History of dialysis
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
19 likes•10,938 views
This document discusses the history of hemodialysis. It describes how Thomas Graham first presented principles of solute transport across membranes in 1854. Willem Kolff constructed the first working dialyzer in 1943 and successfully treated a patient in renal failure in 1945, though it was initially only intended for acute cases. By the 1960s, dialysis was being used to treat chronic renal failure but demand exceeded capacity, requiring decisions on patient selection.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Discussion of dialyzer reuse
The document discusses guidelines for reusing dialyzers, including labeling dialyzers with patient names, testing dialyzers after each use, and monitoring patients for reactions. It outlines requirements for reprocessing dialyzers, including using ultrapure water and specific cleaning/disinfecting agents like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and peracetic acid. It also covers reprocessing blood tubings and testing their performance.
Basics of peritoneal dialysis
This document discusses the history and physiology of peritoneal dialysis. It describes how peritoneal dialysis evolved from early experiments in the 19th century to the development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in the late 20th century. It also summarizes the anatomy of the peritoneum and various models that have been used to describe solute and fluid transport across the peritoneal membrane during dialysis.
Dialysis prescription
This document discusses guidelines for prescribing hemodialysis for acute kidney injury patients. It covers key elements of the prescription including session length and blood flow rate, dialyzer selection, dialysate composition, and ultrafiltration orders. The presentation emphasizes starting more frequent but shorter sessions at lower intensity initially and gradually increasing session length and clearance as the patient stabilizes to prevent dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
Permnent vascular access
This document discusses permanent vascular access for hemodialysis. It describes the formation and types of arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and synthetic grafts. AVFs involve surgically connecting an artery and vein and are the preferred permanent access. Synthetic grafts are used when vessels are unsuitable for an AVF. Complications of access include stenosis, thrombosis, ischemia, pseudoaneurysms and infection. Care of the access involves monitoring for complications, proper needle placement and infection prevention.
priming.pptx
Priming involves removing air from the blood lines and dialyzer before connecting a patient. It uses saline to remove air and residuals from sterilization. For new dialyzers, the bloodlines are primed by pumping saline through the arterial line into the inverted dialyzer and out the venous line. For reused dialyzers, residual sterilant is also tested for before completion. Nurses are responsible for adhering to priming protocols, preparing disposables, and checking reused dialyzers are free of residuals.
Acute peritoneal dialysis prescription
This document discusses acute peritoneal dialysis. It notes that acute peritoneal dialysis provides a non-vascular alternative for dialysis that can be used in intensive care settings and is less expensive than other options. The advantages are that it is simpler than other dialysis methods and does not require specialized equipment or anticoagulation. However, it is less efficient than hemodialysis for acute issues and can cause substantial protein losses. Prescribing considerations include session length, exchange volume and time, dialysis solution dextrose concentration and additives, and monitoring fluid balance and clearance. Complications can include abdominal distention, peritonitis, hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hypoalbuminemia.
Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis and chronic peritoneal dialysis
This document discusses the prescription of peritoneal dialysis, including the choice of modality (CAPD vs APD), clearance targets, and measurement of clearance through Kt/V and creatinine clearance. It also covers factors that determine clearance like residual renal function, body size, and transport characteristics. For CAPD and APD, prescription factors include exchange frequency and volume, and dwell times. Nutritional monitoring for PD patients includes nPNA, serum albumin, subjective global assessment, and lean body mass. Treatment of malnutrition may include dietitian support, supplements, promotility agents, steroids, and amino acids.
Vascular access
This document discusses different types of vascular access for hemodialysis, including arteriovenous fistulas, grafts, and catheters. It provides details on the anatomy of veins in the upper limbs that are used for access. Native fistulas have the highest patency rates and lowest infection risks compared to other options. Examination of vascular accesses involves inspection, palpation, and auscultation to evaluate for abnormalities. The conclusion recommends arteriovenous fistulas as the preferred long-term access due to lower complication rates.
Recommended
Discussion of dialyzer reuse
The document discusses guidelines for reusing dialyzers, including labeling dialyzers with patient names, testing dialyzers after each use, and monitoring patients for reactions. It outlines requirements for reprocessing dialyzers, including using ultrapure water and specific cleaning/disinfecting agents like sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and peracetic acid. It also covers reprocessing blood tubings and testing their performance.
Basics of peritoneal dialysis
This document discusses the history and physiology of peritoneal dialysis. It describes how peritoneal dialysis evolved from early experiments in the 19th century to the development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in the late 20th century. It also summarizes the anatomy of the peritoneum and various models that have been used to describe solute and fluid transport across the peritoneal membrane during dialysis.
Dialysis prescription
This document discusses guidelines for prescribing hemodialysis for acute kidney injury patients. It covers key elements of the prescription including session length and blood flow rate, dialyzer selection, dialysate composition, and ultrafiltration orders. The presentation emphasizes starting more frequent but shorter sessions at lower intensity initially and gradually increasing session length and clearance as the patient stabilizes to prevent dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
Permnent vascular access
This document discusses permanent vascular access for hemodialysis. It describes the formation and types of arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) and synthetic grafts. AVFs involve surgically connecting an artery and vein and are the preferred permanent access. Synthetic grafts are used when vessels are unsuitable for an AVF. Complications of access include stenosis, thrombosis, ischemia, pseudoaneurysms and infection. Care of the access involves monitoring for complications, proper needle placement and infection prevention.
priming.pptx
Priming involves removing air from the blood lines and dialyzer before connecting a patient. It uses saline to remove air and residuals from sterilization. For new dialyzers, the bloodlines are primed by pumping saline through the arterial line into the inverted dialyzer and out the venous line. For reused dialyzers, residual sterilant is also tested for before completion. Nurses are responsible for adhering to priming protocols, preparing disposables, and checking reused dialyzers are free of residuals.
Acute peritoneal dialysis prescription
This document discusses acute peritoneal dialysis. It notes that acute peritoneal dialysis provides a non-vascular alternative for dialysis that can be used in intensive care settings and is less expensive than other options. The advantages are that it is simpler than other dialysis methods and does not require specialized equipment or anticoagulation. However, it is less efficient than hemodialysis for acute issues and can cause substantial protein losses. Prescribing considerations include session length, exchange volume and time, dialysis solution dextrose concentration and additives, and monitoring fluid balance and clearance. Complications can include abdominal distention, peritonitis, hypotension, hyperglycemia, and hypoalbuminemia.
Adequacy of peritoneal dialysis and chronic peritoneal dialysis
This document discusses the prescription of peritoneal dialysis, including the choice of modality (CAPD vs APD), clearance targets, and measurement of clearance through Kt/V and creatinine clearance. It also covers factors that determine clearance like residual renal function, body size, and transport characteristics. For CAPD and APD, prescription factors include exchange frequency and volume, and dwell times. Nutritional monitoring for PD patients includes nPNA, serum albumin, subjective global assessment, and lean body mass. Treatment of malnutrition may include dietitian support, supplements, promotility agents, steroids, and amino acids.
