Diagnostic evaluation of HTN
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This document provides guidelines for diagnosing hypertension through diagnostic evaluations. It discusses establishing blood pressure levels, identifying secondary causes, and evaluating cardiovascular risk through measurements, medical history, physical exam, and investigations. Specific guidelines are provided for office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, interpreting results, and assessing for target organ damage through tests like ECG, echocardiogram, carotid ultrasound, and lab work.
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Heart failure management
This document defines and describes heart failure, its causes, forms, and pathophysiology. Heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is most often caused by impaired contractility from conditions like ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathy. Heart failure can present as systolic or diastolic dysfunction and can affect the left or right ventricle. The body undergoes adaptive and maladaptive changes like neurohormonal activation to try to maintain cardiac output as heart function declines.
Hypotension
Hypotension is defined as low blood pressure, with a systolic pressure under 90 mm Hg or diastolic under 60 mm Hg. It can be caused by factors like low blood volume, medications, or certain syndromes. Symptoms include dizziness, fainting, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of hypotension. For mild asymptomatic cases, increasing fluid/electrolyte intake or caffeine may help. More severe cases may require medications to increase blood volume or vascular resistance. The goal of treatment is to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and address any underlying medical issues that are contributing to the low blood pressure.
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has been documented as far back as 2600 BC. It was not until the early 18th century that methods for measuring blood pressure were developed. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Sustained elevated blood pressure is defined as hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension and reduce complications like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Accurate measurement and long-term management require a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a sustained blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension involves genetic and environmental factors that alter cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Primary defects include renal sodium retention and vasoconstriction/hypertrophy. Secondary causes include endocrine, renal, and neurological conditions.
Hypertension
Study material for Doctor of pharmacy and other medical students. Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. It is slightly more frequent in men, in those of low socioeconomic status, and prevalence increases with age. So it is more important to manage it as early, this includes Pharmacological as well as Non-pharmacological Management.
Hypertension, its causes, types and management
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
Management of Heart failure
Definition of heart failure - causes and types of heart failure - pathophysiology and risky factors for heart failure - Diagnosis clinical manifestations and investigations and classification of heart failure- treatment of chronic heart failure
Also Acute heart failure causes - clinical picture and treatment
Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. About 1 billion people worldwide and 1 in 3 Americans have hypertension. Hypertension directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg. The main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and fluid volume control by the kidneys. Hypertension can lead to damage of the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and vasculature if not properly treated.
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Heart failure management
This document defines and describes heart failure, its causes, forms, and pathophysiology. Heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is most often caused by impaired contractility from conditions like ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathy. Heart failure can present as systolic or diastolic dysfunction and can affect the left or right ventricle. The body undergoes adaptive and maladaptive changes like neurohormonal activation to try to maintain cardiac output as heart function declines.
Hypotension
Hypotension is defined as low blood pressure, with a systolic pressure under 90 mm Hg or diastolic under 60 mm Hg. It can be caused by factors like low blood volume, medications, or certain syndromes. Symptoms include dizziness, fainting, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of hypotension. For mild asymptomatic cases, increasing fluid/electrolyte intake or caffeine may help. More severe cases may require medications to increase blood volume or vascular resistance. The goal of treatment is to maintain adequate tissue perfusion and address any underlying medical issues that are contributing to the low blood pressure.
HYPERTENSION
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, has been documented as far back as 2600 BC. It was not until the early 18th century that methods for measuring blood pressure were developed. Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Sustained elevated blood pressure is defined as hypertension. Primary hypertension has no identifiable cause, while secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition. Lifestyle modifications and medication are used to treat hypertension and reduce complications like heart disease, stroke, and kidney damage. Accurate measurement and long-term management require a collaborative approach between patients and healthcare providers.
Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a sustained blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg. It is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. The pathogenesis of essential hypertension involves genetic and environmental factors that alter cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Primary defects include renal sodium retention and vasoconstriction/hypertrophy. Secondary causes include endocrine, renal, and neurological conditions.
