150690211-Dialysis.ppt
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This document summarizes how a dialysis machine works to clean waste from the blood of patients with kidney failure. It explains that dialysis machines use a semipermeable membrane in the dialyzer to allow waste substances like urea to diffuse out of the blood into a dialysate solution, while preventing larger components like blood cells from passing through. The concentrations of important substances and water are kept equal on both sides of the membrane to prevent their unwanted removal during the dialysis process.
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Hemodialysis,
This document discusses kidney failure treatment options including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are dialysis techniques that use filters or the peritoneal membrane to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood. Kidney transplantation is usually the best long-term treatment but demand for donors exceeds supply.
Ks4 movement in and out of cells
1) The document discusses various biological processes involving the movement of molecules, including diffusion, osmosis, gas exchange in the lungs, diffusion of nutrients in the small intestine and cells.
2) Key examples are how oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the lungs during breathing, and how water, dissolved nutrients and minerals move in and out of cells and tissues by diffusion and active transport.
3) Experiments are described to demonstrate diffusion and osmosis, such as using a semipermeable membrane in a sugar solution to show osmosis.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
AN OVERVIEW OF DIALYSIS
This document provides an overview of dialysis, including:
- Dialysis removes waste and excess water from the bloodstream for those with kidney failure through diffusion or ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane.
- The two primary types of dialysis are hemodialysis, which uses an external dialyzer, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum.
- Hemofiltration works via convection rather than diffusion to filter blood and remove larger solutes less cleared by hemodialysis.
Kidney and its disorder
The kidney is shaped like a bean and is located in the lower back. It filters waste from the blood through millions of nephrons. Each nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a tubule that reabsorbs nutrients. The tubule secretes waste to form urine, which drains into the ureters. Kidney disorders occur when stones form in the kidney or it fails. Stones are caused by concentrated urine and can be broken up with shock waves. Failure damages kidney functions and requires dialysis or transplant to survive. Dialysis artificially filters blood using a machine or the peritoneal cavity, while transplants involve replacing a damaged kidney.
Dialysis
Dialysis involves the artificial filtration and removal of waste from the bloodstream through diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration. There are two main types: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is performed using an artificial kidney machine to filter blood through a dialyzer, usually via arteriovenous fistula or graft. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum as a natural semipermeable membrane and involves manually infusing and draining a dialysate solution into the abdominal cavity. Both procedures help remove waste and excess fluid but come with risks like infection, hypotension, and disequilibrium.
Dialysis
Kidneys normally remove waste and regulate fluids and chemicals in the body. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly. Dialysis is a treatment that artificially performs the kidneys' functions through diffusion and filtration across a semipermeable membrane. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which uses an external machine to filter blood, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen. Both treatments require vascular access or catheter placement and frequent sessions to sustain life for those with kidney failure.
Hemodialysis
Dialysis removes waste and fluid from the blood through diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane when kidneys fail. It was first used by Romans in hot baths and has evolved to include hemodialysis machines. Hemodialysis involves circulating blood outside the body through a dialyzer to remove wastes as the dialysate flows countercurrent to the blood. It is commonly done 3 times weekly for 3-4 hours each or can be done more frequently or while sleeping. Risks include low blood pressure, infection, and cramping so prevention measures are important.
Recommended
Hemodialysis,
This document discusses kidney failure treatment options including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and transplantation. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are dialysis techniques that use filters or the peritoneal membrane to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood. Kidney transplantation is usually the best long-term treatment but demand for donors exceeds supply.
Ks4 movement in and out of cells
1) The document discusses various biological processes involving the movement of molecules, including diffusion, osmosis, gas exchange in the lungs, diffusion of nutrients in the small intestine and cells.
2) Key examples are how oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of the lungs during breathing, and how water, dissolved nutrients and minerals move in and out of cells and tissues by diffusion and active transport.
3) Experiments are described to demonstrate diffusion and osmosis, such as using a semipermeable membrane in a sugar solution to show osmosis.
Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood; In hemodialysis, the blood is cleaned outside the body using a dialysis machine and then sent back into the body.
