between centroid and center of gravity. The centroid is defined as a point about which the entire line, area or volume is assumed to be concentrated, and is related to the distribution of length, area and volume. The center of gravity is defined as the point about which the entire weight of an object is assumed to be concentrated, also known as the center of mass, and is related to the distribution of mass. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts of centroid and center of gravity.
Macaulay's method provides a continuous expression for the bending moment of a beam subjected to discontinuous loads like point loads, allowing the constants of integration to be valid for all sections of the beam. The key steps are:
1) Determine reaction forces.
2) Assume a section XX distance x from the left support and calculate the moment about it.
3) Insert the bending moment expression into the differential equation for the elastic curve and integrate twice to obtain expressions for slope and deflection with constants of integration.
4) Apply boundary conditions to determine the constants, resulting in final equations to calculate slope and deflection at any section. This avoids deriving separate equations for each beam section as with traditional methods
Thermal stresses and strains occur when temperature changes cause materials to expand or contract. Thermal strain is proportional to the temperature change. Uneven heating can induce stresses if expansion is constrained. Thermal stresses are analyzed by considering both the thermal strain and any mechanical stresses from applied loads. Bars with non-uniform cross sections experience varying thermal stresses due to differences in expansion rates. Composite bars made of different materials also experience thermal stresses at their interface as the materials expand unequally with temperature changes. Thermal stresses can be calculated using equations that relate stress, strain, temperature change, elastic modulus, and coefficients of thermal expansion for the materials.
The document provides an introduction to mechanics of deformable solids. It defines stress as force per unit area and distinguishes between normal and shear stresses. Normal stresses are stresses acting perpendicular to a surface, and can be tensile or compressive. Shear stresses act parallel to a surface. The general state of stress at a point involves six independent stress components - normal stresses on three perpendicular planes and shear stresses on those planes. Notation for stresses depends on the coordinate system used.
The document discusses buckling and its theories. It defines buckling as the failure of a slender structural member subjected to compressive loads. It provides examples of structures that can experience buckling. It explains Euler's theory of buckling which derived an equation for the critical buckling load of a long column based on its bending stress. The assumptions of Euler's theory are listed. Four cases of long column buckling based on end conditions are examined: both ends pinned, both ends fixed, one end fixed and one end pinned, one end fixed and one end free. Effective lengths are defined for each case and the corresponding critical buckling loads given. Limitations of Euler's theory are noted. Rankine's empirical formula for calculating ultimate
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a technique that can rapidly measure the orientations of crystals in a sample. EBSD uses automated software to analyze diffraction patterns produced when electrons hit the sample. This provides data on texture, grain orientation, grain shape, and deformation structure. However, there can be accuracy issues when linking crystal orientations to microstructural features due to differences in microscope and software setups and crystal symmetries. Establishing consistent frames of reference between the sample, crystal structure, and diffraction patterns is important for confident use of the orientation data.
This presentation gives an information about: photoelasticity, covering syllabus of Unit-3, of Experimental stress analysis subject for BE course under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum.
ANALYSIS OF A THIN AND THICK WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS IAEME Publication
In the present work the problem of calculation of the stress developed in the thin and thick cylindrical pressure vessels is numerically solved by using software in C++. The analysis has been done for two different materials pressure vessels. The variations in the thickness of the pressure vessels have been considered for the analysis for different internal pressures. The common characteristic of the pressure vessels solved is that the radial and tangential stresses vary in the same nature of curve for different thickness of vessels.
This document provides information about the Solid Mechanics course ME 302 taught by Dr. Nirmal Baran Hui at NIT Durgapur in West Bengal, India. It lists four required textbooks for the course and provides a detailed syllabus covering topics like stress, strain, elasticity, bending, deflection, columns, torsion, pressure vessels, combined loadings, springs, and failure theories. The document also includes examples of lecture content on stress analysis, stresses on oblique planes, and material subjected to pure shear.
Application for 3D surface mapping with high image resolution and measurement. Targeting product having high surface flatness or needed high precision measurement for 3D surface.
This document contains notes on mechanics of materials and stress-strain behavior. It discusses topics like simple stress, normal stress, tensile and compressive stress, strain, stress-strain diagrams, elastic constants, Hooke's law, relationships between elastic constants, basic bending theory, bending equations, and neutral surfaces. The document is composed of multiple sections each focusing on a key topic, with definitions, explanations, formulas, and diagrams provided.
This document provides an overview of laminated composite materials and refined plate theories used to model their behavior. It discusses how classical plate theory (CPT) and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) have limitations for thick laminated composites due to neglecting transverse shear effects. Higher-order theories like trigonometric shear deformation theory (TSDT), hyperbolic shear deformation theory (HSDT), and second-order shear deformation theory (SSDT) are introduced to address these limitations. The objectives of the study are to develop new refined theories, establish their credibility by applying them to static flexure problems, and obtain results for laminated beams and plates under various loadings not widely available in literature.