Hypertension
Study material for Doctor of pharmacy and other medical students. Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. It is slightly more frequent in men, in those of low socioeconomic status, and prevalence increases with age. So it is more important to manage it as early, this includes Pharmacological as well as Non-pharmacological Management.
Hypertension, its causes, types and management
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and provides normal and elevated blood pressure readings. It describes the types and causes of primary and secondary hypertension. It discusses the risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, clinical presentation, complications and treatment of hypertension, including lifestyle modifications and medication options. The overall goal of treatment is to reduce blood pressure levels to lower the risks of complications like stroke, heart disease and kidney failure.
Management of Heart failure
Definition of heart failure - causes and types of heart failure - pathophysiology and risky factors for heart failure - Diagnosis clinical manifestations and investigations and classification of heart failure- treatment of chronic heart failure
Also Acute heart failure causes - clinical picture and treatment
Hypertension
Hypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher. About 1 billion people worldwide and 1 in 3 Americans have hypertension. Hypertension directly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prehypertension is defined as a systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mm Hg. The main factors that influence blood pressure are cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and fluid volume control by the kidneys. Hypertension can lead to damage of the heart, brain, kidneys, eyes, and vasculature if not properly treated.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and its cause is unknown. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition such as kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to prevent target organ damage from severely high blood pressure.
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Ckd ppt
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than 3 months. CKD is staged based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from stage 1 (normal or high GFR) to stage 5 (kidney failure). Common causes of CKD in India include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms vary depending on stage but may include fatigue, pruritus, nausea, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment includes controlling risk factors, nutritional management, dialysis if needed, and potentially kidney transplantation for end stage renal disease.
Hypertension diagnosis
- Treatment of hypertension is the most common reason for physician office visits in the US. The number of hypertensive individuals is increasing due to an aging population and rising obesity rates.
- Up to 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, meaning a specific cause can be identified like renal artery stenosis or pheochromocytoma. However, routine screening for secondary causes is not usually recommended due to low prevalence.
- Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include heart failure, stroke, kidney disease, and heart attacks. Proper treatment and control of blood pressure can significantly reduce risks of these complications.
Heart failure
This presentation provides an overview of heart failure, including:
1. It defines heart failure as when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to meet the body's needs, which can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction.
2. Some key statistics on the incidence and prevalence of heart failure worldwide and in India are presented.
3. Heart failure is classified in different ways such as whether it affects the left or right side of the heart, and whether it involves forward or backward failure.
4. The etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic assessment, medical management including medications, and surgical options for treatment are discussed at a high level.
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1) Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) describe conditions caused by coronary plaque rupture and include ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina.
2) Plaque rupture triggers blood clot formation, which can partially or completely block blood flow to the heart. STEMI involves complete blockage, while NSTEMI and unstable angina involve partial blockages.
3) Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzyme tests, and angiography. Treatment depends on diagnosis but commonly includes aspirin, blood thinners, beta-blockers, and procedures like thrombolysis or angioplasty to restore blood flow.
Heart failure ppt
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
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Diabetic kidney disease, also called diabetic nephropathy, is a type of chronic kidney disease caused by damage to the kidneys as a result of diabetes. Over time, high blood glucose levels associated with diabetes can damage the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli. This can progressively reduce their ability to filter waste from the blood, potentially leading to kidney failure. Symptoms of diabetic kidney disease may include swelling, poor sleep or concentration, nausea or weakness. It can be diagnosed through urine and blood tests and managed through strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major global health issue. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Risk factors include age, family history, stress, obesity, alcohol, sodium intake and lack of exercise. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and eye damage if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight loss as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about hypertension management.
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Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined as a systolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure above 90 mmHg. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors. Primary hypertension accounts for 90-95% of cases and its cause is unknown. Secondary hypertension is caused by an underlying condition such as kidney disease. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication to prevent target organ damage from severely high blood pressure.
Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle that weakens the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. The main types are dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common type and causes the heart chambers to enlarge over time. Treatment involves managing symptoms and risk factors with medications, lifestyle changes, surgery such as implantable devices or transplant, and treating any underlying causes. A heart transplant may be an option for severe cases but carries risks of organ rejection, infection, and side effects of immunosuppressant drugs.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. The disease is called “chronic” because the damage to your kidneys happens slowly over a long period of time.
Cor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for more than 3 months. CKD is staged based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from stage 1 (normal or high GFR) to stage 5 (kidney failure). Common causes of CKD in India include diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Symptoms vary depending on stage but may include fatigue, pruritus, nausea, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment includes controlling risk factors, nutritional management, dialysis if needed, and potentially kidney transplantation for end stage renal disease.
Hypertension diagnosis
- Treatment of hypertension is the most common reason for physician office visits in the US. The number of hypertensive individuals is increasing due to an aging population and rising obesity rates.
- Up to 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, meaning a specific cause can be identified like renal artery stenosis or pheochromocytoma. However, routine screening for secondary causes is not usually recommended due to low prevalence.
- Complications of uncontrolled hypertension include heart failure, stroke, kidney disease, and heart attacks. Proper treatment and control of blood pressure can significantly reduce risks of these complications.
Heart failure
This presentation provides an overview of heart failure, including:
1. It defines heart failure as when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to meet the body's needs, which can result from systolic or diastolic dysfunction.
2. Some key statistics on the incidence and prevalence of heart failure worldwide and in India are presented.
3. Heart failure is classified in different ways such as whether it affects the left or right side of the heart, and whether it involves forward or backward failure.
4. The etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic assessment, medical management including medications, and surgical options for treatment are discussed at a high level.
Diabetes mellitus , Risk Factors, Classification, Treatment.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are four main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and secondary diabetes. The main symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment involves managing diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring, oral medications or insulin therapy, and diabetes self-management education. Lifestyle modifications like following a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, weight control, and avoiding tobacco can help prevent and manage diabetes.
Acute coronary syndromes
1) Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) describe conditions caused by coronary plaque rupture and include ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina.
2) Plaque rupture triggers blood clot formation, which can partially or completely block blood flow to the heart. STEMI involves complete blockage, while NSTEMI and unstable angina involve partial blockages.
3) Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzyme tests, and angiography. Treatment depends on diagnosis but commonly includes aspirin, blood thinners, beta-blockers, and procedures like thrombolysis or angioplasty to restore blood flow.
Heart failure ppt
Congestive cardiac failure is defined as a chronic condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It can be classified as systolic, diastolic, acute or chronic. Common causes include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and obesity. Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema while signs include tachycardia and edema. Diagnosis involves tests such as ECG, echocardiogram, and blood tests. Management consists of medications like ACE inhibitors, diuretics, beta-blockers and lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and smoking cessation.
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Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is usually caused by an infection. It is characterized by consolidation of the lungs due to inflammatory exudate, bacteria, and white blood cells filling the alveoli. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It occurs in people of all ages but clinical manifestations tend to be more severe in young children, the elderly, and chronically ill patients. Pneumonia is classified based on location in the lungs and place of acquisition. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care, while vaccination can help prevent pneumonia.
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a major public health problem worldwide. It is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. While there is no cure, lifestyle modifications and medication can help prevent and manage hypertension. The goal of treatment is to reduce cardiovascular and renal risks and complications through lowering blood pressure. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes and medications, with regular monitoring needed to control the condition.
Diabetic kidney disease
Diabetic kidney disease, also called diabetic nephropathy, is a type of chronic kidney disease caused by damage to the kidneys as a result of diabetes. Over time, high blood glucose levels associated with diabetes can damage the tiny filters in the kidneys called glomeruli. This can progressively reduce their ability to filter waste from the blood, potentially leading to kidney failure. Symptoms of diabetic kidney disease may include swelling, poor sleep or concentration, nausea or weakness. It can be diagnosed through urine and blood tests and managed through strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure levels.
Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major global health issue. It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg or a diastolic over 90 mmHg. Risk factors include age, family history, stress, obesity, alcohol, sodium intake and lack of exercise. Complications can include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and eye damage if left untreated. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and weight loss as well as medications that lower blood pressure such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. Nurses play an important role in educating patients about hypertension management.
Hypertension
5th-year medical student seminar presentation under the supervision of Dr. Nik Nur Atiqah, a cardiologist.
Chronic renal failure
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) or CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Chronic or irreversible renal failure is a progressive reduction of functioning of renal tissue such that the remaining kidney mass can no longer maintain the body’s internal environment.
Chronic Stable Angina- Diagnosis & management
This document discusses the assessment, investigation, and treatment of chronic stable angina. It defines chronic stable angina as chest pain or discomfort that is reproducibly associated with exertion or stress and relieved by rest. The document outlines how to evaluate patients presenting with chest pain through history, physical exam, risk factor assessment, and probability estimation models. It recommends initial tests like ECG, cardiac biomarkers, and stress testing. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications like aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and revascularization if needed. Regular patient follow up and education are also emphasized.
diabetic nephropathy
This document discusses diabetic nephropathy, which is kidney damage caused by diabetes. It begins with an introduction on the increasing prevalence of diabetes in India and how about 25-40% of diabetics develop end stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease. The natural history of kidney disease progression through 5 stages is described from early increased filtration to end stage requiring dialysis or transplant. Risk factors, screening methods, management including controlling blood glucose and blood pressure, and treatment options like dialysis and transplant are covered.
Pulmonary embolism ppt
The document discusses pulmonary embolism, which is the blockage of pulmonary arteries by blood clots or other materials. It defines pulmonary embolism and discusses its incidence, risk factors including deep vein thrombosis, clinical features such as chest pain and dyspnea, pathophysiology involving right heart strain, diagnostic studies, and treatment including anticoagulation with heparin and warfarin as well as surgical interventions in severe cases.
Endocarditis and its management
This document provides information about infective endocarditis, including its causes, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves and lining that can be caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream. It requires long-term antibiotic treatment and may necessitate valve replacement surgery if complications occur. Nurses monitor for symptoms, assess treatment effectiveness, and educate patients on preventing future infections.
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Diabetes mellitus , Risk Factors, Classification, Treatment.
Diabetes mellitus , Risk Factors, Classification, Treatment.
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This document contains descriptions and images related to the adrenal glands. It includes 27 figures showing arterial supply, venous drainage, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasounds of normal adrenal glands and various adrenal diseases. The figures demonstrate imaging of conditions such as Cushing's disease, Conn's syndrome, neuroblastoma, phaeochromocytoma, metastases, and adrenal masses.
Procedures in Ayuvedic Massage
The document outlines the procedures of an Ayurvedic massage, which includes a hot shower to soften toxins, an hour-long oil massage, a 10-15 minute steam bath, applying a herbal paste or scrub, another hot shower to remove the paste and oil, and proper rest afterwards to allow the body to absorb the benefits of the treatment. The goal of the Ayurvedic massage is to help break up and remove ama or toxins from the body through techniques like massage, herbal treatments, and steam therapy.
Diagnosis management of_hypertension
This document discusses diagnosis and management of hypertension. Key points include:
1) Nearly all adults aged 55 or older will develop hypertension in their lifetime if their current blood pressure is normal. Controlling hypertension reduces health risks.
2) Many Americans have untreated or uncontrolled hypertension despite available treatments. Lifestyle modifications and multiple drug classes are often needed to control blood pressure.
3) Accurate blood pressure measurement and evaluation for secondary causes and target organ damage are important for diagnosis. Initial treatment involves lifestyle changes and single drug therapy. Most patients require two or more drugs from different classes to control hypertension.
Hypertension+current
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) as a major public health problem and risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Some key points:
- Hypertension affects over 50 million Americans and 1 billion people worldwide. It is the leading cause of preventable death.
- Even small reductions in blood pressure of 2-5 mmHg can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events like stroke and heart disease.
- Lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise, weight control and limiting alcohol/sodium can help prevent and control hypertension. The DASH diet in particular has been shown to lower blood pressure.
- Guidelines recommend treating hypertension based on risk factors and blood pressure levels, starting with lifestyle changes and adding drug therapy as needed.
Hypertension the silent killer
The document provides guidelines from the ADA in 2013 on hypertension and blood pressure control for patients with diabetes. It recommends screening blood pressure at every visit and confirming elevated readings on a separate day. For those over 120/80 mmHg, lifestyle changes are advised, and for those over 140/80 mmHg, pharmacological therapy should be promptly initiated to achieve targets. An ACE inhibitor or ARB is recommended as part of a multiple drug regimen, with monitoring of kidney function and potassium levels.
Ht Nlecture2009
1. The document discusses a case of a 40-year-old male who visited a clinic with a history of drug abuse and had a blood pressure reading of 160/95.
2. A diagnosis of hypertension cannot officially be made at this time based on a single high blood pressure reading, and the average of 3 or more properly measured readings over weeks to months is needed.
3. Risk factors for hypertension include excess sodium intake, alcohol, energy drinks, genetics, obesity, diabetes, and lack of exercise. Treatment reduces risks of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure.
Hypertension Guidelines JNC 8
This document summarizes guidelines from the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8) on the prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. It provides recommendations on when to initiate pharmacologic treatment based on age, race, presence of diabetes or chronic kidney disease. It recommends treating to a blood pressure goal of less than 150/90 mmHg for those aged 60 or older, and less than 140/90 mmHg for others. It also provides guidance on first-line antihypertensive drug classes based on patient characteristics.
Heart attack plaque blood pressure
A myocardial infarction, or heart attack, occurs when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked, usually by a blood clot, and the heart muscle begins to die due to lack of oxygen. Coronary arteries can become blocked by plaques made of fat, cholesterol, and other substances that build up in the arteries. Rupture of a vulnerable plaque in a coronary artery often leads to a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain and shortness of breath.
The Hypertension Guidelines JNC 8
The document discusses the new JNC-8 guidelines for hypertension treatment. It provides background on hypertension prevalence, risks, and controversies in treatment approaches over time. It then summarizes the key aspects of the new JNC-8 guidelines, including less aggressive blood pressure targets for those over age 60 (150/90 mmHg vs. the previous 140/90 mmHg for all adults) based on a review of existing studies. The implications are that the new guidelines would reclassify a significant portion of older adults in the US as having their blood pressure under control.
Pathophysiology hypertension.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. It occurs when the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls is too high. If not treated, it can lead to damage to blood vessels and vital organs over time.
Adrenal gland lecture
The adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys and are composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone, while the medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. Adrenal gland disorders occur when the glands do not function properly, such as Cushing's syndrome which results from excess cortisol production, congenital adrenal hyperplasia where the glands do not produce enough hormones, and pituitary tumors affecting hormone regulation. Treatments include medication, surgery, radiation, or a combination depending on the specific disorder.
Pathology of Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its classification, pathogenesis, complications, and pathological features. It notes that essential (primary) hypertension accounts for 95% of cases and has unknown etiology, while secondary hypertension makes up 5-10% of cases and has a known cause such as renal or endocrine disorders. Complications of long-term high blood pressure include damage to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to reduced blood flow and vessel damage over time.
Hypertension 2013 Pathophysiology
Primary hypertension accounts for 90% of hypertension cases. It is defined as high blood pressure without an identifiable secondary cause. The main pathophysiological drivers of primary hypertension are an overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial dysfunction. This leads to increased peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure. Over time, uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage target organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels, potentially causing complications like heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease. Managing risk factors and treating hypertension can help prevent its progression and reduce complications.
Adrenal gland disorders
The document discusses several adrenal gland disorders including:
1. Addison's disease, which is caused by inadequate production of hormones by the adrenal glands due to problems with the pituitary gland or autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands.
