1) The document presents information on ordinary differential equations including definitions, types, order, degree, and solution methods. 2) Differential equations can be written in derivative, differential, and differential operator forms. Common solution methods covered are variable separable, homogeneous, linear, and exact differential equations. 3) Applications of differential equations include physics, astronomy, meteorology, chemistry, biology, ecology, and economics for modeling various real-world systems.

1. MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
PRESENTED BY LANKESH S S
Ph no-8553271947

2. Ordinary differential equation
Differential equation:
It contains derivatives of unknown or
An equation which involves differential Co-efficient is called a differential
equation.
Independent variable is always in the bottom and dependent variable on the
top.
2
2
d y dy
0
dxdx
 
Ex:
x  is the independent variable
y is the dependent variable
 
2
2
dy 1 x dy
, f x,y
dx dx1 y

 


3. Differential equations can be written as three different forms
1. Derivative form:
In derivative form the equation look likes
y'' y' 0 
2.Differential form
In differential form the equation look likes
2
2
d y dy
0
dxdx
 
3.Differential operator
In differential operator form the equation look likes
2
D y Dy 0 

4. Application:
1. Exponential Growth – Population
Let P(t) be a quantity that increases with time t and the rate of increase is proportional to the same
quantity P as follows
Where is the first derivative of P, k > 0 and
t is the time.
The solution to the above first order differential equation is given by
Where A is a constant not equal to 0.
If P = P0 at t = 0, then
dp
kp
dt

dp
dt
  k t
P t A e
0
0P A e

5. which gives A = P0
The final form of the solution is given by
  k t
0P t P e
Assuming P0 is positive and since k is positive, P(t) is an increasing exponential.
dp
kp
dt
 is also called an exponential growth model.
2. Determine the velocity of a moving object.
We are going to use the example of a car travelling along a road. Where x-axis
represent the position of the car.

6. Change in position
Change in time
dx 4 
dt 5 
dx 4
dt 5

dx 4mile
5mindt
 multiply by 12 we get
dx 48mile
60mindt

Velocity of the car
dx
48mph
dt

Velocity is the first derivative of position of x and it is represented by dx
dt

7. Ordinary Differential equation (ODE)
ODE is an equation containing a equation of one independent variable & its
derivatives
OR
ODE is an equation in which unknown equation depends on single independent
variables
OR
If is on unknown equation, an equation which involves at least one
derivative of y. w.r.t x. is called ODE.
Ex:
 y y x
 y f x
2
2
d y 2dy
8y 0
dxdx
  

8. Partial differential equation (PDE)
PDE is a differential equation in which known equation depends on several
independent variables
be a equation of two independent variable x and y.
Then, partial derivative of z with respect to x keeping y constant is
Similarly z w.r.t y keeping x constant is
Definition : An equation involving partial derivatives is called a partial differential
equation (PDE)
Let  z f x,y
z
x


z
y


2 2 2
2 2
z z z z z
p ,q ,r ,s ,t
x y x yx y
    
    
    
Ex:
z z z
1) a 2) z xy
x x y
  
   
  

9. Order:
The orders of the differential equation is the order of the highest derivative present
in the equation.
Degree:
The degree of the differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative
after clearing the fractional powers or removing radical signs.
Ex:
1. [order =1, degree=2]
2. [order=3, degree=1]
3. [order=2, degree=1]
2
dy dy
3 2 0
dx dx
   
     
   
33 2
2 2
d y d y dy
5 sinx
dxdx dx
   
     
  
2
2
2
d y
w y 0
dx
 

10. Solutions of differential equation
General solution:
General solution is a solution is which the number of arbitrary constants is equal to
the order of the differential equation.
3x
y eEx: is solution of D.E
   
3x
3x
3x
3x 3x 3x 3x
y e 0
dy
3e 0
dx
dy
3e 0
dx
d
e 3 e 3e 3e 0
dx
 
 
 
   

11. 3xdy
3e
dx

Integrate both sides we get
3x
3x
3e
y c
3
y e c
  
 
Particular solution:
Particular solution is a solution obtained from general solution by given particular
value to arbitrary constants.
Initial condition   3x
y 0 1 y e 
y 1 x 0when
3x
0
3x
y e c
1 e c
1 1 c 0 c
y e 0
 
 
   
 