Hemodialysis is a treatment to filter wastes and water from your blood, as your kidneys did when they were healthy. Hemodialysis helps control blood pressure and balance important minerals, such as potassium, sodium, and calcium, in your blood.
Hemodialysis is one way to treat advanced kidney failure and can help you carry on an active life despite failing kidneys.
Mechanism of Hemodialysis:
Hemodialysis is a procedure by which waste products and excess water are removed from a patient’s blood. This is done by directly removing blood from the patient’s circulation, passing it through the dialysis filter, and then returning it directly back into the circulation.
Apparatus needed:
Dialyzer or dialysis filter
Dialysate (dialysis solution)
Tubing for transport of blood and dialysate
Machine that powers and monitors the filtration
Hemodialysis has 5 main steps which are as follows:
1.Two sets of tubing are connected to the patient’s dialysis access:
Connected directly to central venous catheter
Two needles inserted into AVF/AVG and taped down
2. Azotemic blood pumped from patient into dialysis filter
3. Dialysis filter removes toxins primarily through diffusion:
Dialysis filter is a plastic cylinder filled with thousands of tiny individual tubes composed of the filtering material.
Blood flows through the inside of the tiny tubes in one direction.
Dialysis fluid (dialysate) flows on the outside of the tiny tubes (but still within the single plastic cylinder that contains them) in the opposite direction.
The opposing directions of blood and dialysate result in maximal concentration gradients that drive the diffusion of toxins:
Known as “countercurrent” mechanism
Also results in correction of electrolyte/acid–base abnormalities via diffusion.
4. Dialysis filter removes excess water from the blood through ultrafiltration.
Suction force is applied by the dialysis machine across the dialysis filter.
Water is pulled from the blood side into the dialysate side.
5. Clean blood and waste-filled dialysate exit the dialysis filter.
Clean blood is pumped back into the patient’s Circulation.
Waste-filled dialysate is disposed of (including the excess water from the patient’s body that was removed during ultrafiltration).
Chronic dialysis
3–4 hours each session
3 times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday or Tuesday/Thursday/Saturday)
Acute dialysis:
Treatment duration and daily schedule are
Variable.
Priscriptions: The nephrologist may control many variables within the dialysis procedure:
Duration of treatment
Ultrafiltration goal
Anticoagulation
Electrolyte composition of the dialysate
Speed of blood flow and dialysate flow
Presented by: Mohammadsaleh Moallem
AN OVERVIEW OF DIALYSIS
This document provides an overview of dialysis, including:
- Dialysis removes waste and excess water from the bloodstream for those with kidney failure through diffusion or ultrafiltration across a semi-permeable membrane.
- The two primary types of dialysis are hemodialysis, which uses an external dialyzer, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum.
- Hemofiltration works via convection rather than diffusion to filter blood and remove larger solutes less cleared by hemodialysis.
Kidney and its disorder
The kidney is shaped like a bean and is located in the lower back. It filters waste from the blood through millions of nephrons. Each nephron contains a glomerulus that filters the blood and a tubule that reabsorbs nutrients. The tubule secretes waste to form urine, which drains into the ureters. Kidney disorders occur when stones form in the kidney or it fails. Stones are caused by concentrated urine and can be broken up with shock waves. Failure damages kidney functions and requires dialysis or transplant to survive. Dialysis artificially filters blood using a machine or the peritoneal cavity, while transplants involve replacing a damaged kidney.
Dialysis
Dialysis involves the artificial filtration and removal of waste from the bloodstream through diffusion, osmosis, and ultrafiltration. There are two main types: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis is performed using an artificial kidney machine to filter blood through a dialyzer, usually via arteriovenous fistula or graft. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum as a natural semipermeable membrane and involves manually infusing and draining a dialysate solution into the abdominal cavity. Both procedures help remove waste and excess fluid but come with risks like infection, hypotension, and disequilibrium.