2. Cushing's syndrome, which is caused by excessive cortisol production from either benign or cancerous tumors of the adrenal glands or pituitary gland.
3. Pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excess catecholamines and causes symptoms like headaches and sweating.
4. Testing of the corticotropin-releasing factor is discussed as a way to diagnose hypothal
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This document discusses accelerated hypertension and provides information on defining and classifying hypertension. It begins by defining hypertension as a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher. It then discusses classifying hypertension based on severity from prehypertension to stage 1 and 2 hypertension. The document notes accelerated hypertension is associated with a rapid rise in blood pressure that causes retinal damage. It emphasizes controlling blood pressure to reduce risks of stroke, heart attack, and heart failure. The document provides guidelines for properly measuring blood pressure and evaluating patients with hypertension.
Recent guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of...
Recent guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults AHA/ACC-2017
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The document defines hypertension and discusses changes made to definitions in guidelines from 2003 and 2017. It also covers the epidemiology of hypertension, risk factors, mechanisms, etiologies (essential vs. secondary), diagnosis, evaluation, target organ damage, clinical presentation, and patient workup. The summary provides an overview of key points:
1. The document defines normal, prehypertension, stage 1 and 2 hypertension based on guidelines from 2003 and 2017.
2. Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, affecting about 30% of people over 18 and 50% over 60.
3. Patient evaluation for hypertension includes history, exam, and tests to define blood pressure levels, identify risk factors,
Hypertensive Crisis
This document discusses hypertensive crises, including definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, assessment, diagnosis, and management. It defines hypertensive emergencies as elevated blood pressure with acute end-organ damage, while hypertensive urgencies involve impending end-organ damage. The typical patient presenting with crisis is middle-aged, noncompliant with medications, and may use substances. Treatment of emergencies requires immediate blood pressure reduction in the ICU to prevent further damage, while urgencies can be treated gradually as uncontrolled hypertension. Nitroprusside is very effective but has limitations like toxicity risks with prolonged use.
Approach to young hypertensive patients
1. The document discusses hypertension in young adults, including definitions of different types of elevated blood pressure (e.g. hypertensive urgency, emergency), risk factors, clinical presentation, causes (primary vs. secondary), evaluation approach, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
2. Most young adults with hypertension have primary/essential hypertension with no identifiable cause, though secondary hypertension can occur in about 10% of cases. Evaluation aims to confirm the diagnosis, assess cardiovascular risk, detect target organ damage, and identify secondary causes.
3. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring provides blood pressure readings outside the office and can help identify white coat hypertension or masked hypertension, which have implications for risk stratification and treatment.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension including its definition, prevalence, causes, complications, evaluation, treatment goals, and lifestyle and pharmacological interventions. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg and affects over 50 million Americans. It is a primary risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
- Accurate blood pressure measurement requires proper technique and equipment. Target organ damage from uncontrolled hypertension can affect the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes.
- Evaluation involves assessing cardiovascular risk factors, identifying secondary causes, and checking for target organ damage. Treatment goals are blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
- Lifestyle
HYPERTENSION (4).ppt
This document discusses hypertension including its prevalence, definition, accurate measurement, classification, secondary causes, target organ damage, evaluation, treatment goals, and lifestyle modifications. Some key points:
- Hypertension is very common, affecting over 50 million Americans. It increases risks of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.
- It is defined as a systolic blood pressure over 139 mmHg or diastolic over 89 mmHg based on multiple readings.
- Lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet, reducing sodium, weight loss, and exercise are effective non-pharmacological interventions. The treatment goal is a blood pressure under 140/90 mmHg or under 130/80 for those with diabetes or kidney disease.
Role_of_clinical_pharmacist_in_the_treatment_of_Hypertension_disease_and_mana...
