Primary hypertension accounts for 90% of hypertension cases. It is defined as high blood pressure without an identifiable secondary cause. The main pathophysiological drivers of primary hypertension are an overactive renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial dysfunction. This leads to increased peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure. Over time, uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage target organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels, potentially causing complications like heart failure, stroke, and kidney disease. Managing risk factors and treating hypertension can help prevent its progression and reduce complications.
Essential Hypertension By Raheef Alatassi
Definition & classifications
Prevention & detection & importance
Causes
HTN in pregnancy
Management
Goals of treatment
Classes of drugs & side effects
Specific management in e.g. IHD,DM
HTN emergency & urgency with management
Essential Hypertension By Raheef Alatassi
Definition & classifications
Prevention & detection & importance
Causes
HTN in pregnancy
Management
Goals of treatment
Classes of drugs & side effects
Specific management in e.g. IHD,DM
HTN emergency & urgency with management
What is hypertension, Definition of hypertension, Classification of hypertension, pathophysiology of hypertension, Signs and symptoms of hypertension, Risk factors of hypertension, Causes of hypertension, Differential diagnosis of hypertension, Medications of hypertension, Different class of medications for hypertension, Patient education for hypertension
Study material for Doctor of pharmacy and other medical students. Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. It is slightly more frequent in men, in those of low socioeconomic status, and prevalence increases with age. So it is more important to manage it as early, this includes Pharmacological as well as Non-pharmacological Management.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health problem associated with many debilitating health conditions
This presentation will briefly tackle management of Diabetes
HYPERTENSION introduction, recommendations for accurate measurements of BP, evaluation of patient with hypertension, management of patient with hypertension, resistant hypertension, hypertensive crisis, hypertensive emergencies
this was the first lecture which i delivered as a doctor. it was about dyslipidemia. i hope you will find information valuable to you here. please read. let me know about your ideas. comment.
Beta Blockers in current cardiovascular practice Praveen Nagula
betablockers are the drug of choice for prevention of progression of heart failure with mortality benefit, after the evolution of neurohormonal regulation as pathogenesis of heart failure
What is hypertension, Definition of hypertension, Classification of hypertension, pathophysiology of hypertension, Signs and symptoms of hypertension, Risk factors of hypertension, Causes of hypertension, Differential diagnosis of hypertension, Medications of hypertension, Different class of medications for hypertension, Patient education for hypertension
Study material for Doctor of pharmacy and other medical students. Hypertension is a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high. Approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. It is slightly more frequent in men, in those of low socioeconomic status, and prevalence increases with age. So it is more important to manage it as early, this includes Pharmacological as well as Non-pharmacological Management.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health problem associated with many debilitating health conditions
This presentation will briefly tackle management of Diabetes
HYPERTENSION introduction, recommendations for accurate measurements of BP, evaluation of patient with hypertension, management of patient with hypertension, resistant hypertension, hypertensive crisis, hypertensive emergencies
this was the first lecture which i delivered as a doctor. it was about dyslipidemia. i hope you will find information valuable to you here. please read. let me know about your ideas. comment.
Beta Blockers in current cardiovascular practice Praveen Nagula
betablockers are the drug of choice for prevention of progression of heart failure with mortality benefit, after the evolution of neurohormonal regulation as pathogenesis of heart failure
Losocor co training south africa Dr Saurav dekaassam1
Losacar co contain losartan and hydrochlorothiazide . This presentation give you brief about basics of hypertension and its treatment with losartan hydrochlorothiazide .
The Relevance of Natriuretic Peptide in Medical Laboratory Diagnosisasclepiuspdfs
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are hormones that regulate blood pressure, cardiovascular homeostasis, and long bone growth. They are hormones which are mainly secreted from cardiac organ and have important natriuretic and kaliuretic characteristics. It is classified into four including; atrial NP, Brain-type NP (BNP), C-type NP and dendroaspis NP, a D-type NP, each with its own characteristic roles. The NP system involves three ligands and three receptors and result in situations such as diuresis, natriuresis, vasodilation, and inhibition of aldosterone synthesis and renin secretion as a circulating hormone The N-terminal part of the prohormone of BNP is produced alongside BNP. This has indeed play a diagnostic value in cardiac attack. NPs or their fragments have been subjected to scientific observation for their diagnostic value.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
1. Primary Hypertension
2. Pathophysiology
Prof. Dr. med. Günter Hennersdorf
Germany
SES consultant cardiologist
2. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
• Primary Hypertension 90%
– Prevalence about 60% (age 60+)
– Prevalence about 15-25% (age 25+)
– Prevalence mean 35%
• Secondary Hypertension 10%
– but: may normalize by special treatment (surgery,
hormone treatment)!
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
4. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Mean SBP
Female
Male
Normal course
of blood pressure over age
Mean DBP age
male
female
age
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
10. Factors inducing Hypertension
• Neurohumoral system dysbalance
– Renin-angiotensin system RAS, RAAS
– Sympathetic nervous system
Most important hypertension cause!
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
11. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Heart Rate x Stroke volume
cardiac output x Peripheral resistance = Blood pressure
Basic equation according to
Law of OHM:
Current I x Resistance R = Voltage U
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
12. Neuro-humoral Regulation of Hypertension
Heart rate x stroke volume x Peripheral resistance = Blood pressure
alpha1
beta1
Norepinephrine Angiotensin II
Nervous system Humoral RAAS*
*RAAS or RAS: renine angiotensine aldosterone system
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
14. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
prorenine, katecholamines
Angiotensinogene
Renin Pathway of RAAS in the
Pathway of RAAS in the
Organism (kidney, heart, Tissues: e.g.
