This document summarizes hypertension, including its definition, classification, measurement, epidemiology, treatment and prevention. Hypertension is defined as high blood pressure and is classified based on blood pressure levels, identifiable causes, and organ damage. It is measured using a sphygmomanometer and affects over 1 billion people globally. Prevention involves population-wide and individual lifestyle changes to reduce risk factors and control blood pressure in diagnosed individuals.
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
this presentation have various hypertension management guidelines used in the Indian context, hypertension management algorithm, medication used and AYUSH interventions
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
this presentation have various hypertension management guidelines used in the Indian context, hypertension management algorithm, medication used and AYUSH interventions
Epidemiology , diagnosis and treatment of Hypertension Toufiqur Rahman
Hypertension, Blood pressure, Systolic Hypertension, Diastolic Hypertension, Epidemiology, Classification of hypertention, Type of hypertension, aetiology of hypertension, Clinical features, complications of hypertension, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, Resistant hypertension, anti hypertensives,
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
hypertention,it's causes, epidemiology, mechanism,primary and secondary hypertention, preeclampsia and eclampsia, disease related hypertention, classification, dietary plan, diagnosis, clinical presentation, drug related hypertention, treatment,
Arterial Hypertension simply stated is high blood pressure.
It is defined as a persistent elevation of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 mm Hg or higher and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 mm Hg or higher. types of hypertension
PRIMARY HYPERTENSION and SECONDARY HYPERTENSION .
Primary Hypertension or also known as essential or idiopathic Hypertension.
The cause of essential hypertension is unknown; however, there are several areas investigation.
It is more common type of hypertension it accounts for 90 to 95 % of all cause of HTN.
In this condition the BP is elevated from an unidentified cause.
I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of World Hypertension Day
B. Importance of addressing hypertension as a global health issue
C. Overview of the objectives of the presentation
II. Understanding Hypertension
A. Definition and classification of hypertension
B. Prevalence and global burden of hypertension
C. Risk factors and causes of hypertension
D. Health implications and complications associated with hypertension
III. World Hypertension Day 2023
A. Background and significance of World Hypertension Day
B. Theme and key messages for World Hypertension Day 2023
C. Activities and events organized worldwide to raise awareness
IV. Goals and Objectives
A. Key goals set for World Hypertension Day 2023
B. Promoting prevention and early detection of hypertension
C. Encouraging healthy lifestyle modifications
D. Enhancing public knowledge about hypertension management
V. Initiatives and Campaigns
A. Overview of global initiatives and campaigns
B. Collaborations with international organizations, NGOs, and healthcare professionals
C. Campaign materials and resources available for public use
VI. Strategies for Hypertension Prevention and Control
A. Implementing population-level interventions
B. Screening and diagnosis strategies
C. Lifestyle modifications (diet, physical activity, stress management)
D. Pharmacological management and treatment guidelines
VII. Public Awareness and Education
A. Importance of raising public awareness about hypertension
B. Educational campaigns and resources for the general public
C. Role of healthcare professionals in educating patients
VIII. Impact and Achievements
A. Highlighting the impact of previous World Hypertension Day campaigns
B. Success stories and achievements in hypertension prevention and control
C. Lessons learned and areas for improvement
IX. Conclusion
A. Recap of the key points discussed
B. Call to action for individuals, communities, and policymakers
C. Encouragement to spread awareness and take steps towards hypertension prevention
What is hypertension, Definition of hypertension, Classification of hypertension, pathophysiology of hypertension, Signs and symptoms of hypertension, Risk factors of hypertension, Causes of hypertension, Differential diagnosis of hypertension, Medications of hypertension, Different class of medications for hypertension, Patient education for hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure has become a common health problem.
•High blood pressure may cause coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
•The narrower your arteries are, the higher your blood pressure will be.
•Your blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.
•High blood pressure generally develops over many years, and it affects nearly everyone eventually.
•Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have high blood pressure, you can work with your doctor to control it.
Get more details @
application of epidemiology in htn in community.pptxanjalatchi
Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
Hypertension, its causes, types and managementAbu Bakar
hypertention,it's causes, epidemiology, mechanism,primary and secondary hypertention, preeclampsia and eclampsia, disease related hypertention, classification, dietary plan, diagnosis, clinical presentation, drug related hypertention, treatment,
Arterial Hypertension simply stated is high blood pressure.
It is defined as a persistent elevation of the systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than 140 mm Hg or higher and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 mm Hg or higher. types of hypertension
PRIMARY HYPERTENSION and SECONDARY HYPERTENSION .