Vascular access
This document discusses different types of vascular access for hemodialysis, including arteriovenous fistulas, grafts, and catheters. It provides details on the anatomy of veins in the upper limbs that are used for access. Native fistulas have the highest patency rates and lowest infection risks compared to other options. Examination of vascular accesses involves inspection, palpation, and auscultation to evaluate for abnormalities. The conclusion recommends arteriovenous fistulas as the preferred long-term access due to lower complication rates.
DIALYZER
During hemodialysis, a hemodialyzer, or artificial kidney, is used to filter fluids and wastes from a dialysis patient's blood. Reuse of a hemodialyzer means that the same hemodialyzer (filter) is used more than once for the same patient. When dialyzers are reused, they are cleaned and disinfected after each treatment.
Anticoagulation in hemodialysis
This document provides an overview of anticoagulation options for hemodialysis. It discusses conventional anticoagulants like unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. It also covers newer direct thrombin inhibitors and regional anticoagulation methods using citrate or prostacyclin. The risks and benefits of each option are evaluated based on bleeding risks, reversibility, cost, and ability to prevent clotting during hemodialysis procedures. Monitoring requirements and dosing protocols are also reviewed for different anticoagulant regimens.
ADEQUACY OF HEMODIALYSIS
1. Dialysis adequacy refers to removing sufficient toxins and waste from the blood to prevent adverse health outcomes and is measured by urea clearance and nutritional intake.
2. Urea clearance is the standard measure and is expressed as Kt/V, with a target single pool Kt/V of at least 1.2 per session for patients receiving hemodialysis 3 times a week.
3. Other factors that determine adequacy include residual kidney function, nutrition as measured by normalized protein catabolic rate, and controlling symptoms like anemia, acidosis, and blood pressure.
Anticoagulation
This document discusses anticoagulation during hemodialysis. It begins by explaining coagulation and anticoagulants. Unfractionated heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulant for hemodialysis as it can be administered via infusion pumps and has a short half life. The maintenance dose is monitored via aPTT or ACT tests. Low molecular weight heparins are also used as they have fewer side effects compared to unfractionated heparin. Regional anticoagulation was used in the past but has been replaced by heparin-free techniques due to risks of rebound bleeding.
Dialyzer
This document discusses dialyzers, which are used in renal dialysis to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It describes the key components of a dialyzer, including the semipermeable membrane and four ports, as well as specifications like surface area, clearance rates, and sterilization methods. Various types of dialyzers are covered, such as coil dialyzers, parallel plate dialyzers, and hollow fiber dialyzers. Membrane materials including cellulose, synthetic, and cellulosynthetic are also outlined. An ideal dialyzer is said to efficiently clear toxins while avoiding protein and cell losses.
Physiological function of pd
This document discusses the history and physiology of peritoneal dialysis. It outlines the key contributors to the development of PD from the 1800s onward. It then describes the anatomy of the peritoneal membrane and its blood supply. The three pore model of peritoneal transport is explained, including diffusion, convection, ultrafiltration and their roles in solute and fluid removal. Long term changes to the peritoneal membrane are also summarized.
SUSTAINED LOW EFFICIENCY DAILY DIALYSIS (SLEDD)
This document discusses sustained low-efficiency daily dialysis (SLEDD) for treating acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. SLEDD is a hybrid therapy that combines aspects of continuous renal replacement therapy and intermittent hemodialysis. It allows for a reduced ultrafiltration rate and prolonged treatment duration to maximize dialysis dose while maintaining hemodynamic stability. The document outlines the indications for SLEDD, including patients at risk of disequilibrium or with borderline cardiovascular stability. Preliminary studies suggest SLEDD is a safe and effective option for AKI patients otherwise unsuitable for standard therapies.
HISTORY OF DIALYSIS
The history of dialysis began in the 18th century with advances in materials like collodion membranes that could be used for diffusion. In the early 20th century, researchers like Abel and Kolff began developing early dialysis machines. Kolff's 1943 dialyzer was the first working machine used to treat acute renal failure. In 1945, Kolff treated the first patient with end-stage renal disease using hemodialysis, allowing her to regain consciousness. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, dialysis treatment expanded but demand still far exceeded capacity, with challenges in finding long-term treatment for chronic kidney disease patients.
Dialysis various modalities and indices used
Dialysis is a process used to remove waste and excess water from the blood of patients with kidney failure. There are various modalities of dialysis including intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane in a dialyzer to clean the blood. Proper vascular access and anticoagulation are also important aspects of hemodialysis treatment.
THE DIALYSIS TEAM
The dialysis team is comprised of qualified healthcare professionals who provide quality dialysis treatment to eligible patients. The core members of the team include nephrologists, nurses, dietitians, social workers, technicians, surgeons, and coordinators. Each member has specialized training and responsibilities to ensure patients receive proper medical care, support, and monitoring before, during and after dialysis treatments. The overall goal of the multi-disciplinary team is to help patients effectively manage their kidney disease and maintain quality of life.
Dry Weight 2018
This document discusses fluid balance, dry weight, and intradialytic hypotension in hemodialysis patients. It defines dry weight as the ideal post-dialysis weight that allows a patient to remain normotensive without medications until their next dialysis session. Achieving the correct dry weight is important for controlling blood pressure. Intradialytic hypotension can occur if ultrafiltration is too rapid or the patient's dry weight is too low. Preventive measures include monitoring blood pressure during dialysis and pausing ultrafiltration if needed.
Hemodialysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHemodialysis in progressHemodialysis machineIn medicine, hemodi...
DIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT
Dr. Prem Mohan Jha discussed the need for pure water in dialysis and the water purification system used to provide it. Two main water sources are surface and groundwater, both of which can contain various contaminants harmful for dialysis patients. The water purification system uses multiple steps including carbon filtration, softening, reverse osmosis, and sometimes deionization to remove contaminants. Strict water quality standards must be followed and the various components of the system such as softeners and filters require regular monitoring, maintenance and disinfection to ensure water purity and prevent bacterial growth.
Peritoneal dialysis catheter
Peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and its complication
By Yousaf khan
Renal dialysis lecturer
IPMS- KMU
History of dialysis
This document discusses the history of hemodialysis. It describes how Thomas Graham first presented principles of solute transport across membranes in 1854. Willem Kolff constructed the first working dialyzer in 1943 and successfully treated a patient in renal failure in 1945, though it was initially only intended for acute cases. By the 1960s, dialysis was being used to treat chronic renal failure but demand exceeded capacity, requiring decisions on patient selection.
Peritoneal dialysis part1
The document discusses the history and development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). It describes how in the 1960s intermittent peritoneal dialysis was used to treat patients with chronic renal failure. In the 1970s, Tenckhoff developed an indwelling catheter that led to the introduction of CAPD, where exchanges are done several times per day. The document provides details on peritoneal dialysis catheters and techniques, complications, anatomy and physiology related to peritoneal dialysis, and peritoneal dialysis fluid composition.
