The document summarizes the development of the male and female genital systems from an indifferent stage. It describes how in males, the presence of SRY leads testes to develop from indifferent gonads, while in females without SRY ovaries develop. It outlines the development of testes, ovaries, male ducts including epididymis and vas deferens, and female ducts including uterus and vagina from indifferent ducts. External genitalia also develop differently in males under testosterone versus females.
The genital system develops from three main sources: the primordial germ cells, the indifferent gonads that develop into either ovaries or testes, and the genital ducts including the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts. In males, testosterone causes the Wolffian ducts to form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles while regressing the Müllerian ducts. In females, the lack of testosterone causes the Müllerian ducts to form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina while regressing the Wolffian ducts. The external genitalia initially develop in an indifferent state before differentiating into either male or female forms based on hormone levels.
Embryonic development of the urogenital systemAsheer Khan
The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesenchyme. The urinary system develops from the nephrogenic cord, while the genital system develops from the gonadal ridge. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi. The metanephroi form the permanent kidneys. The kidneys and ureters develop from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. Congenital anomalies that can occur include renal agenesis, malrotated kidneys, ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and duplications of the urinary tract. The urinary bladder develops mainly from the vesical
Development of Genital System (Special Embryology)Dr. Sherif Fahmy
The document discusses the development of the male and female genital systems from an undifferentiated stage through differentiation and maturation. It addresses the development of the gonads, genital ducts, and external genital organs. Congenital anomalies that can result from disruptions in development are also outlined, including abnormalities of the testes, ovaries, uterus, and external genitalia.
The female genital tract develops from the mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina, while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina. Congenital anomalies can occur if the Mullerian ducts fail to develop, fuse, or canalize properly, resulting in abnormalities such as bicornuate or septate uteri. The ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia also develop through defined embryological processes that can be disrupted, leading to conditions like cervical agenesis or ambiguous genitalia.
The major arteries, veins and nerves of the pelvis are described. The internal iliac artery and its branches supply the pelvic organs and structures. It has anterior and posterior trunks that give rise to arteries like the obturator, internal pudendal and inferior gluteal. The internal iliac vein drains deoxygenated blood from the pelvis. Lymph nodes in the pelvis include external iliac, internal iliac, sacral and common iliac nodes. The sacral plexus and coccygeal plexus provide motor and sensory innervation through nerves such as the pudendal and obturator nerves.
The document summarizes the development of the female genital system from indifferent gonads to internal and external structures. It describes how in the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries through proliferation of surface epithelium into cortical cords containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal canal and give rise to the uterus and upper vagina. The lower vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs. External structures like the labia, clitoris and vestibule form from the genital tubercle and urogenital folds. Anomalies can occur if fusion of ducts is incomplete.
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
The genital system develops from three main sources: the primordial germ cells, the indifferent gonads that develop into either ovaries or testes, and the genital ducts including the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts. In males, testosterone causes the Wolffian ducts to form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles while regressing the Müllerian ducts. In females, the lack of testosterone causes the Müllerian ducts to form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina while regressing the Wolffian ducts. The external genitalia initially develop in an indifferent state before differentiating into either male or female forms based on hormone levels.
Embryonic development of the urogenital systemAsheer Khan
The urogenital system develops from the intermediate mesenchyme. The urinary system develops from the nephrogenic cord, while the genital system develops from the gonadal ridge. Three sets of kidneys develop in embryos - the pronephroi, mesonephroi, and metanephroi. The metanephroi form the permanent kidneys. The kidneys and ureters develop from the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. Congenital anomalies that can occur include renal agenesis, malrotated kidneys, ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kidneys, and duplications of the urinary tract. The urinary bladder develops mainly from the vesical
Development of Genital System (Special Embryology)Dr. Sherif Fahmy
The document discusses the development of the male and female genital systems from an undifferentiated stage through differentiation and maturation. It addresses the development of the gonads, genital ducts, and external genital organs. Congenital anomalies that can result from disruptions in development are also outlined, including abnormalities of the testes, ovaries, uterus, and external genitalia.
The female genital tract develops from the mesoderm and urogenital sinus. The Mullerian ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina, while the urogenital sinus forms the lower vagina. Congenital anomalies can occur if the Mullerian ducts fail to develop, fuse, or canalize properly, resulting in abnormalities such as bicornuate or septate uteri. The ovaries, cervix, and external genitalia also develop through defined embryological processes that can be disrupted, leading to conditions like cervical agenesis or ambiguous genitalia.
The major arteries, veins and nerves of the pelvis are described. The internal iliac artery and its branches supply the pelvic organs and structures. It has anterior and posterior trunks that give rise to arteries like the obturator, internal pudendal and inferior gluteal. The internal iliac vein drains deoxygenated blood from the pelvis. Lymph nodes in the pelvis include external iliac, internal iliac, sacral and common iliac nodes. The sacral plexus and coccygeal plexus provide motor and sensory innervation through nerves such as the pudendal and obturator nerves.
The document summarizes the development of the female genital system from indifferent gonads to internal and external structures. It describes how in the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries through proliferation of surface epithelium into cortical cords containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterovaginal canal and give rise to the uterus and upper vagina. The lower vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs. External structures like the labia, clitoris and vestibule form from the genital tubercle and urogenital folds. Anomalies can occur if fusion of ducts is incomplete.
The document describes the development of the male and female reproductive systems from the indifferent stage through sexual differentiation. It covers the development of the gonads (testes and ovaries), genital ducts, and external genitalia. Some key points include:
- The gonads initially develop as indifferent gonads before differentiating into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- The genital ducts also initially develop in an indifferent stage before the mesonephric ducts develop into male structures like the epididymis and vas deferens, while the paramesonephric ducts develop into female structures like the uterus and fallopian tubes.