Dialysis
Kidneys normally remove waste and regulate fluids and chemicals in the body. Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly. Dialysis is a treatment that artificially performs the kidneys' functions through diffusion and filtration across a semipermeable membrane. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which uses an external machine to filter blood, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen. Both treatments require vascular access or catheter placement and frequent sessions to sustain life for those with kidney failure.
Hemodialysis
Dialysis removes waste and fluid from the blood through diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane when kidneys fail. It was first used by Romans in hot baths and has evolved to include hemodialysis machines. Hemodialysis involves circulating blood outside the body through a dialyzer to remove wastes as the dialysate flows countercurrent to the blood. It is commonly done 3 times weekly for 3-4 hours each or can be done more frequently or while sleeping. Risks include low blood pressure, infection, and cramping so prevention measures are important.
excretion and kidneys.ppt
The kidneys remove waste from the body through the process of excretion. They filter the blood, removing urea and excess water to produce urine. The two kidneys each contain nephrons, which act as filters. Blood enters the nephron and is filtered. Useful substances like glucose and salts are reabsorbed while urea and water remain and become urine. Urine travels from the nephrons to the bladder via the ureters for storage and later excretion. Kidney failure can occur from conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure. It is treated through dialysis or kidney transplantation.
Dialysis step by step.pptx
Hemodialysis is a treatment for renal failure that involves removing waste and excess fluid from a patient's blood. It works by having the patient's blood flow through a dialyzer, which is separated from a dialysate solution by a semi-permeable membrane. Unwanted substances diffuse out of the blood into the dialysate due to concentration gradients. Patients require multiple hemodialysis sessions per week to remove waste, with each session lasting several hours. Special equipment and vascular access points are needed to effectively perform hemodialysis and protect the patient.
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Dialysis ppt
Dialysis performs the function of failed kidneys by filtering and purifying the blood using a machine. There are two main types of dialysis: hemodialysis which uses an artificial kidney to filter blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis which involves surgically implanting a catheter in the abdomen to filter blood through the peritoneum. Dialysis has been used since the 1940s to treat kidney failure and regulates chemicals, fluid levels, and waste removal when the kidneys are only functioning at 10-15% capacity.
EXCRETION PART 1.pptx
The document discusses the human excretory system. It describes how waste is produced through metabolic activities and transported through the bloodstream. The key components of the human excretory system are the pair of kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Nephrons contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which work to filter waste from the blood into urine. Urine is then transported from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters for storage until excretion. In cases of kidney failure, dialysis or transplantation may be required.
Dialysis : Haemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis
This document discusses dialysis, which is a process used to purify the blood of patients with kidney failure. There are two main types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves connecting the patient's blood to an external dialysis machine via surgically placed vascular access points, allowing diffusion and ultrafiltration to remove waste and excess fluid across a semi-permeable membrane. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum in the abdomen as the membrane, with dialysate fluid infused via a catheter to filter the blood. Both types of dialysis aim to replicate the waste removal normally done by functioning kidneys. Common problems with long-term dialysis include hypotension,
dialysis tetorial ppt.pptx
The document discusses kidney physiology and dialysis machines. It provides an overview of how the kidneys function to remove waste and regulate chemicals in the blood. When kidney function declines, dialysis is needed to perform these roles artificially. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an external machine to clean the blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter. The key components of a hemodialysis machine are the dialysate fluid, dialyzer filter, and hemodialysis membranes. The machine works by pumping the blood through the dialyzer, where waste passes through membrane pores into the dialysate to be removed
Artificial kidney
This document provides an overview of kidney function and different types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. It outlines that the kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. When the kidneys fail, dialysis is needed to perform these functions externally or internally. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which filters blood outside the body using a machine, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen to filter blood inside the body. Both have benefits and limitations in treating kidney failure.
dialysis.pptx
Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. Haemodialysis is done through intravenous lines in a hospital 3-5 hours at a time, where blood passes through a dialysis machine to filter waste. Peritoneal dialysis is done at home by introducing dialysis fluid into the peritoneal cavity for exchange over 15-20 minutes, then draining it out. Renal transplantation is the best treatment, where a donor kidney is transplanted and long term immunosuppression is needed to prevent rejection.
high-flux.pptx
The document discusses high flux hemodialysis. It notes that high flux dialyzers have larger surface areas and more permeable membranes than low flux dialyzers, allowing for more efficient removal of waste products including larger molecules. Some studies have found high flux dialysis improves removal of substances like lipids and proteins, while others have found no significant impact on molecules like homocysteine. The choice between high flux and low flux depends on the individual patient's condition and dialysis needs.