Primary Hypertension or also known as essential or idiopathic Hypertension.
The cause of essential hypertension is unknown; however, there are several areas investigation.
It is more common type of hypertension it accounts for 90 to 95 % of all cause of HTN.
In this condition the BP is elevated from an unidentified cause.
I. Introduction
A. Brief explanation of World Hypertension Day
B. Importance of addressing hypertension as a global health issue
C. Overview of the objectives of the presentation
II. Understanding Hypertension
A. Definition and classification of hypertension
B. Prevalence and global burden of hypertension
C. Risk factors and causes of hypertension
D. Health implications and complications associated with hypertension
III. World Hypertension Day 2023
A. Background and significance of World Hypertension Day
B. Theme and key messages for World Hypertension Day 2023
C. Activities and events organized worldwide to raise awareness
IV. Goals and Objectives
A. Key goals set for World Hypertension Day 2023
B. Promoting prevention and early detection of hypertension
C. Encouraging healthy lifestyle modifications
D. Enhancing public knowledge about hypertension management
V. Initiatives and Campaigns
A. Overview of global initiatives and campaigns
B. Collaborations with international organizations, NGOs, and healthcare professionals
C. Campaign materials and resources available for public use
VI. Strategies for Hypertension Prevention and Control
A. Implementing population-level interventions
B. Screening and diagnosis strategies
C. Lifestyle modifications (diet, physical activity, stress management)
D. Pharmacological management and treatment guidelines
VII. Public Awareness and Education
A. Importance of raising public awareness about hypertension
B. Educational campaigns and resources for the general public
C. Role of healthcare professionals in educating patients
VIII. Impact and Achievements
A. Highlighting the impact of previous World Hypertension Day campaigns
B. Success stories and achievements in hypertension prevention and control
C. Lessons learned and areas for improvement
IX. Conclusion
A. Recap of the key points discussed
B. Call to action for individuals, communities, and policymakers
C. Encouragement to spread awareness and take steps towards hypertension prevention
What is hypertension, Definition of hypertension, Classification of hypertension, pathophysiology of hypertension, Signs and symptoms of hypertension, Risk factors of hypertension, Causes of hypertension, Differential diagnosis of hypertension, Medications of hypertension, Different class of medications for hypertension, Patient education for hypertension
Hypertension or high blood pressure has become a common health problem.
•High blood pressure may cause coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
•The narrower your arteries are, the higher your blood pressure will be.
•Your blood pressure measurement takes into account how much blood is passing through your blood vessels and the amount of resistance the blood meets while the heart is pumping.
•High blood pressure generally develops over many years, and it affects nearly everyone eventually.
•Fortunately, high blood pressure can be easily detected. And once you know you have high blood pressure, you can work with your doctor to control it.
Get more details @
application of epidemiology in htn in community.pptxanjalatchi
Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.
HypertensioN, The Silent Killer, Hypertension is a common disease that is simply defined as persistent elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure (BP), affects millions of people. High blood pressure is defined as BP ≥140/90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). As per JNC 8
Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardio vascular system (CVS) disease, kidney failure and mortality in all over the world. It is said that in our country there are 200 million patients have been suffering from hypertension but only half of them were aware of their illness and out of them only 30% are taking medications under constant medical care. This is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases in the world leading to around 9.4 million deaths occurred in every year. The estimated market share of anti-hypertensive agents is $30 billion by 2016. Hypertension affects approximately 50 million individuals in the US and approximately 1 billion worldwide. There are significant health and economic gains achieved owing to early detection, adequate treatment and good control of hypertension. Hypertension prevails where ever weak health conditions exist all over the world irrespective of either advanced or low per capita income countries. It is alarming to know one in three American adults chronically suffering from high blood pressure. Many people don't aware that they have B.P till they badly affected because negligence of high blood pressure as no symptoms or warning signs appears and then only they abruptly rushed for the medical aid. Elevated chronic blood pressure enhanced cholesterol and blood sugar levels abnormally which causes serious damage to the arteries, kidneys, and heart. Fortunately, high blood pressure is easy to detect and treat due to invention of advanced medical instruments and techniques and introduction of new pharmaceutical drugs. People can keep blood pressure in a healthy range of normal conditions simply by altering lifestyle changes by reducing overweight, by regulating food habits with natural foods and regular practice of exercises and yoga. This report includes tips on how to use a home blood pressure monitor, as well as advice on choosing an appropriate drug treatment strategy based on the age and severity of B.P keeping in view any other medical problems existing in the body.