- External
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
The ischioanal fossa is a wedge-shaped, fat-filled space located lateral to the anal canal below the pelvic diaphragm. It has boundaries formed by fascia covering nearby muscles. Within the fossa are the perianal space and ischioanal space, separated by the perianal fascia. The ischioanal space contains large fat deposits and structures like the pudendal canal, which contains the pudendal nerve and vessels. Infection of the fat deposits can lead to a painful ischioanal abscess.
1. The genital system develops from the intermediate mesoderm, celomic epithelium, and part of the cloaca. Genetic sex is established at fertilization as XY or XX.
2. Between 4-12 weeks, the genital ridges develop into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of SRY gene on Y chromosome. This gene encodes TDF which leads to male development.
3. The genital ducts initially consist of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. In males, the mesonephric ducts form the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct while the paramesonephric ducts regress. In females
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the superficial and deep perineal spaces, separated by the perineal membrane. The superficial perineal space contains muscles like the bulbospongiosus and blood vessels, while the deep perineal space contains the sphincter urethrae muscle and membranous urethra. Posteriorly, the ischiorectal fossae are located lateral to the anal canal and contain fat, blood vessels and nerves like the pudendal nerve. Diseases
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
This document provides information on the normal anatomy and histology of ovaries as well as pathological conditions that can affect the ovaries. It begins by describing the normal development and structure of ovaries, including the presence of ova and follicles in the cortex and blood vessels in the medulla. Various pathological entities are then discussed such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, ovarian torsion, and various types of ovarian tumors including serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner's, granulosa cell, and germ cell tumors. For each condition, the morphology, histology, clinical features, and prognosis are described. Germ cell tumors are noted to arise from abnormal gonadal development.
This document describes the development of the male genital system from the indifferent stage through differentiation and formation of the testes and external genitalia. It begins with the formation of the genital ridges and primordial germ cells. In males, under the influence of SRY gene, the ridges develop into testes containing seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells. The testes descend into the scrotum and the mesonephric ducts form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Initially the genital ducts and external genitalia are indifferent, later differentiating into male structures.
The perineum is the region between the thighs that contains the external genitalia and anal opening. It is bounded by the pelvic floor muscles superiorly and the thighs laterally. The perineum can be divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the genital structures, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. Each triangle contains superficial and deep pouches separated by fascial layers. The pouches contain muscles, nerves, and vessels related to the genital and anal structures. The perineal body is an important structure that provides support to the pelvic floor.
The female internal genital organs develop during week 12 of pregnancy and include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina. At birth, the newborn girl is born with all of her internal female reproductive organs formed but non-functional until puberty, consisting of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina.
Development of the female reproductive systemAhmad Atere
The female reproductive system develops from indifferent gonads that are initially the same in males and females. In the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterus and fallopian tubes, while the mesonephric ducts regress. The vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs, and external genitalia are feminized under the influence of estrogen to form the clitoris and labia.
Development of the female genital systemPukar Sapkota
Gonadal development in females occurs slowly, with the ovaries not being identifiable until 10 weeks. Between 16-18 weeks, cortical cords in the developing ovaries break up and form primordial follicles, each containing an oogonium surrounded by follicular cells. Approximately 2 million primordial follicles are present at birth, though many degenerate during fetal development. The paramesonephric ducts play a leading role in female development, fusing to form the uterovaginal primordium which develops into the uterus and upper vagina. Estrogen produced by the placenta and fetal ovaries leads to the feminization of the external genitalia.
The pelvis is made of hip bones and the sacrum joined by ligaments. For obstetric purposes, it is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The false pelvis above the pelvic brim is not relevant to delivery. The true pelvis below the brim includes the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet which determine the size and shape of the birth canal. The pelvis comes in different shapes like gynaecoid, android, platypelloid, and anthropoid which can impact the birthing process. Clinical assessments include examining the woman's body build, using the fetal head as a pelvimeter, and radiological exams to measure pelvic dimensions and fetal
The cervix is the lowermost part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. It is cylindrical in shape and divided into portions above and within the vagina. The endocervical canal contains ridges and glands lined by columnar epithelium. The ectocervix is covered by squamous epithelium. The cervix secretes mucus to aid sperm transport and acts as a barrier during pregnancy. The vagina is a fibro muscular tube extending from the vulva to the uterus. It has anterior, posterior and lateral walls lined by stratified squamous epithelium and contains glands, muscles and connective tissue. The vagina allows for sexual intercourse, birth and menstrual flow.
The three key points are:
1. The kidneys develop from three successive sets - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros functions briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys.
2. The permanent kidneys develop from an interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. The ureteric bud induces the blastema to form nephrons.
3. Congenital anomalies can occur if development goes awry, such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic or
Please find the power point on Anatomy of Femlae reproductive organs . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesoderm. It discusses the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. It describes how the ureteric bud derives from the mesonephric duct and induces the metanephric blastema to form the collecting system and nephrons of the kidney. It also discusses the development of the urinary bladder, urethra, and genital ducts from the urogenital sinus and common anomalies that can occur.
female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
The document discusses female reproductive physiology, describing the stages from puberty through menopause. It focuses on the menstrual cycle, explaining the hormonal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the cyclic changes that occur in the ovaries and endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. During the proliferative phase, estrogen stimulates endometrial growth, while the secretory phase is characterized by the effects of progesterone on the endometrium to prepare for potential implantation.