Dialysate
Dialysate is the fluid used during dialysis that draws waste and excess fluid from the blood. It has a similar composition to plasma with electrolytes like sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, and either acetate or bicarbonate. Dialysate prevents the removal of essential electrolytes and excess water from the blood during dialysis. There are two main types - acetate dialysate, which can cause side effects from acetate accumulation, and bicarbonate dialysate, which uses a two-component mixing process and has a shorter stability than acetate dialysate. The dialysate delivery system controls the dialysate temperature, composition, pressure and flow rate through the dialyzer during the dialysis
Hemodialysis complications
The document discusses various complications that can occur during hemodialysis treatment including intradialytic hypotension, dialyzer reactions, disequilibrium syndrome, cramping, air embolism, hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmias, hemorrhage, pruritus, febrile reactions, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and dialysis pericarditis. It describes the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for each complication.
Dialysis machines key features
The document summarizes the key features of dialysis machines, including their blood pump, dialysate delivery system, safety monitors, and options. The blood pump circulates blood through the dialyzer. The dialysate delivery system prepares and regulates dialysate flow and composition. Safety monitors include arterial and venous pressure monitors, air detectors, and monitors for dialysate conductivity, temperature, and blood leaks. Dialysis machines also have options like a heparin pump and controls for ultrafiltration and disinfection procedures help control bacterial contamination.
Product water and hemodialysis dialysis solution
- An average hemodialysis patient is exposed to 560 liters of water through weekly treatments, more than most people use in a lifetime. Proper water treatment is important to remove impurities and minerals that can be toxic to patients or damage equipment.
- Water is treated through pre-treatment including filtration, softening, and carbon adsorption. Primary purification uses reverse osmosis or deionization to remove 95% of contaminants. Purified water is then distributed through disinfected piping to avoid microbiological contamination.
- Standards are in place to ensure safe water purification for dialysis and protect patients from issues like anemia, bone disease, or infection.
Hemodialysis Final
Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It involves connecting the patient's blood to a dialysis machine via vascular access points, usually a catheter, arteriovenous fistula, or graft. Blood is passed through a dialyzer where waste diffuses out of the blood and into the dialysate fluid before being returned to the patient. Potential side effects include low blood pressure and infection risks from the vascular access.
More Related Content
What's hot
DIALYZER
During hemodialysis, a hemodialyzer, or artificial kidney, is used to filter fluids and wastes from a dialysis patient's blood. Reuse of a hemodialyzer means that the same hemodialyzer (filter) is used more than once for the same patient. When dialyzers are reused, they are cleaned and disinfected after each treatment.
Anticoagulation in hemodialysis
This document provides an overview of anticoagulation options for hemodialysis. It discusses conventional anticoagulants like unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. It also covers newer direct thrombin inhibitors and regional anticoagulation methods using citrate or prostacyclin. The risks and benefits of each option are evaluated based on bleeding risks, reversibility, cost, and ability to prevent clotting during hemodialysis procedures. Monitoring requirements and dosing protocols are also reviewed for different anticoagulant regimens.
ADEQUACY OF HEMODIALYSIS
1. Dialysis adequacy refers to removing sufficient toxins and waste from the blood to prevent adverse health outcomes and is measured by urea clearance and nutritional intake.
2. Urea clearance is the standard measure and is expressed as Kt/V, with a target single pool Kt/V of at least 1.2 per session for patients receiving hemodialysis 3 times a week.
3. Other factors that determine adequacy include residual kidney function, nutrition as measured by normalized protein catabolic rate, and controlling symptoms like anemia, acidosis, and blood pressure.
Anticoagulation
This document discusses anticoagulation during hemodialysis. It begins by explaining coagulation and anticoagulants. Unfractionated heparin is the most commonly used anticoagulant for hemodialysis as it can be administered via infusion pumps and has a short half life. The maintenance dose is monitored via aPTT or ACT tests. Low molecular weight heparins are also used as they have fewer side effects compared to unfractionated heparin. Regional anticoagulation was used in the past but has been replaced by heparin-free techniques due to risks of rebound bleeding.
Dialyzer
This document discusses dialyzers, which are used in renal dialysis to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It describes the key components of a dialyzer, including the semipermeable membrane and four ports, as well as specifications like surface area, clearance rates, and sterilization methods. Various types of dialyzers are covered, such as coil dialyzers, parallel plate dialyzers, and hollow fiber dialyzers. Membrane materials including cellulose, synthetic, and cellulosynthetic are also outlined. An ideal dialyzer is said to efficiently clear toxins while avoiding protein and cell losses.
Physiological function of pd
This document discusses the history and physiology of peritoneal dialysis. It outlines the key contributors to the development of PD from the 1800s onward. It then describes the anatomy of the peritoneal membrane and its blood supply. The three pore model of peritoneal transport is explained, including diffusion, convection, ultrafiltration and their roles in solute and fluid removal. Long term changes to the peritoneal membrane are also summarized.
SUSTAINED LOW EFFICIENCY DAILY DIALYSIS (SLEDD)
This document discusses sustained low-efficiency daily dialysis (SLEDD) for treating acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. SLEDD is a hybrid therapy that combines aspects of continuous renal replacement therapy and intermittent hemodialysis. It allows for a reduced ultrafiltration rate and prolonged treatment duration to maximize dialysis dose while maintaining hemodynamic stability. The document outlines the indications for SLEDD, including patients at risk of disequilibrium or with borderline cardiovascular stability. Preliminary studies suggest SLEDD is a safe and effective option for AKI patients otherwise unsuitable for standard therapies.
HISTORY OF DIALYSIS
The history of dialysis began in the 18th century with advances in materials like collodion membranes that could be used for diffusion. In the early 20th century, researchers like Abel and Kolff began developing early dialysis machines. Kolff's 1943 dialyzer was the first working machine used to treat acute renal failure. In 1945, Kolff treated the first patient with end-stage renal disease using hemodialysis, allowing her to regain consciousness. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, dialysis treatment expanded but demand still far exceeded capacity, with challenges in finding long-term treatment for chronic kidney disease patients.
Dialysis various modalities and indices used
Dialysis is a process used to remove waste and excess water from the blood of patients with kidney failure. There are various modalities of dialysis including intermittent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane in a dialyzer to clean the blood. Proper vascular access and anticoagulation are also important aspects of hemodialysis treatment.
THE DIALYSIS TEAM
The dialysis team is comprised of qualified healthcare professionals who provide quality dialysis treatment to eligible patients. The core members of the team include nephrologists, nurses, dietitians, social workers, technicians, surgeons, and coordinators. Each member has specialized training and responsibilities to ensure patients receive proper medical care, support, and monitoring before, during and after dialysis treatments. The overall goal of the multi-disciplinary team is to help patients effectively manage their kidney disease and maintain quality of life.
Dry Weight 2018
This document discusses fluid balance, dry weight, and intradialytic hypotension in hemodialysis patients. It defines dry weight as the ideal post-dialysis weight that allows a patient to remain normotensive without medications until their next dialysis session. Achieving the correct dry weight is important for controlling blood pressure. Intradialytic hypotension can occur if ultrafiltration is too rapid or the patient's dry weight is too low. Preventive measures include monitoring blood pressure during dialysis and pausing ultrafiltration if needed.
Hemodialysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHemodialysis in progressHemodialysis machineIn medicine, hemodi...
DIALYSIS WATER TREATMENT
Dr. Prem Mohan Jha discussed the need for pure water in dialysis and the water purification system used to provide it. Two main water sources are surface and groundwater, both of which can contain various contaminants harmful for dialysis patients. The water purification system uses multiple steps including carbon filtration, softening, reverse osmosis, and sometimes deionization to remove contaminants. Strict water quality standards must be followed and the various components of the system such as softeners and filters require regular monitoring, maintenance and disinfection to ensure water purity and prevent bacterial growth.
Peritoneal dialysis catheter
Peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion and its complication
By Yousaf khan
Renal dialysis lecturer
IPMS- KMU
History of dialysis
This document discusses the history of hemodialysis. It describes how Thomas Graham first presented principles of solute transport across membranes in 1854. Willem Kolff constructed the first working dialyzer in 1943 and successfully treated a patient in renal failure in 1945, though it was initially only intended for acute cases. By the 1960s, dialysis was being used to treat chronic renal failure but demand exceeded capacity, requiring decisions on patient selection.
Peritoneal dialysis part1
The document discusses the history and development of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). It describes how in the 1960s intermittent peritoneal dialysis was used to treat patients with chronic renal failure. In the 1970s, Tenckhoff developed an indwelling catheter that led to the introduction of CAPD, where exchanges are done several times per day. The document provides details on peritoneal dialysis catheters and techniques, complications, anatomy and physiology related to peritoneal dialysis, and peritoneal dialysis fluid composition.
Dialysate
Dialysate is the fluid used during dialysis that draws waste and excess fluid from the blood. It has a similar composition to plasma with electrolytes like sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, and either acetate or bicarbonate. Dialysate prevents the removal of essential electrolytes and excess water from the blood during dialysis. There are two main types - acetate dialysate, which can cause side effects from acetate accumulation, and bicarbonate dialysate, which uses a two-component mixing process and has a shorter stability than acetate dialysate. The dialysate delivery system controls the dialysate temperature, composition, pressure and flow rate through the dialyzer during the dialysis
Hemodialysis complications
The document discusses various complications that can occur during hemodialysis treatment including intradialytic hypotension, dialyzer reactions, disequilibrium syndrome, cramping, air embolism, hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmias, hemorrhage, pruritus, febrile reactions, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, and dialysis pericarditis. It describes the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment approaches for each complication.
Dialysis machines key features
The document summarizes the key features of dialysis machines, including their blood pump, dialysate delivery system, safety monitors, and options. The blood pump circulates blood through the dialyzer. The dialysate delivery system prepares and regulates dialysate flow and composition. Safety monitors include arterial and venous pressure monitors, air detectors, and monitors for dialysate conductivity, temperature, and blood leaks. Dialysis machines also have options like a heparin pump and controls for ultrafiltration and disinfection procedures help control bacterial contamination.
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Product water and hemodialysis dialysis solution
- An average hemodialysis patient is exposed to 560 liters of water through weekly treatments, more than most people use in a lifetime. Proper water treatment is important to remove impurities and minerals that can be toxic to patients or damage equipment.
- Water is treated through pre-treatment including filtration, softening, and carbon adsorption. Primary purification uses reverse osmosis or deionization to remove 95% of contaminants. Purified water is then distributed through disinfected piping to avoid microbiological contamination.
- Standards are in place to ensure safe water purification for dialysis and protect patients from issues like anemia, bone disease, or infection.
Hemodialysis Final
Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It involves connecting the patient's blood to a dialysis machine via vascular access points, usually a catheter, arteriovenous fistula, or graft. Blood is passed through a dialyzer where waste diffuses out of the blood and into the dialysate fluid before being returned to the patient. Potential side effects include low blood pressure and infection risks from the vascular access.
Hemodialysis basics
Hemodialysis is a process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It requires anticoagulation to prevent clotting and knowledge of what substances need to be removed from the blood. Early experiments with dialysis date back to the 18th century, but the first successful hemodialysis treatment in a human was performed by Nils Alwall in 1937 using the Alwall Kidney. Modern hemodialysis utilizes synthetic high or low flux membranes and a dialysate solution to clear waste from the blood through diffusion, convection, osmosis and ultrafiltration. Indications for initiating hemodialysis include symptoms of u
Renal dialysis
This document summarizes key aspects of dialysis including the purpose, types, procedures, and nursing considerations. It discusses two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves removing waste and regulating fluids and chemicals from the blood outside the body using a dialyzer, while peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen. Nursing priorities for patients undergoing dialysis include monitoring for fluid and electrolyte imbalances, infection risks, and ensuring treatment efficacy and patient comfort.
Hemodialysis,
This document discusses kidney failure treatment options including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are dialysis techniques that use filters or the peritoneal membrane to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood. Kidney transplantation is usually the best long-term treatment but demand for donors exceeds supply.
Dialysis
This is a presentation that I created for my Medical Nutrition Therapy course during graduate school.
chronic kidney disease.ppt
This document discusses chronic kidney disease (CKD), including its definition, stages, causes, complications, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and management. CKD is defined as irreversible kidney damage or reduced glomerular filtration rate lasting over 3 months. The leading causes are diabetes and hypertension. As CKD progresses, complications arise affecting multiple body systems. Treatment aims to slow progression, manage complications, and prepare for kidney replacement if needed.
Role of Sonographic Imaging in Nephrology Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Role of Doppler US in Renal Artery Stenosis.
Renal Biopsy.
IV fistula.
Permcath Placement.
Role of Interventional Radiologist in management of AV fistula.
We will discuss all these aspects under US guidance.
New patient dialysis program
This presentation will educate the community about dialysis and what to expect when receiving their treatments.
Kidney dialysis
Dialysis is a treatment that replaces kidney function by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It is commonly prescribed for those with temporary or permanent kidney failure, as their kidneys cannot remove fluids from the body. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which circulates blood outside the body through a machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter through a surgically implanted catheter. Dialysis is the primary treatment option for end stage renal disease besides kidney transplantation.
HEMODIALYSIS MACHINE
The document summarizes the key components and functioning of a hemodialysis machine. It describes how the machine works by circulating blood outside the body through a dialyzer to remove waste and excess water. The blood flows through the dialyzer in one direction while dialysate flows counter-currently to maximize concentration gradients and removal of toxins like urea and creatinine from the blood. The machine monitors various parameters like blood pressure and temperature during the dialysis process to ensure patient safety.
Dialysis machine (2)
Kidney dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that involves removing waste and excess water from the blood. There are two main types - hemodialysis which uses a dialysis machine to filter the blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the lining of the abdominal cavity. The dialysis machine works via diffusion and ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane, allowing toxins and water to pass out of the bloodstream and be replaced by clean dialysate fluid. Researchers are developing wearable artificial kidneys to allow for more continuous dialysis treatment and improved patient mobility and quality of life.