Plasma membrane
The document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable bilayer that controls what enters and exits the cell. It transports nutrients in and waste out, and helps maintain pH and ion concentrations. The bilayer is permeable to small non-polar molecules but not larger polar ones, requiring active or facilitated transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, while active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Solutions can be hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic depending on if they cause cells to gain, lose, or maintain water through osmosis.
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The urinary system filters waste and regulates homeostasis through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb water and ions while secreting wastes like urea through tubules. Precise regulation of reabsorption and secretion allows the production of hypertonic urine while maintaining electrolyte and pH balance.
Types of Fluids
Intravenous therapy involves infusing liquid substances directly into the vein. It is used to administer fluids, electrolytes, medications, blood products, and nutrition. There are several types of IV fluids including crystalloids like normal saline which are isotonic, and colloids which are always hypertonic. The osmolarity and tonicity of IV solutions must be carefully considered to avoid cellular swelling or shrinkage. IV therapy provides numerous benefits but also risks like fluid overload, so nursing interventions are needed to monitor for complications.
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Osmosis will occur and water will diffuse into the cells, causing them to swell.
Excretory_System By Dr Shivam Mishra.ppt
Kidneys are bean-shaped structures located on either side of the backbone and are protected by the ribs and muscles of the back. Each human adult kidney has a length of 10-12 cm, a width of 5-7 cm and weighs around 120-170g.
The kidneys have an inner concave structure. The blood vessels, ureter and nerves enter the kidneys through the hilum, which is a notch at the inner concave surface of the kidney. The renal pelvis, a large funnel-shaped space is present inner to the hilum, is has many projections known as calyces.
Presentation1
Kidney transplant and dialysis are two options for patients with kidney failure. A kidney transplant involves surgically implanting a donor kidney by connecting the artery, vein and ureter. The transplant takes about 3-4 hours under general anesthesia. Dialysis works by diffusing solutes and fluid across a semi-permeable membrane from the blood to a dialysate fluid to remove waste, with hemodialysis being the most common type where blood is cleaned in a dialysis machine and returned to the body.
haemodialysis.pptx Best Education Ppt For Use Study
Haemodialysis is a therapy that filters waste and balances electrolytes from the body through a semipermeable membrane. During haemodialysis, blood is pumped from the body through an artificial kidney called a dialyzer which cleans the blood before returning it. The average treatment lasts 3-4 hours and occurs weekly. The dialyzer contains thousands of tiny hollow fibers that act as semipermeable membranes, allowing waste to pass through into the dialysate solution which is then flushed out while balancing electrolytes in the blood. Preparing vascular access through an arteriovenous fistula or graft is important for efficient blood flow during haemodialysis treatments.
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 1, Physiological Principles of Hemodialysis - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA7nU5NWL2g&list=PLL7Q08IoVDSpg0VlGdvCHOHbXqMs0GFRe
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiWabzTPFqY&list=PLL7Q08IoVDSrVcm6SmppQyefL_Ub2-xGY
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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This document discusses different modes of movement of substances across membranes, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It defines diffusion as the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water molecules from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Examples of each process are provided. The effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells are also described.
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The document discusses the human excretory system. It describes how waste is produced through metabolic activities and transported through the bloodstream. The key components of the human excretory system are the pair of kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. The kidneys contain millions of nephrons, which are the functional filtering units. Nephrons contain a glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, which work to filter waste from the blood into urine. Urine is then transported from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters for storage until excretion. In cases of kidney failure, dialysis or transplantation may be required.