1. The stiffness method is used to analyze the beam by determining its degree of kinematic indeterminacy, selecting unknown displacements, restraining the structure, and generating a stiffness matrix.
2. A 4m beam with supports at 1.5m and 3m is analyzed using a stiffness matrix approach. The displacements selected are the rotations at joints B and C.
3. The stiffness matrix is generated by applying unit rotations at each joint and calculating the actions. This matrix is then used along with the applied loads in a superposition equation to solve for the unknown displacements.
1. The document discusses unsymmetrical bending of beams. When a beam bends about an axis that is not perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, it is undergoing unsymmetrical bending.
2. Key aspects discussed include determining the principal axes, direct stress distribution, and deflection of beams under unsymmetrical bending. Equations are provided to calculate stresses and deflections.
3. An example problem is given involving finding the stresses at two points on a cantilever beam subjected to an unsymmetrical loading. The principal moments of inertia and neutral axis orientation are calculated.
1) A stress concentration is a location where stress is concentrated, such as at a crack or sharp edge, weakening the material.
2) Stress concentrations can cause failure when the concentrated stress exceeds the material's theoretical strength. Most materials contain small cracks or defects that concentrate stress.
3) Removing stress concentrations through techniques like adding fillets can increase a material's fatigue strength by preventing the initiation and growth of cracks.
This document outlines a master's project that aims to apply 2-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) to map bond strain and stress distribution in concrete pull-out specimens. Eleven concrete specimens with varying bar diameters and fiber contents were tested. 2D-DIC analysis was used to find displacement fields from images taken during testing, which were then used to calculate strain and stress distributions. Results showed good agreement between 2D-DIC displacements and measurements from LVDT sensors. Strain contours were mapped for two selected specimens.
Strain Measurement Techniques for Composites TestingInstron
This presentation looks at traditional methods of strain measurement and the latest developments in automatic contacting and non-contacting extensometers.
This document discusses the direct stiffness method for structural analysis. It begins by introducing the direct stiffness method and its key aspects, including using member stiffness matrices to express actions and displacements at both ends of each member. It then provides examples of applying the direct stiffness method to analyze a plane truss member and plane frame member. This involves deriving the member stiffness matrices in local coordinates, and transforming displacement, load, and stiffness matrices between local and global coordinate systems using rotation matrices.
A review of constitutive models for plastic deformationSamir More
Materials like mild steel have defined yield point hence it is easy to distinguish between the elastic region and plastic region of deformation. But for materials that do not have specified yield point, it is hard to distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation region. In that case may be plastic deformation starts from beginning of the application of the load. For elastic region, stress and strain are in linear relationship with each other hence Hook’s law valid true. But for plastic region, the relation between stress and strain is nonlinear and complicated. So need for continuum plasticity model arises. The main aim of continuum plasticity model is to formulate mathematical model based on experimental results that can predict the plastic deformation of material under varying loading conditions and at different elevated temperature.
The document provides an introduction to the finite element method (FEM). It discusses that FEM is a numerical technique used to approximate solutions to boundary value problems defined by partial differential equations. It can handle complex geometries, loadings, and material properties that have no analytical solution. The document outlines the historical development of FEM and describes different numerical methods like the finite difference method, variational method, and weighted residual methods that FEM evolved from. It also discusses key concepts in FEM like discretization into elements, node points, and interpolation functions.
Mohr's circle is a graphical representation of the transformation between normal and shear stresses on planes at various angles to the original plane of reference in two-dimensional stress fields. It allows determination of principal stresses and maximum shear stress. The document discusses the theory behind Mohr's circle, how to construct it, and provides an example problem calculating principal stresses and maximum shear stress given normal and shear stresses on a reference plane.
The document discusses the differences between centroid and center of gravity. The centroid is defined as a point about which the entire line, area or volume is assumed to be concentrated, and is related to the distribution of length, area and volume. The center of gravity is defined as the point about which the entire weight of an object is assumed to be concentrated, also known as the center of mass, and is related to the distribution of mass. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts of centroid and center of gravity.
Macaulay's method provides a continuous expression for the bending moment of a beam subjected to discontinuous loads like point loads, allowing the constants of integration to be valid for all sections of the beam. The key steps are:
1) Determine reaction forces.
2) Assume a section XX distance x from the left support and calculate the moment about it.
3) Insert the bending moment expression into the differential equation for the elastic curve and integrate twice to obtain expressions for slope and deflection with constants of integration.
4) Apply boundary conditions to determine the constants, resulting in final equations to calculate slope and deflection at any section. This avoids deriving separate equations for each beam section as with traditional methods
Thermal stresses and strains occur when temperature changes cause materials to expand or contract. Thermal strain is proportional to the temperature change. Uneven heating can induce stresses if expansion is constrained. Thermal stresses are analyzed by considering both the thermal strain and any mechanical stresses from applied loads. Bars with non-uniform cross sections experience varying thermal stresses due to differences in expansion rates. Composite bars made of different materials also experience thermal stresses at their interface as the materials expand unequally with temperature changes. Thermal stresses can be calculated using equations that relate stress, strain, temperature change, elastic modulus, and coefficients of thermal expansion for the materials.