How to do CPR
This document provides guidelines for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) according to the 2010 American Heart Association guidelines. It outlines the basic steps for performing CPR on adults, children, and infants, including checking for responsiveness, calling for help, checking breathing, beginning chest compressions, providing breaths, using an automated external defibrillator, and relieving choking. The guidelines emphasize compressing at a rate of 100 times per minute and adjusting hand placement and compression depth based on the age of the victim.
Complications of hemodialysis
This document discusses common and less common complications that can occur during dialysis treatment. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and management of various complications including hypotension, cramps, nausea/vomiting, headaches, and others. Potential complications are grouped as either common (occurring in 5-60% of treatments) or less common. Treatment approaches focus on prevention through careful fluid management and addressing underlying causes of complications when they arise.
Dialysis
Dialysis is a method of removing waste and toxins from the blood when the kidneys fail. There are two main types: hemodialysis which uses a machine to filter blood outside the body through a semipermeable membrane, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen. Hemodialysis treatments typically last 4 hours and occur 3 times per week to cleanse the blood and maintain electrolyte and fluid balance for patients with kidney failure. Access points for hemodialysis include catheters, arteriovenous shunts, and arteriovenous fistulas or grafts.
Dialysis basics
Dialysis is used to treat kidney failure and manage its complications. There are different modalities including peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis uses a dialyzer, tubing, and machine to remove waste and fluid by diffusion and ultrafiltration as blood and dialysate flow countercurrently. Vascular access includes catheters, arteriovenous grafts, and arteriovenous fistulas. Complications can include infections, thrombosis, and fluid overload.
CPR (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation)
CPR is a lifesaving technique used when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It maintains circulation and breathing until emergency help arrives. CPR involves chest compressions to circulate blood, clearing the airway, and giving rescue breaths. It is performed as a series of cycles with 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths in each cycle. CPR should continue until the person shows signs of movement or emergency personnel take over.
Cpr Presentation
CPR involves chest compressions and rescue breathing to circulate oxygenated blood to vital organs until the heart can resume its natural rhythm. It should be performed if a person is unconscious and not breathing. The first step is to call 911 if possible. CPR follows the ABCs - clear the airway, give breaths, and perform chest compressions to restore circulation. Even imperfect CPR is better than no aid, as it can significantly increase the victim's chances of survival until emergency help arrives.
Ppt on cpr
This document provides information about a seminar on cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It defines CPR, discusses its history and purpose, and outlines the main stages and steps of resuscitation including airway management, breathing, circulation, equipment used, causes of cardiac arrest requiring CPR, and the phases of CPR. The document focuses on the basics of CPR including assessment, head-tilt chin-lift, rescue breathing, and external chest compressions.
Viewers also liked (20)
Role of Sonographic Imaging in Nephrology Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Role of Sonographic Imaging in Nephrology Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
Similar to History of dialysis
hemodialysisfinal-091102094843-phpapp01.pdf
Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys fail. It involves connecting the patient's blood to a dialysis machine via vascular access so the blood can circulate through a dialyzer. Common side effects include low blood pressure and headaches due to fluid removal. Long term risks include infection, bleeding, and heart disease. Access points can be catheters, arteriovenous fistulas, or synthetic grafts. Hemodialysis has evolved significantly since its development in the 1940s to become a viable treatment for chronic kidney disease.
hemodialysisfinal-091102094843-phpapp01.pdf
Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste and excess water from the blood when the kidneys fail. It involves using a dialyzer to filter the blood outside of the body through a semipermeable membrane. While various scientists contributed to its development, Dr. Willem Kolff is considered the inventor of the dialyzer. Hemodialysis was initially used for acute kidney failure but is now commonly used as lifelong treatment for end-stage renal disease. Treatments typically occur 3 times per week but side effects like low blood pressure can occur, requiring adjustments to the treatment prescription.
hemodialysisfinal-091102094843-phpapp01.pdf
Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys fail. It involves connecting the patient's blood to a dialysis machine via vascular access points. The three main types of access are catheters, arteriovenous fistulas, and synthetic grafts. Fistulas have the lowest risk of complications like infection but take time to mature before use. Potential side effects of hemodialysis include low blood pressure and symptoms from rapid fluid removal.
Brief history of cardiac surgery
1) Cardiac surgery has evolved significantly from the late 19th century. Early operations on the pericardium took place in the early 19th century but were rarely successful.
2) A major breakthrough was the first successful open-heart surgery performed by John Gibbon in 1953 using the first heart-lung machine. This allowed for direct visualization and repair of cardiac structures.
3) The development of cardiopulmonary bypass by Lillehei in 1954 and the use of mechanical pumps by Kirklin further advanced cardiac surgery by allowing for longer, more complex procedures.
4) Milestones since then include the first coronary artery bypass by Favaloro in 1967, innovations in heart valve surgery and replacement,
History of blood transfusion
Blood banking has evolved significantly over centuries. Early practices included drinking blood for health benefits. The first recorded transfusion was in 1492 but resulted in deaths. Successful animal-to-animal transfusions were performed in the 1600s. Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups in 1900, greatly advancing safety. During World Wars I and II, innovations like citrate preservation and plastic bags established blood as a transfusion resource. Today, components like plasma and cryoprecipitate are extracted to treat specific conditions. National policies now regulate blood banking in India to ensure safety and availability.
Historical aspect of transfusion medicine
Transfusion medicine has evolved greatly over centuries from early attempts at blood transfusions in the 15th century that proved fatal, to modern safe practices. Some key developments include the first successful animal-animal transfusion in 1665, first human-human transfusion in 1818, discovery of blood groups in 1901 which aided compatibility testing, development of anticoagulants and storage techniques in the early 20th century, establishment of the first blood bank in 1936, and advances in screening and testing that have made transfusions much safer procedures over the past few decades.
History of cardiac surgery DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG ,DNB CTS SR)
The document provides a history of cardiac surgery from the 19th century to modern times. It discusses early operations on the heart and pericardium in the 19th century. It then covers the development of anesthesia, vascular surgery, cardiac catheterization, and heart-lung bypass machines, which enabled open-heart surgery. Some key events summarized are the first successful cardiac surgery without complications in 1896, the first use of external heart-lung machines in the 1950s, the first open-heart repair under direct vision in 1952, the first coronary artery bypass surgery in 1960, and the first human heart transplant in 1967. The document also discusses the early development of heart valve surgery and prosthetic heart valves.
تاريخ مصارف الدم
The summary is as follows:
1. The first documented blood transfusion was performed in 1667 by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys, who transfused blood from a sheep into a 15-year-old boy.
2. Karl Landsteiner discovered the three main blood groups (A, B, and O) in 1900, laying the foundation for safe transfusion by matching donor and recipient blood.
3. The development of plastic blood bags and blood component separation in the 1950s allowed for longer storage and more targeted transfusion of specific blood products.