Angiotensin I
Vessels) to maintain Vessel wall
Fluid volume control, ACE
Adjustment of CO and
Resistance. Angiotensin II Competition of receptors:
If regulation fails, high AT1 vasoconstriction
AT2 vasodilatation
blood pressure occurs
receptor
AT1 AT2
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
15. Pathophysiology of Hypertension:
Angiotensin II Stimulation
Sodium, renine
Kidney
Ang II* *Ang II effects mediated by AT1
Hypophysis Adrenal gland
Hormone release Aldosterone, katecholamines
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
16. Pathophysiology of Hypertension:
Angiotensin II Effects
synaptic conduction
Brain
vasoconstriction
vessels Ang II Heart hypertrophy
constriction
AT1 mediated effects of Uterus contraction
Angiotensin II
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
17. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
basic structure and contents of the vessel intima
endothelium
Contents
Smooth muscle cells
intima SMC SMC
media Collagenes
Thrombocytes
Outer layer Ox-LDL
NO
Kinines
Enzymes
coagulation factors
platelet activation factors
thromboxane
April 2013 prostacycline
ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
18. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
ACh
Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation
NE Vessel dilatation;
NE endothelium intact
NE
ACh
NE
NE=Norepinephine
Ach=Acetylcholine NE
NE no dilatation;
endothelium removed
Furchgott‘s basic experiment (1980): key role of endothelium
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
19. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
platelets
growth factors
Endothelial dysfunction causing atherosclerosis and vasoconstriction, infarction
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
20. Angiotensin II Actions
on endothelium and
NO =nitric oxide
AT1 AT2
AT1 stimulation AT2 stimulation
leads to: leads to:
growth+
vasoconstriction differentiation
vasodilatation
vasoactivity
NO inhibition NO
Smooth muscle cell
growth
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK modified acc. to Unger T et al 1996
21. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
constriction
vascular resistance
Endothelial dysfunction causing hypertension
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
22. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Heart rate x stroke volume x Peripheral resistance = Blood pressure
n.sympathicus RAAS*
Stress Genetic/Familial Vasoconstriction
social ethnic
familial Hereditary Endothelial
salt sensitivity dysfunction
*renine angiotensine aldosterone system
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
23. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Conclusion:
Conclusion:
Primary Hypertension
Primary Hypertension
is a target disease mainly
is a target disease mainly
of the RAAS -- intima -- endothelium system!
of the RAAS intima endothelium system!
the endothelium is the major player
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
24. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
time course of hypertension development
no symptoms Nonspecific Symptoms:
Head ache,
Palpitation,
Onset,Trigger Chronic stage Exertional dyspnea target organ damage death
3 4 5 6 6+ (x10th years)
accelerated course
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
25. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Trigger example: Obesity, Hyperinsulinism, Type-2-
Diabetes
Hypertension
Metabolic syndrome (X)
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
26. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Heart rate x stroke volume x Peripheral resistance = Blood pressure
AT2 -
beta1 + (NO )
AT1 +
alpha1
Norepinephrine Angiotensin II Hyperinsulinemia
Sympathicus RAAS
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
29. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
• Target organ damage:
– Brain: Stroke (ischemic, hemorrhagic)
– Heart: CAD, Heart failure (mainly diastolic)
– Vessels:
• Peripheral arterial disease
• Central arterial disease: aortic dissection, aneurysm
• Renovascular disease
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
30. Typical target organ damages following arterial hypertension
CAD
stroke
LV hypertrophy
Peripheral artery disease:
necrosis, gangrene
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
31. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Left ventricular
hypertrophy
Coronary Atherosclerosis
Heart failure
(prevalence ~50%)
Main target lesions
Brain: Stroke
(prevalence ~20%)
Wall damage
Cerebral Atherosclerosis
Renovascular damage
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
32. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Left ventricular hypertrophy remodeling
(w. anterior wall infarction) Heart failure
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
33. Heart failure and hypertension
Diastolic Heart failure: stiffness and relaxation disturbances
u
normal Early stage Late stage
Ultrasound appearance of mitral flow patterns (EA relation)
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
34. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Survival rate in relation to renal damage (by renal albuminuria)
Survival rate% Alb. < median
Alb. > median
Median 7,52 µg/min
P=0,0078
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
42. Pathophysiology of Hypertension:
Systolic Hypertension (SAH).
• Risk of SAH in the elderly (SHEP, SYST-EUR Trials)
– Stroke 20% Reduction)
– Heart failure 54% Reduction)
– Death 24%
These results were maintained over 5 years observation
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
43. Pathophysiology of Hypertension: Morning
Hypertension.
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Resistance
Cardiac output
Renal function
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
44. Increased cardiovascular morning risk
Increased cardiovascular morning risk
Morning BP rise
Stroke /2h
Infarction /1 h
6 pm 0:00 6 am 12 am
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
45. Pathophysiology of Hypertension:
diastolic blood pressure DBP
Prognosis
Stroke risk and DBP CAD risk and DBP
4,0 4,0
2,0
1,0 1,0
76 84 91 98 105 76 84 91 98 105
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
46. Pathophysiology of Hypertension
understand
Save lives and improve life quality
diagnose
treat
control
April 2013 ghennersdorf SES FESC DGK