Role_of_clinical_pharmacist_in_the_treatment_of_Hypertension_disease_and_mana...University of Development Alternative
The document discusses the role of clinical pharmacists in treating hypertension. It begins with definitions of hypertension and discusses diagnosing and assessing hypertension through medical history, lab tests, and monitoring blood pressure levels. It then covers lifestyle changes, medications, and the roles of clinical pharmacists in managing drug therapy, counseling patients, and working with physicians and nurses to optimize treatment of hypertension. The clinical pharmacist aims to prevent medication-related problems and optimize patient outcomes through their expertise in pharmacotherapy.62181184 quinx-case-study
Mrs. A, a 76-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and stroke, presented with body weakness. Her physical exam found weakness on her right side and enlarged heart on chest x-ray. Lab results showed abnormal cholesterol and electrolyte levels. She was diagnosed with uncontrolled hypertension and given medications to control her blood pressure along with dietary and lifestyle counseling upon discharge.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (HTN), including its definition, prevalence, causes, complications, evaluation, treatment goals, and management. Some key points:
- HTN is defined as BP over 140/90 mmHg and affects over 50 million Americans. It increases risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease.
- Causes include primary HTN in 95% of cases and secondary HTN related to other conditions like kidney disease. Target organ damage can occur in the heart, brain, kidneys, and eyes.
- Evaluation includes assessing risk factors, screening for secondary causes, and checking for target organ damage. Treatment goals are BP under 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 for those with
Hypertension
This document summarizes hypertension, including its definition, classification, measurement, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure and is classified based on blood pressure levels, identifiable causes, and organ damage. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and affects over 1 billion people globally. Prevention involves population-wide and individual lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and control blood pressure in diagnosed individuals.
Hypertension
This document provides an overview of hypertension (high blood pressure). It defines hypertension and normal blood pressure readings. It discusses factors that influence blood pressure like heart rate, vascular resistance, and fluid volume. It covers the etiology, epidemiology, types (essential, secondary, malignant, isolated systolic, resistant), signs and symptoms, and pathophysiology involving the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin system, and fluid volume regulation. It also addresses the diagnosis, complications, and management of hypertension through both non-pharmacological (lifestyle modifications, diet) and pharmacological (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers) approaches.
HYPERTENSION.ppt
This document discusses hypertension including its prevalence in India, definition, methods of blood pressure measurement, screening recommendations, classification, causes of secondary hypertension, complications if uncontrolled, and effects on target organs like the heart, kidneys, eyes, and nervous system. It provides information on accurate blood pressure measurement techniques, definitions of prehypertension, types of hypertensive crises, and non-pharmacological and pharmacological intervention strategies.
CARDIO docx
The document provides an overview of cardiovascular disorders and the nursing care of clients with such conditions. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the heart, epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases, nursing assessment including history, physical exam, diagnostic tests, and monitoring tools. Nursing responsibilities are outlined for various diagnostic tests and procedures like stress tests, echocardiograms, cardiac catheterization, and treatment of dysrhythmias. The goal of nursing care is to comprehensively assess and monitor clients while educating them about risk factor reduction and management of their cardiovascular condition.
Optimal Blood Pressure Management Implication of the SPRINT Trial & Blood Pre...
- 5 in 10 hypertensive patients in Singapore are not optimally controlled. Increased blood pressure variability may impact cardiovascular risk.
- Consultant cardiologist will discuss implications of the SPRINT trial on optimal blood pressure management and the relationship between blood pressure variability and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
- Joint scientific session will cover optimal blood pressure control in hypertensive patients and implications of blood pressure variability based on recent studies such as the SPRINT trial.
Hypertension
This document summarizes a study on hypertension prevalence in Pakistan. The study found a high prevalence of hypertension in older patients, which was attributed to lifestyle factors like smoking, an unhealthy diet high in fat, and lack of medical consultation. Literacy rates and health conditions in Pakistan are generally low. Improving education and healthcare access could help lower hypertension rates by promoting healthier behaviors. The document reviews definitions of hypertension, risk factors, prevention methods, and treatment options like lifestyle modifications and medications.