The document summarizes the anatomy and development of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and their structure and function. It also discusses the embryonic development of the gonads, genital ducts, and external genitalia in both males and females. Key hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands that regulate the reproductive system are also outlined.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
The ischioanal fossa is a wedge-shaped, fat-filled space located lateral to the anal canal below the pelvic diaphragm. It has boundaries formed by fascia covering nearby muscles. Within the fossa are the perianal space and ischioanal space, separated by the perianal fascia. The ischioanal space contains large fat deposits and structures like the pudendal canal, which contains the pudendal nerve and vessels. Infection of the fat deposits can lead to a painful ischioanal abscess.
1. The genital system develops from the intermediate mesoderm, celomic epithelium, and part of the cloaca. Genetic sex is established at fertilization as XY or XX.
2. Between 4-12 weeks, the genital ridges develop into testes or ovaries depending on the presence of SRY gene on Y chromosome. This gene encodes TDF which leads to male development.
3. The genital ducts initially consist of the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts. In males, the mesonephric ducts form the epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct while the paramesonephric ducts regress. In females
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the superficial and deep perineal spaces, separated by the perineal membrane. The superficial perineal space contains muscles like the bulbospongiosus and blood vessels, while the deep perineal space contains the sphincter urethrae muscle and membranous urethra. Posteriorly, the ischiorectal fossae are located lateral to the anal canal and contain fat, blood vessels and nerves like the pudendal nerve. Diseases
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
This document provides information on the normal anatomy and histology of ovaries as well as pathological conditions that can affect the ovaries. It begins by describing the normal development and structure of ovaries, including the presence of ova and follicles in the cortex and blood vessels in the medulla. Various pathological entities are then discussed such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, ovarian torsion, and various types of ovarian tumors including serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner's, granulosa cell, and germ cell tumors. For each condition, the morphology, histology, clinical features, and prognosis are described. Germ cell tumors are noted to arise from abnormal gonadal development.
This document describes the development of the male genital system from the indifferent stage through differentiation and formation of the testes and external genitalia. It begins with the formation of the genital ridges and primordial germ cells. In males, under the influence of SRY gene, the ridges develop into testes containing seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells. The testes descend into the scrotum and the mesonephric ducts form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Initially the genital ducts and external genitalia are indifferent, later differentiating into male structures.
The perineum is the region between the thighs that contains the external genitalia and anal opening. It is bounded by the pelvic floor muscles superiorly and the thighs laterally. The perineum can be divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the genital structures, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. Each triangle contains superficial and deep pouches separated by fascial layers. The pouches contain muscles, nerves, and vessels related to the genital and anal structures. The perineal body is an important structure that provides support to the pelvic floor.
The female internal genital organs develop during week 12 of pregnancy and include the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina. At birth, the newborn girl is born with all of her internal female reproductive organs formed but non-functional until puberty, consisting of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and vagina.
Development of the female reproductive systemAhmad Atere
The female reproductive system develops from indifferent gonads that are initially the same in males and females. In the absence of the SRY gene, the gonads develop into ovaries containing primordial follicles. The paramesonephric ducts fuse to form the uterus and fallopian tubes, while the mesonephric ducts regress. The vagina develops from sinovaginal bulbs, and external genitalia are feminized under the influence of estrogen to form the clitoris and labia.
Development of the female genital systemPukar Sapkota
Gonadal development in females occurs slowly, with the ovaries not being identifiable until 10 weeks. Between 16-18 weeks, cortical cords in the developing ovaries break up and form primordial follicles, each containing an oogonium surrounded by follicular cells. Approximately 2 million primordial follicles are present at birth, though many degenerate during fetal development. The paramesonephric ducts play a leading role in female development, fusing to form the uterovaginal primordium which develops into the uterus and upper vagina. Estrogen produced by the placenta and fetal ovaries leads to the feminization of the external genitalia.
The pelvis is made of hip bones and the sacrum joined by ligaments. For obstetric purposes, it is divided into the false pelvis and true pelvis. The false pelvis above the pelvic brim is not relevant to delivery. The true pelvis below the brim includes the pelvic inlet, cavity, and outlet which determine the size and shape of the birth canal. The pelvis comes in different shapes like gynaecoid, android, platypelloid, and anthropoid which can impact the birthing process. Clinical assessments include examining the woman's body build, using the fetal head as a pelvimeter, and radiological exams to measure pelvic dimensions and fetal
The cervix is the lowermost part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. It is cylindrical in shape and divided into portions above and within the vagina. The endocervical canal contains ridges and glands lined by columnar epithelium. The ectocervix is covered by squamous epithelium. The cervix secretes mucus to aid sperm transport and acts as a barrier during pregnancy. The vagina is a fibro muscular tube extending from the vulva to the uterus. It has anterior, posterior and lateral walls lined by stratified squamous epithelium and contains glands, muscles and connective tissue. The vagina allows for sexual intercourse, birth and menstrual flow.
The three key points are:
1. The kidneys develop from three successive sets - the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is rudimentary and nonfunctional, while the mesonephros functions briefly in early fetal development. The metanephros forms the permanent kidneys.
2. The permanent kidneys develop from an interaction between the ureteric bud and metanephrogenic blastema. The ureteric bud induces the blastema to form nephrons.
3. Congenital anomalies can occur if development goes awry, such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, ectopic or
Please find the power point on Anatomy of Femlae reproductive organs . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
The document summarizes the development of the urogenital system from the intermediate mesoderm. It discusses the formation of the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros kidneys. It describes how the ureteric bud derives from the mesonephric duct and induces the metanephric blastema to form the collecting system and nephrons of the kidney. It also discusses the development of the urinary bladder, urethra, and genital ducts from the urogenital sinus and common anomalies that can occur.
female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
The document discusses female reproductive physiology, describing the stages from puberty through menopause. It focuses on the menstrual cycle, explaining the hormonal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and the cyclic changes that occur in the ovaries and endometrium under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. During the proliferative phase, estrogen stimulates endometrial growth, while the secretory phase is characterized by the effects of progesterone on the endometrium to prepare for potential implantation.
The document summarizes the anatomy and development of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and their structure and function. It also discusses the embryonic development of the gonads, genital ducts, and external genitalia in both males and females. Key hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands that regulate the reproductive system are also outlined.
The document summarizes the development of the female genital tract from the early stages of gonad formation through the development of the ovaries, genital ducts, vagina, and external genitalia. It describes how the indifferent gonads develop into ovaries in females due to the absence of the SRY gene and testosterone. It also explains how the paramesonephric ducts form the female reproductive tract structures like the uterus and upper vagina while the mesonephric ducts regress, and how the external genitalia are feminized under the influence of estrogen.
The document provides an overview of male reproductive system development from the primordial germ cells arriving in the genital ridges in the 5th week of development through testicular descent. Key points include:
- The genital ridges develop into either testes or ovaries depending on the presence or absence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.
- In males, the SRY gene causes development of the mesonephric duct system and regression of the paramesonephric duct system.
- The testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotum between the 2nd and 9th months of development guided by the gubernaculum.
The document discusses the embryology of the urogenital system and development of the genital system. It covers topics like:
- The indifferent stage of development before sexual differentiation occurs.
- Formation of the gonads from mesoderm and primordial germ cells.
- Role of the SRY gene in triggering testis development in males.
- Development of the ovaries, testes, genital ducts, and external genitalia in both sexes.
Sexual differentiation in men and women with special attention to: Gonads, Mullerian structures, Wolffian ducts and urogenital sinus.
Examples of gonadal dysgenesis
Disorders of Sexual differentiation phenotype, chromosomal background, biological background, mechanism of hormonal disruption and endocrinological mechanisms leading to: Swyer syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome and masculinization of female fetus in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Describe three uterine anomalies resulting from variation in the fusion of Muller’s tubercles.
Describe the anatomical situation in a patient with Mayer-Rokitanski-Kuster
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1) Between weeks 1-6 of development, the reproductive systems of female and male embryos are indistinguishable, even though the genotype is established at fertilization. By week 12, some sex characteristics emerge and by week 20 differentiation is complete.
2) The indifferent gonads develop from an elevation in the intermediate mesoderm called the urogenital ridge. Primordial germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonad, with male cells colonizing the medulla and female cells the cortex.
3) The SRY gene on the Y chromosome causes the indifferent gonad to develop into testes. Testes produce testosterone and MIF, directing phenotypic male development, while lack of these hormones results in female
1. During the first 6 weeks of development, the reproductive systems of male and female embryos are indistinguishable, though genetic sex is determined at fertilization.
2. Between weeks 4-6, primordial germ cells migrate into the indifferent gonads. In males, these cells will colonize the medulla, while in females they will colonize the cortex.
3. Phenotypic sex differentiation is determined by the presence or absence of the Sry gene on the Y chromosome. In males, Sry causes development of the testes and production of testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting factor, leading to male development. In females without Sry, the absence of these factors results in female development.
This document summarizes the development of the female genital tract in three stages: sex determination, differentiation of internal genital organs, and differentiation of external genital organs. Sex is determined at fertilization by the presence of an X or Y chromosome. In females, the Mullerian duct develops into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina. The ovaries descend into the pelvis. External genitalia are influenced by estrogen, forming the clitoris and labia from genital tubercles and cloacal folds.
The document summarizes the development of the genitourinary system during intrauterine life. It discusses the development of the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros. It describes how the ureteric bud forms the collecting system of the definitive kidney. It also discusses the development of the gonads, testis, male external genitalia and prostate. Congenital anomalies that can affect the kidney, ureter and bladder are also summarized.
1. The document describes the development of the male and female genital systems from early embryonic stages through formation of the internal and external genitalia.
2. Key events include formation of the genital ridges which develop into testes in males and ovaries in females, descent of the testes into the scrotum, development of the duct systems including the vas deferens and epididymis in males and Mullerian duct regression leading to formation of the uterus and vagina in females.
3. External genitalia develop from the genital tubercle and swellings, with the penis and scrotum forming in males and clitoris, labia, and vagina developing in females.
The reproductive systems of male and female Ascaris lubricoides worms are described. The male system includes a single coiled testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and two penial spicules. The female system includes two long coiled ovaries, oviducts, uteri which store fertilized eggs, and a vagina. Gametes are formed through a process called telogony, where gametogonia bud off from the gonads and differentiate into gametocytes as they move through zones of proliferation, growth, and maturation.
Human reproduction involves the joining of an ovum and spermatozoid through fertilization to form a zygote. The female reproductive system includes ovaries that produce ova and a uterus that supports embryo development. The male reproductive system includes testes that produce spermatozoa and accessory glands. During puberty, secondary sex characteristics like breast development and facial hair emerge due to hormonal changes. Fertilization is a multi-step process where a sperm penetrates an ovum in the fallopian tube, their genetic material combines, and an embryo is formed. The embryo implants in the uterus and develops over nine months of gestation into a fetus, preparing for birth.
The urogenital system develops from two embryonic structures - the intermediate mesoderm and cloaca. The intermediate mesoderm forms the urogenital ridge which gives rise to the urinary and genital systems. The cloaca divides into the primitive rectum and urogenital sinus. Kidneys develop from the nephrogenic cord and ureteric buds. The mesonephric ducts give rise to parts of the urinary tract in males and regress in females. External genitalia are initially bipotential and differentiate into male or female forms based on sex hormones.
The document summarizes key aspects of human reproduction. It describes the male and female reproductive systems and their components. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the processes by which sperm and eggs are produced. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an egg in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg undergoes cleavage and blastulation as it travels to the uterus. Implantation occurs as the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, initiating pregnancy. Pregnancy lasts about 9 months and has three trimesters of development.
The document provides an overview of human reproductive physiology, including:
- The primary reproductive organs are the gonads which produce gametes and sex hormones.
- Sex differentiation in the embryo is determined by sex chromosomes, with XX becoming ovaries and XY becoming testes.
- Gametogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis to produce gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes.
Development of gonads (Gonad differentiation)male gonad and female gonadshallu kotwal
The development of the gonads is part of the prenatal development of the reproductive system and ultimately forms the testes in males and the ovaries in females. The gonads initially develop from the mesothelial layer of the peritoneum.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm. During puberty, the testes enlarge and begin producing testosterone and sperm through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm pass through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra to be ejaculated with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The penis becomes erect through increased blood flow, allowing for sexual intercourse and delivery of sperm.
A 3-year-old girl has had loose stools for 2 months that often contain undigested food. She is otherwise well and thriving. The most probable diagnosis is chronic non-specific diarrhea (toddler's diarrhea). Management includes decreasing fluid intake, especially of fruit juice, providing high-fat foods to slow gastric emptying, and increasing fiber intake through bulking agents. Pharmacologic intervention is rarely required as symptoms usually resolve spontaneously by age 3-4 years.
The document discusses infant feeding and nutrition. It covers various topics including the types and definitions of breastfeeding, the physiology of lactation, problems associated with breastfeeding, infant growth phases and their energy requirements, and the importance of proper nutrition. The key components of human milk are discussed, including fat, proteins, carbohydrates, oligosaccharides, prebiotics and probiotics. Guidelines around establishing and maintaining breastfeeding are provided. Common breastfeeding and infant feeding problems are also outlined.
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding after childbirth, defined as blood loss over 500 ml for vaginal births or 1000 ml for C-sections. The main causes of PPH are uterine atony (failure of the uterus to contract), retained placenta, and trauma to the genital tract. Management involves bimanual uterine massage, uterotonic drugs, vaginal packing, balloon tamponade, and in severe cases surgical interventions like B-Lynch sutures or hysterectomy.
This document discusses the use of various imaging modalities for evaluating neck masses. Ultrasound is useful for differentiating cystic from solid lesions and assessing lymph node size and vascularity. CT provides details of soft tissues and their relationships. MRI is good for lesion detection and involvement of nearby structures but has limitations for nodal assessment. PET/CT is excellent for staging lymphoma and detecting unknown primary cancers. Biopsy is used when malignancy is suspected. The approach depends on whether the mass is in a child or adult, with ultrasound often the initial study. Location provides clues for cystic lesions. Features help characterize solid lesions and lymph nodes. Further tests are guided by ultrasound findings.
This document provides information about fetal cardiotocography (CTG), including:
1. CTG can be performed from 28 weeks of gestation as that is when the fetal autonomic nervous system is mature.
2. Normal CTG findings include a baseline heart rate between 110-160 bpm, variability between 5-25 bpm, and an absence of or early decelerations with at least 2 accelerations in 20 minutes.
3. Abnormal findings include bradycardia (<110 bpm), tachycardia (>160 bpm), decreased variability (<5 bpm), and late or variable decelerations which can indicate fetal hypoxia or distress.
This document discusses the partogram, a tool for recording the progress of labor. It explains that the partogram graphs cervical dilation, fetal descent, and uterine contractions on a chart to allow healthcare providers to monitor labor and identify complications early. The document outlines the components recorded on a partogram, including fetal heart rate, amniotic fluid, maternal vital signs, and medications. It describes how to interpret the alert and action lines plotted on the partogram to determine if labor is progressing normally or requires intervention. The partogram is an important tool that facilitates continuity of care during labor and allows early detection of problems like prolonged or obstructed labor.
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a spectrum of tumors caused by abnormal proliferation of placental tissue. It includes hydatidiform moles (complete and partial), which are usually benign, as well as gestational trophoblastic neoplasms like invasive moles, choriocarcinoma, and placental site trophoblastic tumors, which are malignant. GTD is diagnosed using clinical features, ultrasound findings, and elevated human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Treatment may involve D&C for molar pregnancies as well as chemotherapy for malignant or persistent cases. Long term follow up is important to monitor for recurrence or progression to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia due to the
Gametogenesis conversion of germ cells into male and female gametes.pptJwan AlSofi
Gametogenesis refers to the formation of male and female gametes. It begins with primordial germ cells that migrate to the developing gonads. Oogenesis involves the formation of ova through meiotic divisions in females, arresting in prophase I until puberty. Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm in males through mitotic and meiotic divisions of spermatogonia into spermatids. Spermiogenesis then transforms spermatids into mature spermatozoa through nuclear condensation and tail formation. Abnormal gametes can form with extra nuclei or morphological defects preventing fertilization.
First week of development: Ovulation to Implantation Jwan AlSofi
The document summarizes key aspects of ovulation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. It describes the ovarian and menstrual cycles controlled by hormones like FSH and LH. Ovulation occurs mid-cycle due to an LH surge, releasing an egg. Sperm travel through the reproductive tract while undergoing capacitation. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes, involving penetration of the egg's layers and fusion of gametes. This activates the egg and forms pronuclei, leading to cell division and pregnancy if implantation occurs. Otherwise, the corpus luteum regresses and menstruation begins.
Approach to patient with spinal cord lesions & diseases
Localize spinal cord lesions
Determining the Level of the Lesion in Myelopathy
Diseases of spinal cord
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and gliosis in the central nervous system. It affects around 5 million people worldwide. The cause is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors. Symptoms vary widely and can include sensory disturbances, motor symptoms, visual problems, ataxia, and cognitive impairment. Diagnosis involves demonstrating dissemination of lesions in the CNS over time via MRI imaging or evoked potentials testing, and sometimes analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. There are several disease courses including relapsing-remitting MS, primary progressive MS, and secondary progressive MS. Management aims to reduce inflammation and disability progression.
This is a comprehensive approach to a hypertensive patient presenting to the emergency department.
Discussing:-
- Hypertensive emergency
- Hypertensive Urgency
- Hypertensive Crisis
- Hypertensive encephalopathy and retinopathy
- Accelerated Hypertension
- Malignant hypertension
1. Short stature can be caused by familial, constitutional, or pathological factors. Familial short stature runs in families while constitutional short stature involves delayed puberty.
2. Pathological short stature can be disproportionate involving abnormal limb ratios, or proportionate involving prenatal issues like IUGR or postnatal diseases/nutritional disorders.
3. Evaluating a short child involves assessing growth charts, growth velocity, bone age, family history, and screening tests to classify the cause of short stature.
Headache is a common symptom in children and adolescents, with up to 75% experiencing a significant headache by age 15. Headaches can be primary, such as migraines or tension-type headaches, or secondary to other conditions such as viral infections. A thorough history and physical exam are usually sufficient for diagnosis, though imaging may be required if symptoms suggest increased intracranial pressure. Treatment involves acute medication to stop attacks as well as preventive medication and lifestyle modifications if headaches are frequent or disabling.
Neonatal seizures are the most common neurological emergency in newborns. The majority occur within the first day of life, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy is the most common cause, especially in term infants. In preterm infants, cerebral vascular events are more often the cause. Neonatal seizures are usually focal and often have identifiable underlying causes, unlike seizures in older children which are often idiophenic. The prognosis depends on the underlying etiology, with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy carrying the worst prognosis. Phenobarbital remains the first-line treatment, though multiple anticonvulsants may be needed to control seizures.
this is a complete discussion and an approach to a child with febrile seizure / convulsion.
It contains:-
Case scenario
Causes of Seizures in the setting of fever
Definition of Febrile Seizure
Age of Occurrence
Types of Febrile Convulsions
Risks of Recurrent Febrile Seizures
Risk For Developing Epilepsy After Febrile Seizures
Workup for Febrile Seizure
Red Flags in Febrile Seizures
Treatment
Prognosis
Approach to Syncope in Children (Pediatric Syncope).pptxJwan AlSofi
Approach to Syncope in Children (Pediatric Syncope), includes:-
Introduction
Differential diagnosis of syncope
Syncope vs vertigo vs Presyncope vs light-headedness.
Comparison of Clinical Features of Syncope and Seizures
Neurocardiogenic (Vasovagal) syncope
MECHANISMS and Causes of Syncope
Cardiac causes of syncope
Life-threatening causes of syncope
Red Flags in Evaluation of Patients With Syncope
Non-cardiac causes of loss of consciousness.
Noncardiac Causes of Syncope
Differentiating Features for Causes of Syncope
EVALUATION of syncope:- History, Examination,Treatment.
Summary
The infant in choice c presents with signs of moderate encephalopathy after a known perinatal hypoxic event and meets criteria for therapeutic hypothermia based on guidelines. The other infants presented do not meet criteria either due to prematurity, mild encephalopathy findings, or presenting outside the time window.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Development of the male& female genital system.pptx
1. Development of the male& female
genital system
By:-
Jwan Ali Ahmed AlSofi
2. List of Contents:
Objectives
Contents:
i. Introductory to the development of genital system
ii. Indifferent gonads: testis, ovaries
iii. Development of the genital ducts: male, & female
genital ducts
iv. External genitalia: male,& female
v. Clinical correlates.
Summary or conclusion
Question
3. PRIMORDIAL GERM CELLS
Gametes are derived from primordial germ cells (PGCs)
PGCs are formed in the epiblast during the 2nd week move
through the primitive streak during gastrulation migrate to
the wall of the yolk sac by the 3rd week reside among
endoderm cells in the wall of the yolk sac close to the allantois
during the 4th week, these cells begin to migrate, by
amoeboid movement , from the yolk sac along the dorsal
mesentery of the hindgut toward the developing gonads, at
the beginning of the 5th week , arrive and appear at the
primitive gonads in the 6thweek , invade the genital ridges.
Mitotic divisions increase their number during their migration and also when
they arrive in the gonad.
In preparation for fertilization, germ cells undergo gametogenesis, which
includes meiosis to reduce the number of chromosomes and
cytodifferentiation to complete their maturation.
4.
5. Introductory to the development of
genital system:
In the presence of SRY (sex determining
region) gene on the short arm of Y
chromosome, which contains testis –
determining factor protein (transcription factor
determining fate of indifferent gonads).If
present male development occurs .
In the absence of SRY gene the fetus develops
as a female.
6. Introductory to the development of
genital system
All components go through an indifferent stage
in which they may develop into either male or
female.
The gonads do not acquire male or female
morphological characteristics until the 7th wk .
the sex of the embryo is determined genetically
at the time of fertilization
the gonads acquire male or female morphological
characteristics at the 7th week.
7. Introductory to the development of
genital system:
Gonads appear initially as a pair of longitudinal
ridges during 5th wk .
They are derives from 3 sources:
1- by proliferation of mesoderm epithelium lining the
posterior abdominal wall.
2- by condensation of underlying mesenchyme
3- germ cells that apear at 6th week.
8.
9. Indifferent stage of the gonads
Primordial germ cells originate from? epiblast
Migration of germ cells through? primitive streak.
Invading the genital ridges at beginning of 6th
week.
• If they fail to do so the gonads do not develop.
(Hence, the primordial germ cells have an
inductive influence on development of the gonad
into ovary or testis.)
10. Indifferent stage of the gonads
After the arrival of PGCs, each gonadal ridge
enlarges and frees itself from the mesonephros
by developing a mesentery which becomes the
mesorchium in a male and mesovarium in the
female.
11. Indifferent stage of the gonads
As this occurs, the
epithelium of the genital
ridge proliferates and
epithelial cells penetrate
the underling
mesenchyme forming a
number of irregularly
shaped cords known as
primitive sex cords..
12. Indifferent stage of the gonads
In both male and female
embryos, these cords are
connected to the surface
epithelium, and it is
impossible to differentiate
between the male and
female gonad, therefore
the gonad is known as
the indifferent gonad.
The indifferent gonad
now consists of an
external cortex and
internal medulla.
13. Indifferent gonads
In embryos with an XX sex chromosome, the cortex of the
indifferent gonad differentiates into an ovary and the medulla
regresses.
In embryos with an XY sex chromosome, the medulla
differentiates into a testis and the cortex regresses.
14. Development of the testis
In male fetus, the primitive sex cords continue
to proliferate & penetrate deep into the medulla
to form testis or medullary cords.
Toward the hilum of the gland, the cords break
up into a network of tiny cell strands that latter
give rise to tubules of Rete testis.
With further development a dense fibrous CT
separates testis cords from the surface
epithelium (Tunica albuginea).
15.
16. Development of the testis
Septa grow deeply from the tunica albuginea.
The testis cords are composed of the PGCs & Sustentacular cells
of Sertoli (derived from the surface epithelium of the gland).
Interstitial cells of Leydig:
– derived from the mesenchyme lie between the testis cords,
– it starts to produce Testosterone by 8th week.
– Testosterone production is stimulated by HCG.
AMH or (MIS):
– is glycoprotein produced by the sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells);
– production continues until puberty, after which the levels are ↓.
– AMH suppresses development of the paramesonephric ducts,
which form the uterus and uterine tubes, exept for a small portion
at their cranial ends, the appendix testis
17. Development of the testis
Testis cords remain solid until puberty, when
acquire a lumen they known as seminiferous
tubules.
Once they are canalized, they join the rete
testis tubules, which intern enter ductuli
efferentes, which link the rete testis &
mesonephric ducts (ductus deferens).
19. Development of the ovaries
Two X chromosomes are required for the
development of the female. If the embryo
is genetically female, The PGCs carry an
XX sex chromosome and no Y
chromosome is present.
The primitive sex cords extend into the
medulla as clusters containing groups of
primitive germ cells. Later they disappear
and are replaced by a vascular stroma
that forms the ovarian medulla.
20.
21. Development of the ovaries
Surface epithelium of the ovary,
unlike that of testis, continuous to
proliferate.
In the 7th wk it gives rise to a 2nd
generation of cortical cords,
which penetrate the underlying
mesenchyme but remains close to
the surface.
22. Development of the ovaries
In the 3rd month, the cords split into isolated
cell clusters, cells of these cluster continue to
proliferate & surround oogonium with a layer of
epithelial cell known as follicular cells forming
together primordial follicles.
No oogonia form postnatally. Although
many oogonia degenerate before birth, the 2
million or so that remain will enlarge to become
primary oocytes before birth.
23. Indifferent genital ducts
Indifferent stage: Both male and
female embryos have two pairs of
genital ducts:
The mesonephric (Wolffian)
ducts will develop into MGD.
The paramesonephric ducts
(mullerian ducts) developing into
FGD.
24. Genital ducts in the male
the mesonephric ducts
persist and form the
main genital ducts.
1. As mesonephros regress,
a few excretory tubules
(epigenital tubules)
establish contact with rete
testis & latter will form
efferent ductules.
2. The excretory tubules
along the caudal pole
(paragenital tubules) will
not join rete testis, forming
paradidymis.
25. Bellow entrance of efferent ductules,
the mesonephric ducts elongate &
become highly convoluted, forming
ductus epididymis.
From tail of epididymis to the
outbudding of seminal vesicle, the
mesonephric duct gain a thick
muscular coat & form the ductus
deferens.
Caudal end of each mesonephric duct
gives rise to the seminal vesicle.
Part of mesonephric beyond the
seminal vesicle will form the
ejaculatory duct.
Paramesonephric ducts in the male
degenerate except for a small portion
at their cranial ends forms the
appendix testes, under the influence
of AMH.
Genital ducts in the male
26.
27. Development of the female
genital ducts
In female embryo lacking a Y chromosome, the
mesonephric ducts regress because of the absence
of testosterone (secreted by?).
The paramesonephric ducts develop because of:
1. the absence of Mullerian inhibitory substance
MIS(secreted by?).
2. Estrogens are also involved in stimulating PMD to form
uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, &upper vagina. Beside
differentiation of external genitalia.
28. Development of the
female genital ducts
The paramesonephric ducts
form the main genital ducts of
the female. 3 parts of PMD :
1-The cranial vertical portion of
this duct that opens into the
abdominal cavity.
2-The horizontal part that
crosses the mesonephric duct
developing into the uterine tube.
3-The caudal vertical fused
portions of these ducts form the
uterine canal and give rise to
the corpus and cervix of the
uterus and the upper portion of
the vagina.
29.
30. Development of the vagina
The vaginal epithelium is derived from the
endoderm of urogenital sinus.
The vaginal fornices are derived from PMD.
The fibro-muscular wall develops from the
surrounding mesenchyme.
Two solid evaginations (sinovaginal bulb)
grow out from the pelvic part of the urogenital
sinus.
They will proliferate & form a solid (vaginal
plate).
the 5th month the vaginal outgrowth is entirely
canalized to form the lumen of the vagina.
33. Indifferent stage of external genitalia
During the 3rd wk, mesenchymal cells from the primitive streak
migrate around the clocal membrane to form a pair of elevated
clocal folds.
Cranial to cloacal membrane the folds unite to form genital
tubercle in both sexes.
Caudaly, the folds are subdivided into urethral folds anteriorly,&
anal folds posteriorly.
Another pair of elevation, the genital swellings becomes visible
on each side of the urethral folds. These swelling later form the
scrotal swelling in male and the labia majora in female.
34. Is under the influence of testosterone.
The genital tubercle soon elongates rapidly, forming
the phallus.
As the phallus elongates, it pulls the urethral folds
forward to form the lateral walls of the urethral groove.
(This groove does not reach the most distal part of the
phallus, the glans.)
The epithelial lining the groove , which originates in the
endoderm, will form the urethral plate.
At the end of 3rd month, the two urethral folds close
over the urethral plate, forming the penile urethra.
This canal does not extend to the tip of the phallus.
At the tip of the glans of the penis, ectodermal cells
penetrate inward forming epithelial cord. This cord later
gains a lumen forming external urethral meatus.
The scrotal swellings will move caudally, forming the
scrotum. The two are separated by the scrotal septum.
Development of male external genitalia
35.
36. Development of the female external genitalia
Estrogens stimulate development of EFG.
The genital tubercle elongate slightly and becomes the
clitoris.
Urethral folds do not fuse as in the male, but develope
into the labia minora.
Genital swellings enlarge and form the labia majora,
which are homologous to the scrotum in male.
The urogenital groove is open and forms the vestibule.
37. Descent of the testes
- Normally testes reach inguinal region by 12th week.
- Migrating through the canal by 28th weeks.
- Reach scrotum at week 33.
- What are the factors controlling testicular descent?
1. outgrowth of the extra-abdominal portion of the
gubernaculum produces intra-abdominal migration.
2. increase in intra-abdominal pressure due to organ growth
produces passage through the inguinal canal.
3. regression of the extra-abdominal portion of the
gubernaculum completes movement of testis into scrotum.
4. Hormones:androgens and MIS.
38.
39. Clinical correlates of MRS:
Cryptorchidism:
Sometime the testis does not continuous its
migration, but stop at certain point. This could
occur in the abdominal cavity, but usually in the
inguinal canal. The cause could be deficiency
of androgen.
An undescended testis is unable to produce
mature spermatozoa, most likely because of
high temperature in the abdominal cavity.
40. Clinical correlates of MRS:
Congenital inguinal hernia:
The connection between the abdominal cavity
and the processus vaginalis in the scrotal sac
normally close in the 1st year after birth.
If this passageway remains open intestinal
loops may descend into the scrotum causing
congenital inguinal hernia.
41. Clinical correlates of MRS:
Hydrocele: sometimes the obliteration of
the passageway is irregular, leaving
small cysts along its course. Later these
cysts may secrete fluid, resulting in the
formation of a hydrocele.
Epispadias ?
Hypospadias?
42. - In hypospadias, fusion of the urethral folds is
incomplete, and abnormal openings of the
urethra occur along the inferior aspect of the
penis, usually near the glans, along the shaft,
or near the base of the penis.
- In rare cases, the urethral meatus extends
along the scrotal raphe.
- When fusion of the urethral folds fails entirely,
a wide sagittal slit is found along the entire
length of the penis
43. Clinical correlates of FRS
Duplication of the uterus
Results from failure of the fusion of the
inferior part of the paramesonephric
ducts in a local area or thougout their
line of fusion.
A- uterus didelphys: The uterus is
entirely double.
B- uterus arcuatus: here the
uterus is only slightly indented in the
middle. Only one vagina is present.
44. Clinical correlates of FRS
C- bicornuate uterus: Here the
uterus has two horns entering a
common vagina.
D- Uterus bicornis unicolis with one
rudementary horn:
– here there is atresia of one of the
paramesonephric ducts,
– the rudimentary horn lies as an appendage to
the well-developed side.
– Because its lumen usually does not
communicate with the vagina, complications
are common.
45. Clinical correlates of FRS
Atresia of the cervix: here there is
atresia of both paramesonephric
ducts resulting in cervical atresia.
Vaginal atresia:
– results if sinovaginal bulbs fail to
develop at all.
– A small vaginal pouch originating from
the paramesonephric ducts usually
surrounds the opening of the cervix.
46. Summary or Conclusion:
In the presence of SRY gene on the short
arm of Y chromosome produces male
baby.
All components of the MRS & FRS go
through an indifferent stage.
47. Questions?
How the male and female sexual development
are regulated?
What happen if the testes don descend into the
scrotum?
Editor's Notes
If PGC fail to reach the genital ridges, the gonads do not develop.
Hence, the primordial germ cells have an inductive influence on development of the gonad into ovary or testis.
Remember in males a dense layer of fibrous connective tissue, the tunica albuginea, separates the testis cords from the surface epithelium
Although the genital tubercle does not elongate extensively in the female, it is larger than in the male during the early stages of development.
In fact, using tubercle length as a criterion (as monitored by ultrasound) has resulted in mistakes in Identification of the sexes during the third and fourth months of gestation.
Rule of six: Max. 6 words in a line and 6 lines/slide