The document provides an introduction to mechanics of deformable solids. It defines stress as force per unit area and distinguishes between normal and shear stresses. Normal stresses are stresses acting perpendicular to a surface, and can be tensile or compressive. Shear stresses act parallel to a surface. The general state of stress at a point involves six independent stress components - normal stresses on three perpendicular planes and shear stresses on those planes. Notation for stresses depends on the coordinate system used.
The document discusses buckling and its theories. It defines buckling as the failure of a slender structural member subjected to compressive loads. It provides examples of structures that can experience buckling. It explains Euler's theory of buckling which derived an equation for the critical buckling load of a long column based on its bending stress. The assumptions of Euler's theory are listed. Four cases of long column buckling based on end conditions are examined: both ends pinned, both ends fixed, one end fixed and one end pinned, one end fixed and one end free. Effective lengths are defined for each case and the corresponding critical buckling loads given. Limitations of Euler's theory are noted. Rankine's empirical formula for calculating ultimate
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a technique that can rapidly measure the orientations of crystals in a sample. EBSD uses automated software to analyze diffraction patterns produced when electrons hit the sample. This provides data on texture, grain orientation, grain shape, and deformation structure. However, there can be accuracy issues when linking crystal orientations to microstructural features due to differences in microscope and software setups and crystal symmetries. Establishing consistent frames of reference between the sample, crystal structure, and diffraction patterns is important for confident use of the orientation data.
This presentation gives an information about: photoelasticity, covering syllabus of Unit-3, of Experimental stress analysis subject for BE course under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum.
ANALYSIS OF A THIN AND THICK WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL FOR DIFFERENT MATERIALS IAEME Publication
In the present work the problem of calculation of the stress developed in the thin and thick cylindrical pressure vessels is numerically solved by using software in C++. The analysis has been done for two different materials pressure vessels. The variations in the thickness of the pressure vessels have been considered for the analysis for different internal pressures. The common characteristic of the pressure vessels solved is that the radial and tangential stresses vary in the same nature of curve for different thickness of vessels.
This document provides information about the Solid Mechanics course ME 302 taught by Dr. Nirmal Baran Hui at NIT Durgapur in West Bengal, India. It lists four required textbooks for the course and provides a detailed syllabus covering topics like stress, strain, elasticity, bending, deflection, columns, torsion, pressure vessels, combined loadings, springs, and failure theories. The document also includes examples of lecture content on stress analysis, stresses on oblique planes, and material subjected to pure shear.
Application for 3D surface mapping with high image resolution and measurement. Targeting product having high surface flatness or needed high precision measurement for 3D surface.
This document contains notes on mechanics of materials and stress-strain behavior. It discusses topics like simple stress, normal stress, tensile and compressive stress, strain, stress-strain diagrams, elastic constants, Hooke's law, relationships between elastic constants, basic bending theory, bending equations, and neutral surfaces. The document is composed of multiple sections each focusing on a key topic, with definitions, explanations, formulas, and diagrams provided.
This document provides an overview of laminated composite materials and refined plate theories used to model their behavior. It discusses how classical plate theory (CPT) and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) have limitations for thick laminated composites due to neglecting transverse shear effects. Higher-order theories like trigonometric shear deformation theory (TSDT), hyperbolic shear deformation theory (HSDT), and second-order shear deformation theory (SSDT) are introduced to address these limitations. The objectives of the study are to develop new refined theories, establish their credibility by applying them to static flexure problems, and obtain results for laminated beams and plates under various loadings not widely available in literature.
1. The stiffness method is used to analyze the beam by determining its degree of kinematic indeterminacy, selecting unknown displacements, restraining the structure, and generating a stiffness matrix.
2. A 4m beam with supports at 1.5m and 3m is analyzed using a stiffness matrix approach. The displacements selected are the rotations at joints B and C.
3. The stiffness matrix is generated by applying unit rotations at each joint and calculating the actions. This matrix is then used along with the applied loads in a superposition equation to solve for the unknown displacements.
1. The document discusses unsymmetrical bending of beams. When a beam bends about an axis that is not perpendicular to a plane of symmetry, it is undergoing unsymmetrical bending.
2. Key aspects discussed include determining the principal axes, direct stress distribution, and deflection of beams under unsymmetrical bending. Equations are provided to calculate stresses and deflections.
3. An example problem is given involving finding the stresses at two points on a cantilever beam subjected to an unsymmetrical loading. The principal moments of inertia and neutral axis orientation are calculated.
1) A stress concentration is a location where stress is concentrated, such as at a crack or sharp edge, weakening the material.