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This document discusses dialysis, which is a process used to purify the blood of patients with kidney failure. There are two main types of dialysis: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis involves connecting the patient's blood to an external dialysis machine via surgically placed vascular access points, allowing diffusion and ultrafiltration to remove waste and excess fluid across a semi-permeable membrane. Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum in the abdomen as the membrane, with dialysate fluid infused via a catheter to filter the blood. Both types of dialysis aim to replicate the waste removal normally done by functioning kidneys. Common problems with long-term dialysis include hypotension,
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The document discusses kidney physiology and dialysis machines. It provides an overview of how the kidneys function to remove waste and regulate chemicals in the blood. When kidney function declines, dialysis is needed to perform these roles artificially. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which uses an external machine to clean the blood outside the body, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter. The key components of a hemodialysis machine are the dialysate fluid, dialyzer filter, and hemodialysis membranes. The machine works by pumping the blood through the dialyzer, where waste passes through membrane pores into the dialysate to be removed
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This document provides an overview of kidney function and different types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. It outlines that the kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood. When the kidneys fail, dialysis is needed to perform these functions externally or internally. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis which filters blood outside the body using a machine, and peritoneal dialysis which uses the peritoneal membrane in the abdomen to filter blood inside the body. Both have benefits and limitations in treating kidney failure.
dialysis.pptx
Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two types of dialysis used to treat kidney failure. Haemodialysis is done through intravenous lines in a hospital 3-5 hours at a time, where blood passes through a dialysis machine to filter waste. Peritoneal dialysis is done at home by introducing dialysis fluid into the peritoneal cavity for exchange over 15-20 minutes, then draining it out. Renal transplantation is the best treatment, where a donor kidney is transplanted and long term immunosuppression is needed to prevent rejection.
high-flux.pptx
The document discusses high flux hemodialysis. It notes that high flux dialyzers have larger surface areas and more permeable membranes than low flux dialyzers, allowing for more efficient removal of waste products including larger molecules. Some studies have found high flux dialysis improves removal of substances like lipids and proteins, while others have found no significant impact on molecules like homocysteine. The choice between high flux and low flux depends on the individual patient's condition and dialysis needs.
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The document discusses the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable bilayer that controls what enters and exits the cell. It transports nutrients in and waste out, and helps maintain pH and ion concentrations. The bilayer is permeable to small non-polar molecules but not larger polar ones, requiring active or facilitated transport. Passive transport includes simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, while active transport requires energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Solutions can be hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic depending on if they cause cells to gain, lose, or maintain water through osmosis.
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The urinary system filters waste and regulates homeostasis through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter blood in the glomerulus and reabsorb water and ions while secreting wastes like urea through tubules. Precise regulation of reabsorption and secretion allows the production of hypertonic urine while maintaining electrolyte and pH balance.
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Intravenous therapy involves infusing liquid substances directly into the vein. It is used to administer fluids, electrolytes, medications, blood products, and nutrition. There are several types of IV fluids including crystalloids like normal saline which are isotonic, and colloids which are always hypertonic. The osmolarity and tonicity of IV solutions must be carefully considered to avoid cellular swelling or shrinkage. IV therapy provides numerous benefits but also risks like fluid overload, so nursing interventions are needed to monitor for complications.
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Osmosis will occur and water will diffuse into the cells, causing them to swell.
Excretory_System By Dr Shivam Mishra.ppt
Kidneys are bean-shaped structures located on either side of the backbone and are protected by the ribs and muscles of the back. Each human adult kidney has a length of 10-12 cm, a width of 5-7 cm and weighs around 120-170g.
The kidneys have an inner concave structure. The blood vessels, ureter and nerves enter the kidneys through the hilum, which is a notch at the inner concave surface of the kidney. The renal pelvis, a large funnel-shaped space is present inner to the hilum, is has many projections known as calyces.
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Kidney transplant and dialysis are two options for patients with kidney failure. A kidney transplant involves surgically implanting a donor kidney by connecting the artery, vein and ureter. The transplant takes about 3-4 hours under general anesthesia. Dialysis works by diffusing solutes and fluid across a semi-permeable membrane from the blood to a dialysate fluid to remove waste, with hemodialysis being the most common type where blood is cleaned in a dialysis machine and returned to the body.