12. Singular solution:
It does not contain any arbitrary constants.
Solution of the D.E is
dy a
y x
dydx
dx
 
2
y 4ax which does not contain any arbitrary constant.
Both ODE & PDE equation are broadly classified as linear & non
liner differential equation.
Linear differential equation
A differential equation is linear if the unknown equation and its derivate appear
to the power 1.
or

13. A differential equation is linear, if it can be expressed as
n n 1 n 2
0 1 2 nn n 1 n 2
d y d y d y
a a a .......... a y b
dx dx dx
 
 
    
where 0 1 2 n..a ,a ,a ..a & b are constants or function of x. clearly this differential
equation is nth order and degree one.
Ex:
2
2
d y dy
x y 0
dxdx
  
dy
x y 1
dx
  
Nonlinear differential equation
A Differential equation which is not linear is called a non-linear differential
equation.
Ex:
23
2
3
d y dy
y x
dxdx
 
   
 

14. Differential equation of the first orders & first degree
General O.D.E of nth order is
2 n
2 n
dy d y d y
F x,y, , , 0
dx dx dx
 
     
 
 n
F x, y, y', y'' y 0    
 y' f x,y
Implicit Form
Explicit Form
 
dy
f x,y
dx
 Or    M x,y dx N x,y dy 0 

15. Applications of ODE
1. Physics & astronomy (electrical mechanics)
2. Meteorology (weather modeling)
3. Chemistry (reaction rates)
4. Biology (infection diseases, Genetic variation)
5. Ecology (Population modeling)
6. Economics (Block trends, interest rates & the market equilibrium
price changes)

16. Solution of differential equations of first order & first degree
1. Variables separable method
       
   
P x dx Q y dy 0 f x dx y dy
P x dy Q y dy c
   
  
Ex: 2 2
sec xtanydx sex ytanxdy 0 
2. Homogenous Differential equation
A differential equation of the form is Called a homogenous equation, if
each term of and are homogenous equation of the same degree.
Or
A function is said to be a homogenous function of degree ‘n’ if
or
 
 
f x,ydy
dx x,y


 f x,y  x,y
 U f x,y n y
U x g
x
 
  
 
n x
U y g
y
 
  
 

17. Ex: U 2x 3y
y y
U x 2 3 x'g
x x
 
    
      
    
U is a homogeneous function of degree 1
2 2
dy 2xy
dx x y


Ex:
We put y vx
We take the substitution & equation reduced to variable
separable method
dy xdx
v
dx dx
 

18. 3. Liner differential equation
A differential equation of the form dy
py
dx
  
Where P & Q are function of x or constants
pdx
e Integrating factor (I.F)
 
pdx pdx
Y IF Q I.F dx c
Y e Q e dx c
   
    

19. 4. Exact differential equation
An differential equation of the form is said to be on exact
differential equation, If it satisfies the condition
Mdx Ndy 0 
M N
y x
 

 
The solution of above differential equation is OrMdx Ndy c    Mdx N y dy c  
y  Constant terms of N free form X
Ex:
dy 2x y 1
dx x 2y 1
  

 
M 2x y 1 N x 2y 1     
M N
1 and 1
y x
 
  
 
   
2 2
M N
y x
2x y 1 2y 1 dy c
x xy x y y c
 

 
     
    

20. Non-homogenous equation:
An equation of the form
dy ax by c
bdx a 'x ' c'
y
 

 
(Where are constant) is called a non-homogenous differential
equation of first order. To solve this type of equation.
a,b,c,a',b',c'
(1) If  ax by k a'x b'y   , The substitutionax by v  so that
dy dv
a b
dx dx
 
In this case the equation reduce to variable separable form and hence it can be solved.
dy 1 dv
a
dx b dx
 
  
 
and
(2) If by cross multiplication and suitable resolving of the taxes and then
by doing term by term integration the equation can be solved.
"b a" 

21. Solve:    x y dx x y dy dx dy    
Solution:    x y 1 dx x y 1 dy     
dy x y 1
dx x y 1
 
 
 
………….. (1)
x y v  dy dv dy dv
1 1
dx dx dx dx
    Put so that
Substituting in (1), we get dv v 1
1
dx v 1

 

dv v 1
1
dx v 1

  

dv 2v v 1
dv 2dx
dx v 1 v

   

1
1 dv 2 1dx v log v 2x c
v
 
       
 
Integrating
x y log x y 2x c    General solution is