2) Stress concentrations can cause failure when the concentrated stress exceeds the material's theoretical strength. Most materials contain small cracks or defects that concentrate stress.
3) Removing stress concentrations through techniques like adding fillets can increase a material's fatigue strength by preventing the initiation and growth of cracks.
This document outlines a master's project that aims to apply 2-Dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC) to map bond strain and stress distribution in concrete pull-out specimens. Eleven concrete specimens with varying bar diameters and fiber contents were tested. 2D-DIC analysis was used to find displacement fields from images taken during testing, which were then used to calculate strain and stress distributions. Results showed good agreement between 2D-DIC displacements and measurements from LVDT sensors. Strain contours were mapped for two selected specimens.
Strain Measurement Techniques for Composites TestingInstron
This presentation looks at traditional methods of strain measurement and the latest developments in automatic contacting and non-contacting extensometers.
The document presents the design and implementation of a "DIY" (do-it-yourself) digital image correlation (DIC) system. The objectives are to design a lower-cost and more portable alternative to commercial DIC systems using cheaper materials. A literature review of DIC components and techniques was conducted. Concepts were generated and evaluated before selecting a final design. The prototype was built using a smartphone camera, low-cost tensile test mechanism, and open-source software. Experimental testing showed the DIY system could produce strain maps within an acceptable error range compared to commercial systems, validating the design for classroom demonstrations and preliminary sample testing.
Composites on the Move: The Need for Dynamic Testing Instron
- Dynamic testing of composites is critical for design but still lags behind metals testing. While fatigue testing of composites has begun, it has mostly involved simple tension-tension testing without temperature control. More realistic testing is needed that involves compression, reversed loading, and fixed strain rates.
- Strain rate testing is also important as materials behave differently at higher strain rates. Recent work has developed high strain rate compression testing up to 100/s but challenges remain in reducing noise and interpreting results.
- New analysis tools like digital image correlation and thermoelastic stress analysis allow more data-rich testing of failure modes like crack propagation but composites testing still has headroom for development.
Top 5 Sources of Error in Biomedical TestingInstron
In the medical device and pharmaceutical industries, data accuracy is incredibly important. In this presentation, Instron® Biomedical Market Manager Elayne Gordonov shares the most common areas overlooked in testing that could lead to inaccurate or misleading results.
Understanding Changes to Key Plastics Testing Standards Instron
The document summarizes key changes made to common plastics testing standards ISO 527 parts 1 and 2 and ASTM D638 over recent years. Some changes include new definitions for tensile modulus and strength, allowing two test speeds instead of one, increasing the gauge length from 50mm to 75mm, and changes to the definitions of nominal strain and strain terms. Understanding these changes is important, as they can result in different test results even when evaluating the same material. Labs should ensure test procedures, equipment, and data reporting comply with the latest standard requirements.
Tampere Wear Center activities and research equipment 2015Kati Valtonen
Tampere Wear Center (TWC) concentrates on both scientific and practical aspects of wear and tribology, trying to bridge the gap between scientific basic research and applied industrial research and product development. The aim of TWC is to provide in-depth insight into the mechanisms of wear and thereby facilitate the development of new wear resistant materials and to find solutions to the practical wear problems constantly faced by the industry.
TWC has excellent infrastructure for wear and tribology research, as well as highly qualified scientists and research engineers for the needs of both long-term scientific research and product development for the industry. TWC conducts research in close collaboration with several internationally recognized partners.
This document provides an overview of melt flow testing based on ISO 1133 and ASTM D1238 standards. Melt flow testing measures the mass or volume of melted polymer that flows through a die in 10 minutes at a specified temperature. It is commonly used for quality control of thermoplastics to verify materials, check quality, compare new materials, and predict polymer processing behavior. Key factors that can influence melt flow results include temperature accuracy and stability, sample preparation and moisture content, compaction method, density value used, manual test operations, die and piston maintenance, and cleaning procedures.
With a wide range of applications varying from white goods, automotive, and aerospace applications, sheet metals are often high in strength relative to their cross section area. It’s important to note that formability and ductility is also crucial, for which the common testing requirements are similar across applications. Explore the challenges in sheet metal testing.
This presentation addresses the changes and trends in key standards; factors that influence results and solutions; and increasing lab efficiency and throughput in regards to melt flow, heat deflection temperature (HDT), & impact testing.
Efficient Variable Size Template Matching Using Fast Normalized Cross Correla...Gurbinder Gill
In this presentation we propose the parallel implementation of template matching using Full Search using NCC as a measure using the concept of pre-computed sum-tables referred to as FNCC for high resolution images on NVIDIA’s Graphics Processing Units (GP-GPU’s)
Vision with OF: https://www.udemy.com/vision-with-of/
This lecture is from the computer vision section of the course on udemy. Learn how to use various template matching algorithms such as squared difference, normalized square difference, correlation and correlation co-efficient for template matching. This technique can be modified for object detection and tracking.
