During hemodialysis, a hemodialyzer, or artificial kidney, is used to filter fluids and wastes from a dialysis patient's blood. Reuse of a hemodialyzer means that the same hemodialyzer (filter) is used more than once for the same patient. When dialyzers are reused, they are cleaned and disinfected after each treatment.
2. Overview dialysis machines are artificial kidney that perform most, but not all, kidney function
for patients who have permanent or temporary renal failure
The machine use HEMODIALYSIS to cleanse the blood and balance its constituents.
History
Introduction
Dr .Willem KOLFF is considered the father of dialysis
This young Dutch physician constructed the first dialyzer (artificial kidney) in 1943.
The road to Willem KOLFF’S creation of an artificial kidney began in the late 1930
When he was working in a small ward at the university of Groningen hospital in the Netherlands.
3.
4. Dialyzer
In HEMO DIALYSIS, blood is removing from the body and filtered through a man made membrane
called a dialyzer or artificial kidney and then the filtered blood is returned o the body.
The average person has about 10 to 12 pints of blood during dialysis only one pint (about two cups ) is
outside of the body at a time
High clearance of small and medium MW toxins
Adequate UF
Negligible losses of protiens and amino acids
Non toxic composition
Minimal activation of cell or thrombotic pathways
Minimal blood volume
Reliability
Reusability
Low cost
5. Components
A dialyzer is composed of a dialysis membrane and supporting structure three or four components.
Blood compartment.
DIALYSATE compartment.
Semi permeable membrane separating (1)and(20).
Membrane support structure .
Dialysis work on the principle of the diffusion of solutes and ultra filtration of fluid
across a SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBARANE .
Principle
6. The dialysis machine mixes and
monitors the DIALYSATE.
DIALYSATE is the fluid that helps
remove the unwanted waste products
from your blood .
It also HEPLS get your electrolytes and
minerals to their proper levels in your
body.
The machine also monitors the flow of
your blood while it outside of your
body .
WORKING
9. DIALYZER MEMBRANE
Cellulose:
Obtained form processed cotton (regenerated cellulose, cuprammonium cellulose, cuprammonium
rayon and saponified cellulose)
Substituted cellulose:
Cellulose polymer has a large number of free hydroxyl group at its surface
Free hydroxyl group are responsible for blood cell activation causing bio-incompatibiltiy of the
dialyzer (cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, triacetate)
10. DIALYZER MEMBRANE
Cellulosynthetic:
A synthetic material ( a tertiary amino compound) is added to liquefied cellulose during formation
of the membrane as result the surface of the membrane is altered and biocompatibility is increased
(cellosyn or hemphan)
Synthetics:
Not cellulose based but are synthetic plastics and materials used include polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
polysulfone, polycarbonate, polyamide and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA)
11. 1. Coil dialyzer:
Flattened cellulose tubing wrapped as a coil
and through which patients blood flow
during dialysis.
The blood channels was long to obtain the
needed surface area, and resistance was
high
UF was unpredictable and blood leak were
frequent.
DIALYZER TYPES
12. 2. PARALLEL PLATE DIALYZER
Sheets of membrane are placed between supporting plates.
The plates have ridges and grooves to support the membrane and allow flow of dialysate along it
Resistance to blood flow is low. The surface area vary from 0.25 to 1.5 msq.
Advantage:
Blood volume is about 50-100 ml at 100 mmHg increase with high TMP
Heparin requirement usually low, minimal clotting in the blood compartment
Ultrafiltration is reasonably predictable and controllable
Disadvantage:
Formation of local thrombi around inlet and outlet ports and corners
May lead to bacterial growth and endotoxin formation therefore plates are not often reused
13.
14. 3. HOLLOW FIBER DIALYZER
Numerous hollow fiber
Hollow fiber are tiny its diameter 150-250um
Number of fiber20000 or more, depending upon length, kind of membraneand surface area of dialyzer
Advantage :
Low blood volume 60-90ml
Resistance to blood flow is low
Ultrafiltration can be precisely controlled
Well adapted to reuse
Disadvantage:
Deaeration of fiber predialysis is necessary to prevent air lock of the fibers
More heparin is required for most of the patients
15. REACTION TO MEMBRANES
Type A reaction
Within minutes of starting dialysis with
Dyspnoea, wheeze
A feeling of warmth, urticaria
Cough, hypotension
Collapse or cardiac arrest
Type B reaction
More common but much milder often occur 20-40 min after starting dialysis
Usually cause back and chest pain
16. Easy to cleaning and disinfecting
The device has flow rate of blood UPTO 600 ml/min .
Fluid exchanges batteries because to provide uninterruptable power supply .
ADVANTAGES
HEMODOIALYSIS IS ASSOCITED with a restriction in the intake of fluid and dietary CHANGES,WHICH
may be difficult for some people to adjust to.
The reuse of dialyzer is associated with environment contamination
Allergic reaction residual chemical infusion (rebound release)
DISADVANTAGES
17. In medicine, dialysis is a process for removing waste and excess water from he blood and in
used primarily a as an artificial replacement for lost kidney functions in people with kidney
failure .
Application