Htn HYpertension
Describes what is Hypertension
JNC 8 gudelines
treatment of Hypertension including pharmacological therapy non pharacological therpay
Hypertension by sourabh kosey
HypertensioN, The Silent Killer, Hypertension is a common disease that is simply defined as persistent elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure (BP), affects millions of people. High blood pressure is defined as BP ≥140/90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). As per JNC 8
Hypertension
Hypertension is known as a “silent killer”. If it is not detected early, it can be detrimental for the well-being.
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Diagnostic evaluation of HTN
- 1. Diagnostic evaluation of hypertension Hany A. AbdelWahab (Assistant lecturer of cardiology) Zagazig University October, 2011
- 2. Aim of the diagnostic procedures 1) Establishing blood pressure levels. 2) Identifying secondary causes of hypertension. 3) Evaluating the overall cardiovascular risk by searching for other risk factors, target organ damage and concomitant diseases.
- 3. The diagnostic procedures comprise: 1) Repeated blood pressure measurements. 2) Medical history. 3) Physical examination. 4) Investigations.
- 7. Measure BP 1 and 5 min after assumption of the standing position if postural hypotension is suspected like in elderly & diabetic patients.
- 11. The prognostic value of nighttime BP has been found to be superior to that of daytime blood pressure.
- 13. 4- Resistance to drug treatment is suspected. 5- Hypotensive episodes are suspected, particularly in elderly and diabetic patients. 6- Office BP is elevated in pregnant women and preeclampsia is suspected.
- 16. Thesemeasurements should be encouraged in order to:
- 17. Provide more information on the BP lowering effect of treatment at trough.
- 18. Improve patient’s adherence to treatment regimens.
- 20. Blood pressure thresholds (mmHg) for definition ofhypertension with different types of measurement
- 25. Guidelines for Family and Clinical History Duration and previous level of high blood pressure. Indications of secondary hypertension: - Family history of renal disease (polycystic kidney). - Renal disease, urinary tract infection, haematuria, analgesic abuse (parenchymal renal disease). - Drug/substance intake: oral contraceptives, liquorice, carbenoxolone, nasal drops, cocaine, amphetamines, steroids, NSAIDs, erythropoietin, cyclosporine. - Episodes of sweating, headache, anxiety, palpitation (phaeochromocytoma). - Episodes of muscle weakness and tetany (aldosteronism).
- 26. Risk factors: - Family and personal history of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. - Family and personal history of dyslipidaemia. - Family and personal history of diabetes mellitus. - Smoking. - Dietary habits. - Obesity & amount of physical exercise. - Snoring; sleep apnea ( information also from partner) - Personality.
- 27. Symptoms of target organ damage: - Brain and eyes: headache, vertigo, impaired vision, TIAs & sensory or motor deficit. - Heart: palpitation, chest pain, shortness of breath &swollen ankles. - Kidney: thirst, polyuria, nocturia & haematuria. - Peripheral arteries: cold extremities & intermittent claudications. Previous antihypertensive therapy: - Drug(s) used, efficacy and adverse effects.
- 30. Skin stigmata of neurofibromatosis (phaeochromocytoma).
- 31. Palpation of enlarged kidneys (polycystic kidney).
- 32. Auscultation of abdominal murmurs (renovascular hypertension).
- 35. Heart: apical impulse, abnormal cardiac rhythms, ventricular gallop, pulmonary rales & peripheral oedema.
- 37. Increased body mass index:body weight (Kg)/ height (m²) Overweight ≥25 Kg/m² & Obesity ≥30 Kg/m²
- 38. investigations
- 45. Serum potassium.
- 47. Estimated creatinine clearance (Cockroft-Gault formula) or glomerular filtration rate (MDRD formula).
- 49. Urine analysis (complemented by microalbuminuria dipstick test and microscopic examination).
- 52. Quantitative proteinuria (if dipstick test positive).
- 54. Fundoscopy.
- 55. Glucose tolerance test (if fasting plasma glucose >102 mg/dL).
- 56. Home and 24h ambulatory BP monitoring .