Template matching is a technique used in computer vision to find sub-images in a target image that match a template image. It involves moving the template over the target image and calculating a measure of similarity at each position. This is computationally expensive. Template matching can be done at the pixel level or on higher-level features and regions. Various measures are used to quantify the similarity or dissimilarity between images during the matching process. Template matching has applications in areas like object detection but faces challenges with noise, occlusions, and variations in scale and rotation.
Metals Tensile Testing Standards: ISO 6892-1 ASTM E8/8M for Strain ControlInstron
Brief introduction into some of the changes and updates to both the ISO 6892-1 and ASTM E8/8M tensile testing standards for metals and ambient temperature, importantly strain control
This document discusses challenges facing rebar manufacturers and testing programs due to expected increases in construction volumes and changes in rebar specifications. It identifies challenges such as testing irregularly shaped rebar, absorbing high energy failures, accurately measuring strain and elongation, ensuring repeatable tensile test results, performing bend tests, and cycle testing mechanical coupliers. It emphasizes that testing programs should be prepared to address these challenges to avoid risks to product quality as construction and rebar standards evolve.
Face detection involves classifying images as containing a human face or not. Template matching is used, where standard face patterns are stored and compared to regions of the input image. The document outlines the process, which includes skin segmentation to identify potential face regions, then template matching to those regions to detect faces. Challenges include handling various poses, expressions, rotations and image conditions. Front-view face detection can currently achieve 95% accuracy on 320x240 images at over 15 frames per second.
This document discusses the fundamentals of rheology and how rheological tests can help with polymer processing and development. It describes different types of rheometers including capillary, rotational, and extensional rheometers. Capillary rheology provides information about how materials behave when melted and correlates flow parameters to mechanical properties. Capillary rheology can determine optimal processing parameters and investigate issues. The document also discusses how rheological properties relate to molecular weight and processing techniques like extrusion, injection molding, and blow molding that can be simulated using a capillary rheometer.
Using Digital Microscopes to Solve Common Microscopy Issues: Even First-Time ...Olympus IMS
Advanced digital microscopes provide efficient solutions to a variety of common microscope challenges faced by users of conventional optical and digital microscopes. The following represent 10 conventional microscope issues and 10 solutions made possible with current digital microscope technology.
1. Specific details need to be seen on challenging samples.
2. A large sample area needs to be observed in high resolution.
3. All areas of an uneven surface need to be in focus at the same time.
4. Sample features need to be determined, characterized, and measured in 3D.
5. Operators with varying skill levels need to perform similar tasks.
6. Reproducible measurements are needed from multiple operators.
7. Optical-quality imaging is needed from a digital microscope.
8. Guaranteed measurement accuracy is required from a digital microscope.
9. Varied observation techniques require different lens setups.
10. Magnification adjustments require manual calibration.
For more information on Olympus digital microscopy solutions, visit: http://www.olympus-ims.com/en/microscope/dsx/
Reverse engineering is the process of capturing geometric data from an existing object to build CAD models. It involves digitizing parts using a 3D scanner to collect raw point cloud data, then converting this into usable CAD formats. Various scanning technologies exist, including laser scanning, structured light scanning, and CT scanning. Laser scanning uses trigonometric triangulation to capture millions of 3D points, while structured light scanning is very fast but can miss internal or obscured features. The captured data can then be used to reproduce the original parts through 3D printing or modify the designs using CAD software.
Getting More Precision in Videoscope Measurements While Taking Larger Measure...Olympus IMS
The challenges that go into providing accurate and precise measurements larger and from further away.Though well established, stereo measurement is often thought of as unchanging. With measurements such as distance from root, blending profiles, corrosion and area measurements requiring a greater range of measurement and precision, it is essential to understand the evolution of stereo measurement as well as other technologies available.
This presentation will focus on the basic types of measurement technologies for videoscopes, and their inherent strength and weaknesses. Reference, Shadow, Stereo, Pattern projection measurement will all be presented.
In reference to stereo measurement, recent advances and factors can improve the precision of stereo measurement compared to what existed a decade ago. What goes into the hardware and the software that translate into to a greater precision to perform greater and more reliable measurements during RVI.
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen,
who earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Although their potential applications
in medical imaging diagnosis were clear from the beginning, the implementation of
the first X-ray computed tomography system was made in 1972 by Godfrey Newbold
Hounsfield (Nobel prize winner in 1979 for Physiology and Medicine), who constructed
the prototype of the first medical CT scanner and is considered the father of computed
tomography. CT was introduced into clinical practice into 1971 with a scan of a cystic
frontal lobe tumor on a patient at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon (United
Kingdom). After this, CT was immediately welcomed by the medical community and
has often been referred to as the most important invention in radiological diagnosis, since
the discovery of X-rays [1].
The first applications of CT in an industrial context is traced back to the first 1980´s, in the
field of non destructive testing, where small number of slices of the object were visually
inspected. 3D quantitative industrial CT applications appeared in the later 1990s, with
simple volume and distance analysis [2]. Today, thanks to relevant improvements in both
hardware and software, CT has become a powerful and widely used tool among non
destructive techniques, capable of inspecting external and internal structures (without
destroying them) in many industrial applications. Development of more and more stable
X-ray sources and better detectors led to design of more complex CT system, providing
accurate geometrical information with micrometer accuracy. CT is widely used for
geometrical characterization of test objects, material composition determination, density
variation inspection etc. In a relative short time, CT is capable to produce a complete
three-dimensional model and tolerances of the scanned machined parts can be verified.
Because of the growing interest on precision in production engineering and an increasing
demand for quality control and assurance, CT is leading the field of manufacturing
and coordinate metrology. With respect to traditional techniques, CT systems have indisputable advantages: internal and external geometry can be acquired without
destroying the part, with a density of information much higher than common tactile and
optical coordinate measuring. A key parameter for reliability of the measurement process
is the establishment of measuring uncertainty. Since there are many influence parameters
in CT, uncertainty contributors in CT and standards dealing with quantification of CT
have not been completely established yet. The assessment of the uncertainty budget
becomes a challenge for all researchers
The document summarizes dimensional measurement methodologies and their applications. It categorizes common methods as either tactile or non-tactile, and describes examples of each including coordinate measuring machines, interferometry, laser scanning, and photogrammetry. Applications discussed include reverse engineering, quality assurance, medical, automotive, and user interfaces. The market for 3D metrology is projected to reach $10.9 billion by 2022. The document also discusses trends in the field and a vision for the future including more compact, mobile, and cloud-based solutions enabled by advances in components, processing, and artificial intelligence.
3d machine-vision-systems-paper-presentationChidananda M
ww
1) 3D machine vision systems have advanced to enable quantitative metrology applications on the shop floor. Technologies like laser scanning, structured light, and stereo viewing can provide measurements at sub-mil resolution and speeds sufficient for inspection.
2) Key challenges for 3D optical systems include varying surface finishes and textures that can scatter or diffuse light signals. Thorough testing on representative surfaces and features is important to validate measurement capabilities.
3) Comparisons to independent measurement methods help qualify new 3D vision systems, as traditional gauges may not provide the same level of capability or repeatability. Standard artifacts can verify optical measurements.
This document discusses various surveying techniques and equipment, including total stations. It provides details on total stations such as their basic components, accuracy levels, functions, applications, and operations involved in using them. Some key points covered include that total stations simultaneously measure angles and distances, have accuracy levels of 1-20 seconds for angles and 2mm-10mm per km for distances, and are used for applications like topographic, hydrographic, and cadastral surveys. The document also discusses limitations, safety precautions, and how to supervise total station work.
Modern surveying equipment includes EDMs, auto levels, digital levels, total stations, and GPS. Total stations integrate a theodolite to measure angles, an EDM to measure distances, and data recording capabilities. Total stations provide accurate position (x, y, z) coordinates and are the most accurate and user-friendly surveying instrument. They measure distance and angles, store data, and display coordinates. Auxiliary equipment includes prisms or targets and a data recorder. Total stations are used for general surveying, mapping, construction layout, and monitoring tasks.
3d Machine Vision Systems Paper Presentationguestac67362
ww
1) 3D machine vision systems have advanced to enable quantitative metrology applications on the shop floor. Technologies like laser scanning, structured light, and stereo vision can provide measurements in the sub-mil range at speeds of a few seconds.
2) Key factors for production use are measurement resolution in mils/sub-mils, speeds under a few seconds, and robustness to varying surface finishes and conditions. Technologies were tested on features like edges, textures, and spheres to evaluate performance.
3) Applications include industrial inspection, autonomous vehicles, transport safety, surveillance, remote sensing, and medical imaging. Continued improvements in computing, cameras, and light sources will further expand use of 3D machine
3D Facial Imagining /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
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Inspection Principles and practices, Inspection technologies.pptxSonuSteephen
This document discusses various inspection principles, practices, and technologies. It begins by describing inspection techniques that are either manual or rely on modern machines like CMMs. Key aspects of metrology and desirable instrument characteristics are outlined. The document then differentiates between contact and non-contact inspection, noting advantages of non-contact methods. Specific technologies are examined, including CMMs, machine vision, optical tools, and non-optical techniques using other sensor types.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit:
https://www.embedded-vision.com/platinum-members/aimotive/embedded-vision-training/videos/pages/may-2019-embedded-vision-summit-debreczeni
For more information about embedded vision, please visit:
http://www.embedded-vision.com
Gergely Debreczeni, Chief Scientist at AImotive, presents the "Distance Estimation Solutions for ADAS and Automated Driving" tutorial at the May 2019 Embedded Vision Summit.
Distance estimation is at the heart of automotive driver assistance systems (ADAS) and automated driving (AD). Simply stated, safe operation of vehicles requires robust distance estimation. Many different types of sensors (camera, radar, LiDAR, sonar) can be used for distance estimation, and different distance estimation techniques can be used with each type of sensor. Each type of sensor and technique has unique strengths and weaknesses. Debreczeni examines these techniques and their strengths and weaknesses, and shows how multiple techniques using different sensor types can be fused to enable robust distance estimation for a specific automated driving application.
The document describes an efector dualis vision sensor that can solve a variety of inspection and error-proofing applications throughout the manufacturing process. It has a compact CMOS image sensor and fast image capture and processing capabilities. The sensor includes integrated lighting, evaluation electronics, and an industrial housing. It can be easily configured via an Ethernet interface and Setup Wizard software. Example applications discussed include part verification, orientation detection, sortation, and detecting part presence or absence. The sensor provides a simpler and more cost-effective solution than traditional vision systems or sensor clusters.
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This document summarizes various modern surveying equipment used for mapping and construction projects, including:
- Electronic distance measurement (EDM) devices and total stations that integrate EDM to measure distances electronically.
- Automatic and digital levels used to measure elevations and slopes accurately and efficiently.
- Global positioning systems (GPS) that use satellites to determine precise locations on Earth.
- Key principles, components, operations, and uses of total stations are described, which integrate distance measurement, angle measurement, and data recording into one portable instrument.
3D Scanners and their Economic FeasibilityJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how the economic feasibility of 3D scanners is becoming better through improvements in lasers, camera ICs, and processor ICs. 3D scanning is both a complement to 3D printing and a technology with its own unique applications. 3D printing of complex objects can be done from a CAD database or from a 3D scan where a 3D scan can be done with laser or other sources of white light such as LEDs.
3D scanning can also be done for other purposes. For example, scientists and engineers are using 3D scanners to survey archeological, construction, crime scene, and engineering sites, to document maintenance and repair of engineered systems, and to customize medical and dental products for humans. Improvements in lasers, LEDs, camera chips, ICs, and other components continue to improve the economic feasibility of 3D scanning. Longer wavelength lasers increase the scanning range, better camera chips improve the scanning resolution, and better lasers, camera chips, and processor ICs reduce the scanning time. For example, third generation scanners from Argon, one leading supplier, have 100 times higher resolution and one tenth the scan times of Argon’s first generation system.
For costs, lasers make up the largest percentage followed by camera and processor ICs. For example, lasers make up 80% of the hardware cost for one high-end system with a current cost of $1346 and a price of about $3000. As laser costs fall and as volumes enable smaller margins, the price of such systems will fall.
For the same reasons, low-end systems continue to emerge. These include Microsoft’s Kinect and an app for the iPhone. Microsoft’s Kinect was $150 while the app was only $4.99, both in early 2013. As such low-end systems proliferate, and high-end systems continue to get cheaper, 3D scanning will find new applications.
Portal Imaging used to clear setup uncertaintyMajoVJJose
Title: Portal Imaging in Radiotherapy: A Comprehensive Exploration of Techniques, Applications, and Advancements
Introduction
Portal imaging is a critical component of modern radiotherapy, playing a pivotal role in the verification and precision of radiation treatment delivery. This technique involves the acquisition of X-ray images during or immediately after a patient's radiotherapy session, providing valuable information on the alignment of the treatment field with the intended target and surrounding critical structures. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the principles, techniques, clinical applications, challenges, and future prospects of portal imaging in the context of radiotherapy.
1. Principles of Portal Imaging
Portal imaging is rooted in the principles of verifying and ensuring the accuracy of radiation therapy delivery. Before each treatment fraction, the patient's position is verified to ensure it aligns precisely with the treatment plan. Portal images are acquired using specialized imaging devices, usually in the form of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) or film-based systems. These images serve as a real-time snapshot of the radiation field, allowing clinicians to assess the actual treatment setup against the planned position.
2. Techniques of Portal Imaging
2.1 Electronic Portal Imaging Devices (EPIDs)
Electronic portal imaging devices, or EPIDs, have become a standard tool in portal imaging due to their real-time imaging capabilities and digital nature. EPIDs consist of a detector panel that captures the transmitted radiation through the patient during treatment. The resulting electronic images are immediately available for review, facilitating prompt decision-making regarding the need for adjustments in patient positioning or treatment parameters.
2.2 Film-Based Portal Imaging
Film-based portal imaging, while less commonly used today, has historical significance and is still employed in certain clinical settings. It involves exposing X-ray film positioned behind the patient during treatment. The film is then developed, and the resulting image is analyzed to verify the alignment of the treatment field. Though the process is not as immediate as with EPIDs, film-based systems may still offer advantages in certain situations.
3. Clinical Applications of Portal Imaging
Portal imaging is integral to the success of radiotherapy across various cancer types and treatment modalities.
3.1 Treatment Verification and Positioning
The primary application of portal imaging is to verify the accuracy of patient positioning and the alignment of the treatment field with the intended target volume. Any discrepancies detected through portal images allow for immediate adjustments to be made, ensuring that the radiation is delivered precisely to the targeted area while minimizing exposure to adjacent healthy tissues.
3.2 Tumor Localization and Changes in Anatomy
Portal imaging aids in localizing tumors, particularly
Jasa Kalibrasi, Rental dan Jual Total Station Sokkia IM-52 Call/ wa 082119953499Budi anto
RUANG LINGKUP KEGIATAN
PENJUALAN, SERVICE / PERBAIKAN DAN PENYEWAAN ALAT-ALAT UKUR
PENJUALAN :
• Alat Ukur
- Total Station ( baru dan second hand )
- Theodolite ( baru dan second hand )
- Levels ( baru dan second hand )
- GPS
- Compass
- Clinometer
- Tandem/ Clino
- Binocular
- Digital Level
- Digital Planimeter
• Accessories :
- Tripod
- Prisma Polygon
- Prisma Detail
- Rambu Ukur
- Meteran
- Jalon
- Tripod Jepit
PENYEWAAN :
- Total Station
- Theodolite
- Automatic Level
- GPS Geodetik
MEREK ALAT UKUR YANG TERSEDIA :
- Minds
- Spectra
- Nikon
- Suunto
- Garmin
- Topcon
- Horizon
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Similar to Introduction to Digital Image Correlation (DIC) (20)
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. 2
What is Digital Image Correlation?
Images Displacement Strain
Analysis of image
surface over time
Use of cross correlation to
determine displacement
Strain calculated
from displacement
An optical method to measure deformation on an object’s surface
3. 3
• Non-contact strain measurement
• Full-field data (like thousands of tiny extensometers)
• Extract “conventional” 1D strain plots
• Identify strain hot spots over a large area
• Don’t need to know where to place the strain gauge/extensometer
before the test starts
• Validate correct specimen alignment
What are the Benefits of DIC?
4. 4
Sample Preparation
• Apply speckle pattern using:
• Airbrush
• Standard spray aerosol
• Brush—flicking
• Transferable stickers
• Rubber stamp
• Some materials can be left without speckling:
• Certain composites
• Concrete
• Textiles/fabric
6. 6
Calculating Full-Field Displacement
• Repeated for each subset over the entire surface
• The result is a regular map of displacements over the
entire specimen surface
Specimen
surface image
Split into
small subsets
Pattern
recognized
for each
subset
As the specimen deforms, axial (x)
and transverse (y) displacements
for each subset are calculated
7. 7
Calculating Strain
• Strain at each location is
calculated using central
differencing
• Strain calculated in the x and y
directions separately
• For the x direction:
∆𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑡 − 𝐿0
𝜀 =
∆𝐿
𝐿0
8. 8
Analysis of Various Strain and Displacement Data
Axial
Strain
Transverse
Strain
Shear
Strain
Poisson’s
Ratio
Minimum
Normal Strain
Maximum
Normal Strain
Axial
Displacement Transverse
Displacement
9. 9
Extracting 1D Plots
• Use virtual extensometer for
calculating strain/displacement
between to points.
• Use virtual strain gauge for
calculating average strain over a
defined area.
11. 11
AVE 2: Versatile and Capable
• Doesn’t require operator to attach extensometer, reducing
operator influence and increasing consistency
• 1 micron accuracy—measure modulus to ISO 527
• Patented LED lighting and fan system eliminates
environmental influences
• Measures both tensile and compressive strain
• Can be used on chambers for cold and hot tensile tests
• Can be used for full-field strain measurement using
Digital Image Correlation Software
12. 12
DIC Replay
• Streamlined full-field strain package tailored for the
materials testing market
• Allows users to analyze advanced strain characteristics
after the test
• No PhD degree required!
Simple integration & convenient mounting
•Consumes images saved by Instron® AVE camera
•No spaghetti cabling
•Synchronizes with data collected from the testing system
13. 13
Why Instron DIC?
Integrated and
synchronous
collection of all
data from
testing system,
e.g. force and
camera
Only 1 PCIntegrated camera and
lighting unit sits on the
frame out of the way of
testing area. Polarized
light is used so ambient
light doesn’t matter.
Easy to use,
where users
can focus on
analyzing and
understanding
their results
rather than
assembling test
rigs.
16. 16
DIC Application Examples
• Foam specimen—Traditional strain measurement was not possible
• Speckled with felt pen
• Split seen
in DIC
• Virtual extensometers at
25mm and 50mm GLs
17. 17
DIC Application Examples
• Composite Laminate—Open-Hole Tension
• Complex 2D strain distribution
• Measure all components of 2D strain tensor
(axial, transverse, shear), along with
maximum and minimum principle strains
Shear Strain
Axial Strain
18. 18
What Can We Do Next?
• If you’re interested in further discussions:
• Arrange a demonstration on site by our sales engineer
• Visit our applications laboratories and bring samples
• Send samples for us to test