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Haemodialysis is a therapy that filters waste and balances electrolytes from the body through a semipermeable membrane. During haemodialysis, blood is pumped from the body through an artificial kidney called a dialyzer which cleans the blood before returning it. The average treatment lasts 3-4 hours and occurs weekly. The dialyzer contains thousands of tiny hollow fibers that act as semipermeable membranes, allowing waste to pass through into the dialysate solution which is then flushed out while balancing electrolytes in the blood. Preparing vascular access through an arteriovenous fistula or graft is important for efficient blood flow during haemodialysis treatments.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA7nU5NWL2g&list=PLL7Q08IoVDSpg0VlGdvCHOHbXqMs0GFRe
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiWabzTPFqY&list=PLL7Q08IoVDSrVcm6SmppQyefL_Ub2-xGY
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Movement of substances
This document discusses different modes of movement of substances across membranes, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It defines diffusion as the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a gradient. Osmosis is defined as the net movement of water molecules from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient and requires energy. Examples of each process are provided. The effects of osmosis on plant and animal cells are also described.
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- 1. Critical Thinking - Inside a Dialysis Machine Done by: Tan Jiefeng (21) Nicholas Tay (22) Wang Shiyao (23) Class 1I1
- 2. What is Kidney Failure? • Not able to remove waste and extra water from the blood or keep body chemicals in balance. • Needs the help of a Dialysis machine.
- 3. What is Dialysis? • Dialysis is the cleansing of blood through a special machine. • Dialysis machines help to remove the waste products from their blood.
- 4. How does a Dialysis Machine work? • Path which blood takes:
- 5. What is inside a Dialyzer? • Inside a Dialyzer, there is a semi-permeable membrane. - On one side there is blood. - On the other side there is a special solution called dialysate.
- 6. What is inside a Dialyzer? • Dialysate is a solution that pulls waste from blood.
- 7. What is diffusion? Diffusion is the movement of substances from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOWER CONCENTRATION.
- 8. Semi-permeability • Smaller substances are able to pass through the semi-permeable membrane - Because they are small enough. • Bigger substances cannot pass through the semi-permeable membrane - Because they are too big.
- 9. Question 4a How do you think the waste substances in the blood such as urea is removed from the blood?
- 10. Question 4a • They are removed from the blood in the dialyzer. • In the dialyzer, the blood with waste products will flow past one side of a semi- permeable membrane. • On the other side of this membrane, there is a special substance called dialysate, which pulls waste from blood. The waste such as urea will pass through the membrane.
- 11. Question 4b Will the red and white blood cells and platelets which make up the blood be removed? Why?
- 12. Question 4b • The red and white blood cells and platelets will not be removed. - This is because they are too big to pass through the semi-permeable membrane in the dialyzer and thus will return to the blood compartment.
- 13. Question 4c Diffusible substances needed by the body such as sugars, amino acids and certain amounts of salts can go through the membrane. What can be done to make sure that these substances are not removed by dialysis?
- 14. Question 4c • To make sure that these substances are not removed, the concentration of these substances on the other side of the membrane has to be the same. - This is because diffusion is substances moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, - If the concentration on both sides of the membrane is the same, then the substances will not move.
- 15. Question 4d Water from the blood can also diffuse through the membrane. Why is it not removed by dialysis?
- 16. Question 4d Similarly, if the concentration of water on the other side of the membrane is the same as that of blood, then there will be no diffusion, and no movement of water.
- 18. Bibliography • images.google.com • http://dialysis-patient-care.blogspot.com/ • http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-amino-acids.htm • http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/hemodialysisdose/ • http://www.answers.com/topic/how-does-kidney-dialysis-remove- waste-products-from-the-body • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_removed_by_dialysis • http://en.allexperts.com/q/Biology-664/Dialysis.htm • http://en.allexperts.com/q/Molecular-Biology-1353/Dialysis.htm
- 19. Thank you!