This lecture presents the 1-Updated recommendations regarding definition and proper diagnosis of HTN. 2-Updated guidelines for threshold of BP to start treatment and targets of treatment. 3- Updated recommendations on CV risk assessment and management. 4-Hypertension and comorbidities: updated guidelines
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. Introduction
Definition of Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circu
lating blood against the walls of the body’s
arteries, the major blood vessels in the bo
dy. Hypertension is when blood pressure is
too high.
Blood pressure is written as two number
s. The first (systolic) number represents t
he pressure in blood vessels when the h
eart contracts or beats. The second (dias
tolic) number represents the pressure in
the vessels when the heart rests between
beats.
4. Definition
Definitions of Hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure and especially arterial blood pr
essure
the systemic condition accompanying high blood pressure
(Merriam-Webseter dictionary)
Systematic arterial hypertension is defined as a state of chronical
ly elevated arterial blood pressure, as compared to what is nor
mally expected.
(AFMC text book )
Hypertension is diagnosed if, when it is measured on two differ
ent days, the systolic blood pressure readings on both days is
≥140 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure readings on b
oth days is ≥90 mmHg.
(WHO)
6. CLASSIFICATION
Hypertension can be classified in 3 different ways
According to the level of blood pressure
According to identifiable cause, if any
According to the extent of target organ
damage
7. According to Level of BP
Source: JNC 7 classification
https://www.aanpcert.org/newsitem?id=94
8. According to Level of BP
Blood Pressure Category SBP DBP
Normal <120 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg
Elevated 120-129 mm Hg and <80 mm Hg
Hypertension
Stage 1 130-139 mm Hg or 80-89 mm Hg
Stage 2 >140 mm Hg or >90 mm Hg
Hypertension Crisis >180 mm Hg and/or >120 mm Hg
Hypertensive crisis: Systolic over 180 and/or diastolic over 120, with patients
needing prompt changes in medication if there are no other indications of
problems, or immediate hospitalization if there are signs of organ damage.
Here BP indicates blood pressure (based on an average of ≥2 careful readin
gs obtained on ≥2 occasions); DBP, diastolic blood pressure; and SBP systolic
blood pressure.
Source: American Heart Association 2017
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066
9. According to Level of BP
Isolated systolic hypertension
Systolic blood pressure of 140 mm of Hg or
more and
a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm
of Hg.
10. Classification in Pediatrics
For children aged 1-13 years:
Normal BP: < 90th percentile
Elevated BP: > 90th percentile to <95th percentile or
120/80mmHg to <95th percentile (whichever is lower
)
Stage 1 HTN: > 95th percentile to <95th percentile +
12mmHg, or 130/80 to 139/89 mmHg (whichever is
lower)
Stage 2 HTN: > 95th percentile + 12 mmHg, or
> 140/90 mmHg (whichever is lower)
11. For children aged > 13 years
Normal BP: <120/<80 mmHg
Elevated BP: 120/<80 to 129/<80 mmHg
Stage 1 HTN: 130/80 to 139/89 mmHg
Stage 2 HTN: > 140/90 mmHg
( Source: American Academy of Pediatrics)
12. According to identifiable cause, if any
Primary (essential) :Hypertension th
at does not have any identifiable ca
use(idiopathic)
Secondary: Hypertension have som
e identifiable cause for raised BP.
Malignant hypertension: It is extre
mely high blood pressure that devel
ops rapidly and causes some type of
organ damage. (180/120 mmHg).
13. According to the extent of target organ
damage
Heart : IHD, LVH, Heart Failure
Brain : Stroke, TIA
Chronic kidney disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Retinopathy
14. Measuring Blood Pressure
The first BP meter was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter v
on Basch in the year 1881.
Further improvised by when Nikolai Korotkov in 1905 by includi
ng diastolic blood pressure measurement following his discovery
of "Korotkoff sounds.“
In 1981 the first fully automated oscillometric blood pressure cuff
was invented by Donald Nunn.
SPHYGMOMANOMETER
sphygmo + manometer.
Sphygmo Manometer
Pulse Pressure Meter
18. Contd..
Children (by age) Cuff Size
Newborns and premature infants 4X8 cm
Infants 6X12 cm
Older children 9X18 cm
19. Guidelines for measuring BP
WHO recommendation
Sitting position should be adopted for recording blood pressure.
In any clinic a uniform policy should be adopted, using either the rig
ht or left arm consistently.