History of cardiopulmonary bypass
The first successful open heart surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass was performed by Dr. Clarence Dennis in 1951 in Minnesota using open cardiotomy and bypass on dogs. The first on a human was by Dr. John Gibbon in 1953 in Philadelphia to correct an atrial septal defect. In 1954, the only place performing open heart surgery was the University of Minnesota using cross-circulation techniques. By 1955-1956, two centers performed open heart surgery - the University of Minnesota and the Mayo Clinic, with the Mayo Clinic using Gibbon's screen oxygenator and the University of Minnesota using DeWall's simpler, disposable bubble oxygenator.
Principles & evolution of cpb
CPB was developed to facilitate open heart surgery by diverting blood from the heart and providing oxygenated blood flow, allowing for a motionless and bloodless surgical field. Early innovations included experiments with external perfusion in animals in the 1800s. The first successful human open heart surgery using surface cooling was performed in 1952. Further developments led to the use of heart-lung machines and controlled cross-circulation techniques in the 1950s. While initial experiences had complications, advances in oxygenators, pumps, circuits and management of coagulation and inflammation improved outcomes and established CPB as essential for cardiac surgery.
Evolution of Surgery from beginning to today
The document summarizes the evolution of surgery from ancient times to the present. Some key developments include the first trepanation procedures in ancient Egypt, advances during the 19th century like the first use of anesthesia and antiseptics, and modern innovations like laparoscopic and robotic surgery. Major surgical achievements accelerated during each era as knowledge and technology progressed.
HISTORY OF PARATHYROID SURGERY 2021.ppt
The document provides a historical overview of parathyroid surgery worldwide and in Puerto Rico. It discusses:
- Early descriptions and cases of parathyroid disease from the 1850s onwards.
- The first parathyroid operations in the 1920s that resulted in successful treatments.
- Famous early cases of hyperparathyroidism including Albert Gahne and Captain Charles Martell.
- The establishment of parathyroid surgery as the standard treatment for hyperparathyroidism by Felix Mandl in the 1920s.
- The history of parathyroid surgery and endocrinology in Puerto Rico from the 1950s onwards, including the first published case series and operations by Drs. Paniagua,
Cardiopulmonary Bypass.pptx
Cardiopulmonary bypass is a procedure that diverts blood from the heart and lungs through an external heart-lung machine that oxygenates the blood and returns it to the body. This allows surgery to be performed on a motionless and bloodless field within the heart. The goals are to oxygenate and circulate blood while facilitating surgical interventions through systemic cooling and rewarming. Risks increase with longer bypass times and in older or sicker patients, as bypass can affect the heart, brain, kidneys and other organs. The history of bypass began in the 1950s with early techniques using hypothermia and cross-circulation from parents before the development of bubble oxygenators and modern bypass machines.
A brief History of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
this presentation traces the early reports of angina, when it was thought to be a disease of the breast, goes on to describe the stepping stones leading to myocardial revascularisation.
History of blood transfusion.pptx
This document summarizes the history of blood transfusion from ancient beliefs and practices to modern developments. Key points include:
- Ancient Chinese and Greeks associated blood with life and personality traits. Early transfusions from animals to humans were attempted.
- In the 15th century, William Harvey discovered the circulation of blood. Later discoveries included the capillary system and lymphatic vessels.
- The first successful human-to-human transfusion was performed by James Blundell in 1818. Karl Landsteiner discovered the main blood groups in 1900.
- During World Wars I and II, advances allowed for blood typing, long-term storage, and establishment of the first blood banks and deposits.
- Modern developments
Historic background of ETV pptx
The document summarizes the historical background of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV). It describes key early studies in the 1850s suggesting the choroid plexus is the source of cerebrospinal fluid. In the early 20th century, studies blocked ventricles in animals, demonstrating unilateral hydrocephalus. Neuroendoscopy began in the 1910s with early attempts to treat hydrocephalus. Throughout the 20th century, techniques like ventriculoscopy, ventriculostomies, and choroid plexus cauterization were developed. Recent contributions refined ETV by combining it with choroid plexus cauterization.
CPB(CARDIO PULMONARY BYPASS)
- Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) allows for temporary taking over of the heart and lungs' functions during surgery.
- Its development began in the early 19th century with experiments in extracorporeal circulation.
- John Gibbon successfully used CPB for open-heart surgery in 1953, repairing an atrial septal defect.
- CPB relies on principles like hypothermia, hemodilution, and anticoagulation to oxygenate and circulate blood outside the body during surgery and provide organ protection. It has revolutionized cardiac surgery and allowed for repair of previously inoperable heart defects.
cardio pulmonary bypass
The document summarizes important milestones in the history of cardiac surgery from the late 19th century to modern times. It describes the first successful suturing of a heart wound by Dr. Ludwig Rehn in 1896. It then outlines key developments like the first use of cardiopulmonary bypass for open-heart surgery by John Gibbon in 1953, and the first successful repairs of congenital heart defects using heart-lung machines in the mid 1950s by surgeons including Lillehei, Kirklin, and Dennis. The document traces the evolution of technologies like mechanical pumps, membrane oxygenators, and techniques like hypothermia that enabled modern open-heart surgery.
prostheticvalvesthepastpresentandfuture-itammiraju-140413095625-phpapp01 (1).pdf
Prosthetic heart valves have evolved significantly over the past 70 years from early caged ball designs to modern bileaflet valves. Present day valves include mechanical options like the St. Jude bileaflet valve as well as bioprosthetic options derived from animal tissues like the Medtronic Mosaic porcine valve. Complications remain an issue, though designs aim to improve hemodynamics and reduce thrombosis. Future advances may allow reduced anticoagulation needs.
Prosthetic valves the past present and future i tammi raju
Prosthetic heart valves have evolved significantly over the past 70 years from early caged ball designs to modern bileaflet valves. Present day valves include mechanical options like the St. Jude bileaflet valve as well as bioprosthetic options derived from animal tissues like the Medtronic Mosaic porcine valve. Complications remain an issue, though designs aim to improve hemodynamics and reduce thrombosis. Future advances may allow reduced anticoagulation needs.
Similar to History of dialysis (20)
History of cardiac surgery DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG ,DNB CTS SR)
History of cardiac surgery DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG ,DNB CTS SR)
A brief History of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
A brief History of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
prostheticvalvesthepastpresentandfuture-itammiraju-140413095625-phpapp01 (1).pdf
prostheticvalvesthepastpresentandfuture-itammiraju-140413095625-phpapp01 (1).pdf
Prosthetic valves the past present and future i tammi raju
Prosthetic valves the past present and future i tammi raju
More from IPMS- KMU KPK PAKISTAN
Peritonitis
Peritonitis is an infection or inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Potential routes of infection include intraluminal, periluminal, transmural, hematogenous, and transvaginal. Staphylococcus epidermidis is the most common causative organism. Treatment involves administering intraperitoneal antibiotics such as cefazolin and gentamicin to achieve high antibiotic concentrations in the peritoneum. Initial treatment lasts 3 days followed by adjustment of antibiotics based on culture results and response to treatment. Prevention strategies include careful patient selection, training, and ensuring proper exchange techniques.
Metabolic complication of peritoneal dialysis
This document summarizes some of the metabolic complications that can occur with peritoneal dialysis (PD). It notes that while PD is generally well-tolerated, it can lead to issues like glucose absorption, protein loss, and lipid abnormalities. Glucose is used as the osmotic agent in PD fluid and is readily absorbed, which can cause hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia in patients. Protein is also lost across the peritoneum in PD. Electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypermagnesemia can arise depending on the composition of the dialysate fluid and
Exit site infection in peritoneal dialysis patient
This document discusses exit site infections in peritoneal dialysis patients. It defines acute and chronic exit site infections and notes that approximately one fifth of peritonitis episodes are associated with exit or tunnel infections. Exit site infections are commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas. Treatment depends on the severity and causative organism but may include antibiotics, changing the exit site dressing, or catheter removal in severe cases. Preventing exit site infections through good catheter care and possibly antibiotic prophylaxis can help reduce risks of peritonitis and catheter loss.
Complication of peritoneal dialysis
The document summarizes potential complications of peritoneal dialysis catheters including malfunctioning catheters, early and late non-functioning, and causes such as constipation, intra-abdominal adhesions from previous surgery or peritonitis, catheter migration, blood or fibrin blocking the catheter, and hernias. It describes methods for investigating malfunctioning catheters including abdominal x-rays, x-rays with contrast dye, and CT scans. It provides guidance on managing different causes through measures like laxatives, re-siting the catheter, adding heparin to dialysate, or removing the catheter.
Volume status and fluid overload in peritoneal dialysis
Volume status and fluid overload in peritoneal dialysis
By Yousaf khan
Renal Dialysis Lecturer
IPMS-KMU Peshawar
Plasmapheresis
This document discusses plasmapheresis, which is a therapeutic apheresis procedure that removes plasma from the blood. There are two main techniques used: membrane apheresis, which is fast but limited in substance removal, and centrifugal devices, which are more expensive but efficient. Complications can include hypotension, bleeding, and allergic reactions. Plasmapheresis is used to treat autoimmune disorders by removing autoantibodies, and other conditions involving abnormal circulating factors. Care must be taken with anticoagulation and replacement fluids during the procedure.
Hemodialysis procedure
The document discusses factors to consider for a patient's first dialysis session for end-stage renal disease including using heparin-free anticoagulation, limiting fluid removal to 2 liters, using a bicarbonate dialysate, and having skilled medical staff present. It also provides guidelines for initial settings for a first session such as a blood flow rate of 150-200 ml/min, a dialysis time of 60-90 minutes, and a dialysate potassium level of 4-4.5 mmol/L. Precautions are recommended when initiating and terminating dialysis to ensure patient safety.
Anticoagulation
This document discusses anticoagulation during hemodialysis. It begins by explaining coagulation and anticoagulants. It then discusses how hemodialysis can activate coagulation pathways due to interactions with artificial surfaces. Unfractionated heparin is most commonly used for anticoagulation during dialysis due to its low cost and short half-life, though it carries bleeding risks. Low molecular weight heparins are also used and provide benefits like less bleeding risk. Anticoagulation is monitored during dialysis through tests like aPTT and ACT to prevent clotting while limiting bleeding risks.
Ultrafiltration
Ultrafiltration is the process of removing water from the bloodstream during hemodialysis to achieve solute clearance and adequate fluid removal. There are two main methods of controlling ultrafiltration: pressure control, where blood compartment pressure is increased to remove fluid, and volumetric control, which directly measures ultrafiltrate volume for more accurate control. High efficiency dialysis aims for high urea and solute clearance rates using large surface area membranes and optimized blood and dialysate flows. High flux dialysis uses more permeable membranes to improve clearance of middle and large molecules. Hemofiltration provides solute clearance solely through convection while hemodiafiltration combines dialysis with large volume ultrafiltration for combined con
Diarrhea and kidney failure
Diarrhea can cause or worsen kidney failure by reducing blood flow to the kidneys. Diarrhea leads to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and malnutrition, impairing kidney function and potentially causing kidney failure. While most cases of renal failure from diarrhea can be treated successfully, 10-20% of patients may not fully recover kidney function and require long-term dialysis. Diarrhea is usually diagnosed and treated by replacing lost fluids to prevent dehydration, and identifying and treating its underlying cause such as infection.
Kidney failure in hypertension
This document discusses kidney failure caused by hypertension. It begins by defining blood pressure and the stages of hypertension. It then explains how high blood pressure can damage the kidneys over time by restricting blood flow. Specifically, it describes how narrowing of the renal arteries from conditions like atherosclerosis and fibromuscular dysplasia can lead to renal hypertension. Left untreated, this causes further kidney damage through activation of the renin-angiotensin system and fluid retention, eventually leading to kidney failure and the need for dialysis or transplantation. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, prevention methods like controlling blood pressure, and treatments including medications and revascularization.
Diabetic kidney disease
Diabetic kidney disease, also called diabetic nephropathy, is a type of chronic kidney disease caused by damage to the kidneys as a result of diabetes. Over time, high blood glucose levels associated with diabetes can damage the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli. This can progressively reduce their ability to filter waste from the blood, potentially leading to kidney failure. Symptoms of diabetic kidney disease may include swelling, poor sleep or concentration, nausea or weakness. It can be diagnosed through urine and blood tests and managed through strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
Autonomic nervous system
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system and cholinergic neurotransmission. It describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS, their pathways and neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the cholinergic system. The document outlines the synthesis, storage, release and degradation of acetylcholine, as well as the types and functions of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. It also discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic uses of cholinergic agonists and anticholinesterases, along with their side effects.
Dose response relationship
The document discusses various concepts related to pharmacology including dose-response relationships, drug potency and efficacy, therapeutic index, and factors that can influence drug response. It describes the graded and quantal types of dose-response curves and defines potency as the amount of drug required to produce a desired response. Therapeutic index is defined as the ratio of lethal to effective doses. The document also discusses how drug responses can be increased or decreased through summation, synergism, potentiation, and antagonism. Multiple factors are described that can affect drug response including route of administration, presence of other drugs, accumulation, and patient-related factors.
Routes of drug administration
1. There are several routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, local, and topical routes. The choice of route depends on factors like the drug properties, site of action, rate of absorption, and patient condition.
2. Enteral routes include oral, rectal, buccal, and sublingual administration. Parenteral routes involve direct delivery into the systemic circulation via injections like intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous. Local routes target specific sites and topical routes apply drugs to external surfaces.
3. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like absorption, onset of action, safety, patient acceptability, and cost. The optimal route maximizes drug delivery while avoiding
Pharmacodynamics
This document discusses pharmacodynamics, which refers to how drugs act on the body. It describes different types of drug actions like stimulation, depression, irritation, and replacement. The mechanisms of drug action are either receptor-mediated or non-receptor mediated. Non-receptor mediated mechanisms include physical actions like osmosis, chemical actions like acids neutralizing gastric acid, and actions through enzymes, ion channels, antibody production, and transporters. Receptor-mediated mechanisms involve drugs binding to receptors on cells and can be agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists. The main receptor families are ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzymatic receptors, and nuclear receptors.
Pharmacokinitic
This document discusses various concepts related to pharmacokinetics including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It describes how drugs pass through cell membranes via passive diffusion, facilitated transport, or active transport. Factors affecting drug absorption like solubility, ionization, and pharmaceutical formulation are also summarized. The concepts of bioavailability, plasma half-life, and steady state are defined. The document also discusses distribution of drugs to tissues, factors influencing distribution, and drug clearance through metabolism and excretion.
Chronic renal failure
Chronic renal failure involves the progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function, defined as a GFR of less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or the presence of kidney damage. Symptoms depend on the underlying renal disease and may include lethargy, edema, hypertension, and laboratory findings like elevated BUN and creatinine. Treatment aims to replace lost renal function through dialysis and slow the progression of renal dysfunction.
Acute kidney injury
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure. It defines AKI as an abrupt loss of kidney function occurring within 7 days, characterized by an increase in serum creatinine and potentially leading to complications affecting other organ systems. The document outlines causes, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, and management of AKI, including identifying and treating the underlying cause, avoiding nephrotoxic substances, optimizing renal hemodynamics, treating complications, and considering renal replacement therapy such as hemodialysis if needed.
Acute kidney injury
This document discusses acute kidney injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure. It defines AKI as an abrupt loss of kidney function occurring within 7 days, characterized by an increase in serum creatinine and potentially leading to complications affecting other organ systems. The document outlines causes, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, and management of AKI, including identifying and treating the underlying cause, avoiding nephrotoxic substances, optimizing renal hemodynamics, treating complications, and considering renal replacement therapy such as hemodialysis if needed.
More from IPMS- KMU KPK PAKISTAN (20)
Exit site infection in peritoneal dialysis patient
Exit site infection in peritoneal dialysis patient
Volume status and fluid overload in peritoneal dialysis
Volume status and fluid overload in peritoneal dialysis
Recently uploaded
Hypotension and role of physiotherapy in it
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
Psychedelic Retreat Portugal - Escape to Lighthouse Retreats for an unforgett...
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest VersionR3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian Failure
Discover the groundbreaking advancements in stem cell therapy by R3 Stem Cell, offering new hope for women with ovarian failure. This innovative treatment aims to restore ovarian function, improve fertility, and enhance overall well-being, revolutionizing reproductive health for women worldwide.
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
Luxurious Spa In Ajman Chandrima Massage Center
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemia
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
Top massage center in ajman chandrima Spa
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
Champions of Health Spotlight On Leaders Shaping Germany's Healthcare.pdf
This edition features a handful of Champions of Health: Spotlight On Leaders Shaping Germany's Healthcare that are leading us into a better future.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdf
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdf
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
The Power of Superfoods and Exercise.pdf
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
Recently uploaded (20)
Bringing AI into a Mid-Sized Company: A structured Approach
Bringing AI into a Mid-Sized Company: A structured Approach
Psychedelic Retreat Portugal - Escape to Lighthouse Retreats for an unforgett...
Psychedelic Retreat Portugal - Escape to Lighthouse Retreats for an unforgett...
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian Failure
R3 Stem Cell Therapy: A New Hope for Women with Ovarian Failure
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
Tips for Pet Care in winters How to take care of pets.
chatgptfornlp-230314021506-2f03f614.pdf. 21506-2f03f614.pdf
chatgptfornlp-230314021506-2f03f614.pdf. 21506-2f03f614.pdf
Champions of Health Spotlight On Leaders Shaping Germany's Healthcare.pdf
Champions of Health Spotlight On Leaders Shaping Germany's Healthcare.pdf
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdf
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdf
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
NEEDLE STICK INJURY - JOURNAL CLUB PRESENTATION - DR SHAMIN EABENSON
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to Care
History of dialysis
- 1. Hemodialysis by Yousaf khan Lecturer Renal dialysis IPMS- KMU , KPK
- 2. History Many have played a role in developing dialysis as a practical treatment for renal failure starting with Thomas Graham of Glasgow, who first presented the principles of solute transport across a semipermeable membrane in 1854.
- 3. History The artificial kidney was first developed by Abel, Rountree and Turner in 1913 the first hemodialysis in a human being was by Hass (February 28, 1924) and the artificial kidney was developed into a clinically useful apparatus by Kolff in 1943 - 1945. This research showed that life could be prolonged in patients dying of renal failure.
- 4. History Dr. Willem Kolff was the first to construct a working dialyzer in 1943. The first successfully treated patient was a 67-year-old woman in uremic coma who regained consciousness after 11 hours of hemodialysis with Kolff’s dialyzer in 1945. At the time of its creation, Kolff’s goal was to provide life support during recovery from acute renal failure. After World War II ended, Kolff donated the five dialysers he’d made to hospitals around the world, including Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York.
- 5. History By the 1950s, Willem Kolff’s invention of the dialyser was used for acute renal failure, but it was not seen as a viable treatment for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). At the time, doctors believed it was impossible for patients to have dialysis indefinitely for two reasons. Firstly, they thought no man-made device could replace the function of kidneys over the long term. In addition, a patient undergoing dialysis suffered from damaged veins and arteries, so that after several treatments, it became difficult to find a vessel to access the patient’s blood.
- 6. History Dr. Nils Alwall: The original Kolff kidney was not very useful clinically, because it did not allow for removal of excess fluid. Dr. Nils Alwall encased a modified version of this kidney inside a stainless steel canister, to which a negative pressure could be applied, in this way effecting the first truly practical application of hemodialysis, which was done in 1946 at the University of Lund. Alwall also was arguably the inventor of the arteriovenous shunt for dialysis. He reported this first in 1948 where he used such an arteriovenous shunt in rabbits. Subsequently he used such shunts, made of glass, as well as his canister-enclosed dialyzer, to treat 1500 patients in renal failure between 1946 and
- 8. History 1960, as reported to the First International Congress of Nephrology held in Evian in September 1960. Alwall was appointed to a newly-created Chair of Nephrology at the University of Lund in 1957. Subsequently, he collaborated with Swedish businessman Holger Crafoord to found one of the key companies that would manufacture dialysis equipment in the past 40 years, Gambro, Inc.
- 9. History In 1962, Scribner started the world’s first outpatient dialysis facility, the Seattle Artificial Kidney Center, later renamed the Northwest Kidney Centers. Immediately the problem arose of who should be given dialysis, since demand far exceeded the capacity of the six dialysis machines at the center.
- 10. Prescription A prescription for dialysis by a nephrologist (a medical kidney specialist) will specify various parameters for a dialysis treatment. These include frequency (how many treatments per week), length of each treatment, and the blood and dialysis solution flow rates, as well as the size of the dialyzer. The composition of the dialysis solution is also sometimes adjusted in terms of its sodium and potassium and bicarbonate levels. In general, the larger the body size of an individual, the more dialysis he will need.