The pressure at which the sounds are first heard (phase I) is taken to
indicate the systolic pressure.
Near the diastolic pressure the sounds first become muffled (phase I
V) and then disappear (phase V).
The systolic and diastolic pressures should be measured at least thre
e times over a period of at least 3 minutes and the lowest reading re
corded.
For reasons of comparability, the data should be recorded everywher
e in a uniform way.
20. Contd..
Sources of errors :
Observer errors- hearing acuity, interpretation of Korotkoff soun
ds.
Instrumental errors- leaking valve, cuffs that do not encircle the
arm. If the cuff is too small and fails to encircle the arm properl
y then too high a reading will be obtained;
Subject errors- the circumstances of examination. These include
the physical environment, the position of the subject, external s
timuli such as fear, anxiety etc.
21. “Tracking” of blood pressure
If blood pressure levels of individual
s were followed up over a period of
years from early childhood into adu
lt life, then those individuals whose
pressures were initially high in the
distribution, would probably contin
ue in the same “track” as adults.
24. Rule Of Halves
1. The whole community
2. Normotensive subjects
3. Hypertensive subjects
4. Undiagnosed hypertension
5. Diagnosed hypertension
6. Diagnosed but untreated
7. Diagnosed and treated
8. Inadequately treated
9. Adequately treated
96
7
8
5
4
3
1
2
25. Incidence
Concept of incidence has limited value
Variability of consecutive readings in individuals, ambiguity of
what is normal blood pressure and the insidious nature of the
condition.
Worldwide, causes 7.5 million deaths, about 12.8% of the total
of all deaths.
26. Global prevalence
Adults aged 25 years - 40 per cent in 2008.
The prevalence in high-income countries was lower, at 35% for b
oth sexes.
Across the WHO regions, the prevalence of raised blood pressur
e was highest in Africa, where it was 46% for both sexes combine
d.
Across the income groups of countries, the prevalence of raised
blood pressure was consistently high, with low, lower-middle and
upper-middle income countries all having rates of around 40% for
both sexes.
29. Contd…
The prevalence of hypertension varies across the WHO regions
and country income groups. The WHO African Region has the
highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Regi
on of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension
(18%).
A review of current trends shows that the number of adults wi
th hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 bill
ion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-
income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hype
rtension risk factors in those populations.
36. PREVENTION OF HYPERTENSION
The WHO has recommended the following approaches in the preven
tion of hypertension:
Primary prevention
All measures taken to reduce the incidence of disease in a popula
tion by reducing the risk of onset.
A. Population strategy
Directed at the population.
Based on the fact even a small reduction in the average blood pressur
e population would produce a large reduction in the incidence of cardi
ovascular complications such as stroke and CHD.
37. Primary Prevention
Population strategy
This involves a multifactorial approach, based on the following non-phar
macotherapeutic interventions:
Nutrition :
reduction of salt in take to an average of not more than 5 gm per day
moderate fat intake
Weight reduction: dietary changes.
Exercise promotion , yoga
Behavioral changes: Reduction of stress and smoking, alcohol intake
modification of personal life style.
Health education
Self care
38. Primary Prevention
High-risk strategy
Aim of this approach is “to prevent the attainment o
f levels of blood pressure at which the institution of
treatment would be considered”
This approach is appropriate if the risk factors occur
with very low prevalence in the community.
39. Secondary Prevention
Goal of secondary prevention is to detect and control
high blood pressure in affected individuals.
Uses the following approaches
1. Early case detection
2. Treatment
3. Patient compliance
41. Tertiary Prevention
The role of Doctors as well as paramedical persons a
ssumes importance in context of tertiary prevention
To follow up the patient, to advocate continuous tre
atment, to educate the patients about importance of
treatment and the various precautions to be taken
by them.
42. Summary
Hypertension is defined as a state of chronically eleva
ted arterial blood pressure, as compared to what is nor
mally expected.
Hypertension is classified according to the level of blo
od pressure, identifiable cause and extent of organ da
mage.
Blood pressure is measured by Sphygmomanometer.
Prevention of control of Hypertension through
primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.
43. References
K. Park Preventive and social medicine;banarsidas bhanot 23rd E
dition; page no-372-377.
Text book of public health and community medicine;AFMC 1st E
dition; page no-1213-1217.
Davidsons principles and practices of medicine; elsevier 20th Edi
tion; page no- 606-615.
https://www.heart.org
https://www.aha journals.org
https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2017/11/08/11/
47/mon-5pm-bp-guideline-aha-2017
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmomanometer