This document provides information about fetal cardiotocography (CTG), including:
1. CTG can be performed from 28 weeks of gestation as that is when the fetal autonomic nervous system is mature.
2. Normal CTG findings include a baseline heart rate between 110-160 bpm, variability between 5-25 bpm, and an absence of or early decelerations with at least 2 accelerations in 20 minutes.
3. Abnormal findings include bradycardia (<110 bpm), tachycardia (>160 bpm), decreased variability (<5 bpm), and late or variable decelerations which can indicate fetal hypoxia or distress.
The increased cardiac output related to pregnancy can lead to heart failure, and the increased heart rate in the third trimester can lead to ischemic events. The potential obstetrical complications include preeclampsia or other hypertensive related disorders, premature birth, and small-for-gestational-age births.
The increased cardiac output related to pregnancy can lead to heart failure, and the increased heart rate in the third trimester can lead to ischemic events. The potential obstetrical complications include preeclampsia or other hypertensive related disorders, premature birth, and small-for-gestational-age births.
CTG in simple methods in fetal assessment according to RCOG guidelines.
easy and concise
feel free to download
by OSAMA AKL
MRCOG instructor
contact me on WhatsApp 00201008067383
1.1 Define and use correctly all of the key terms
1.2 Describe the signs of true labour and distinguish between true and false labour
1.3 Explain to the mother how to recognise the onset of true labour
1.4 Describe the characteristic features and mechanisms of the four stages of labour
1.5 Describe the seven cardinal movements made by the baby as it descends the birth canal in a normal labour
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
CTG in simple methods in fetal assessment according to RCOG guidelines.
easy and concise
feel free to download
by OSAMA AKL
MRCOG instructor
contact me on WhatsApp 00201008067383
1.1 Define and use correctly all of the key terms
1.2 Describe the signs of true labour and distinguish between true and false labour
1.3 Explain to the mother how to recognise the onset of true labour
1.4 Describe the characteristic features and mechanisms of the four stages of labour
1.5 Describe the seven cardinal movements made by the baby as it descends the birth canal in a normal labour
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
CTG Interpretation, evidence based approach
Cardiotocography (CTG) or electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) is the most widely used technique for assessing fetal wellbeing in labour in the developed world. The primary purpose of fetal surveillance by CTG is to prevent adverse fetal outcomes. Continuous electronic foetal monitoring is recommended to assure fetal wellbeing in labour in high risk pregnant women. Understanding pathophysiology of fetal heart rate variation will help appropriate interpretation of the CTG.
Features & classification of CTG according to RCOG will be demonstrated in this presentation with sufficient trace demonstration.
CTG - Cardiotocography or Non stress test
A nonstress test is a screening test used in pregnancy to assess fetal status by means of the fetal heart rate and its responsiveness.
A cardiotocograph is used to monitor the fetal heart rate and presence or absence of uterine contractions. The test is typically termed "reactive" or "nonreactive".
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Introduction
Differential diagnosis of syncope
Syncope vs vertigo vs Presyncope vs light-headedness.
Comparison of Clinical Features of Syncope and Seizures
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MECHANISMS and Causes of Syncope
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Red Flags in Evaluation of Patients With Syncope
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Noncardiac Causes of Syncope
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Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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www.agostodourado.com
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4. CTG
•Ctg is done at maturation of sympathetic and
parasympathetic
•Which starts at 28 wk and fully mature at 34 wk
•So we can do ctg from 28 wks
Fetal distress = fetal compromise = fetal hypoxia
5.
6. • Each
box horizontally on
CTG = 10 seconds,
meaning each
6 boxes = 1 minute.
• Each
box vertically on CT
G = 10 bpm.
7. Criteria for normal CTG trace:-
Baseline fetal heart rate (FHR) is between
110-160 bpm
Variability of FHR is between 5-25 bpm
Decelerations are absent or early
Accelerations x2 within 20 minutes.
8.
9. Decreased fetal movement
• Is an indication for doing CTG to reassure
the mother.
• Two or more accelerations with or
without fetal movement within 20
minute is reassuring.
10. Baseline fetal heart rate
• Normal rate = 110 - 160
• Bradycardia = < 110
• 100-110 is acceptable if all other features
are normal specially in second stage.
• Tachycardia = >160
• 150 -160 is acceptable if the trace is
otherwise normal.
13. Causes of baseline bradycardia
1. Fetal congenital heart block.
2. Serious fetal compromise.
• Early fetal distress fetal tachycardia
• Late fetal distress fetal bradycardia
14.
15. Baseline variability
• Normally the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and
parasympathetic ) induce beat to beat oscillation of the baseline heart
rate ,resulting in waviness of the baseline.
• FHR variability is the result of integrated activity between the sympathetic
and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
• Moderate baseline variability reflects adequate oxygenation of the CNS
and reliably predicts the absence of damaging degrees of hypoxia-induced
metabolic acidemia at the time it is observed.
• However, the converse is not true: Minimal or absent variability alone is a
poor predictor of fetal metabolic acidemia or hypoxic injury at the time it is
observed
Normal variability= 5-25 beatminute
19. Accelerations:
• Acceleration is :
o an increase in the baseline rate of ≥ 15
Bpm,
o lasting for ≥ 15 second,
o resulting in abrupt increase
o reaching the peak in less than 30 seconds.
• Accelerations are good sign of fetal health.
• Two or more accelerations on a (20
minute) CTG defines a reactive trace.
20.
21. Early decelerations
• Is:- A gradual decrease of the FHR and return to
baseline (≥15 bpm, lasting ≥15 secs below
baseline) associated with a uterine contraction..
• The onset and recovery coincide with the onset
and recovery of the contraction.
• The deceleration's onset, nadir, and termination are usually coincident
with the onset, peak, and termination of the contraction.
• Early decelerations are clinically benign.
• Are due to head compression causing Vagal
nerve stimulation
22.
23.
24. Late decelerations
• Is:- A gradual decrease of the FHR and return to baseline
(≥15 bpm, lasting ≥15 secs below baseline) associated with a
uterine contraction.
• The deceleration is delayed in timing, with the nadir of the
deceleration occurring after the peak of the contraction. The
onset, nadir, and recovery usually occur after the onset, peak,
and termination of a contraction.
• Begin at or after the peak of the contraction and return to
baseline after the contraction has ended.
• Causes:-
1. maternal hypotension
2. uterine over stimulation.
3. fetal hypoxia.
25.
26.
27.
28. Late decelerations are characterized by gradual decrease and return to baseline of the fetal
heart rate associated with a uterine contraction. The deceleration is delayed in timing, with
the nadir of the deceleration occurring after the peak of the contraction. The onset, nadir, and
recovery usually occur after the onset, peak, and termination of a contraction. In this tracing,
late decelerations have occurred after the first two contractions.
29.
30. Variable decelerations
• Are the most common deceleration during labor.
• Consist of abrupt decrease in baseline rate lasting less
than 2 minute.
• The decrease is ≥15 bpm, lasting ≥15 secs and <2 minutes
from onset to return to baseline.
• The onset of deceleration varies with successive
contractions.
• The onset, depth, and duration of variable decelerations commonly vary
with successive uterine contractions.
• Are Significant (if decreasing to less than 70 beat per
minute and lasting more than one minute.
• Are due to cord compression.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. Prolonged deceleration
A prolonged deceleration reflects a fall in
FHR by ≥15 bpm, lasting ≥2 but <10 minutes
It is caused by the same physiologic
mechanisms responsible for late or variable
decelerations, but interruption of fetal
oxygenation occurs for a longer period of
time.
36.
37. Sinusoidal pattern
It is defined as a smooth, sine wave-like
undulating pattern in FHR baseline with
– a cycle frequency of 2-5 cycles per minute
– of regular amplitude of 5 -15 bpm
– that persists for at least 20 minutes
– Baseline variability is absent
– there are no accelerations.
It is typically reflective of severe fetal anaemia
We have short term and long term variability
If less than 5 variability it is marked
Variablities can be absent, decreased ,normal, marked
Decrease and marked indciate fetal hypoxia, decrease might indicate sleep,sedatives
Contraction stress test: CTG if she is in labor
Non stress test: CTG is done without contraction
Accelerations : It happens in response to fetal movement
Its obscene with other abnormal signs is pathological
If there is no contration in antenatal care and no acceleration Just simply stimulate the baby by shaking abdomen of the mother
Acceleration should be between 15 sec and 2 min long, less than 10 min or its called change in baseline
Just like acceleration itis decrease in fetal baseline heart rate 15 beat at each beat for least for 15 second In 30 second
Early decelerations is Physiological in 2nd stage of labor bcz of head compression
Sinusoidal pattern ( abnormal) : It happens if baby started to use his SA node
Sinusoidal pattern indicates fetal anemia due to maternal fetal hemorrhage,
The most serious one
It is significant and more dangerous
The previous 2 early and late were gradual decreasing in FHR, while variable decelerations are abrupt decrease in FHR.
It is significant if last for more than 1 min and fetal heart rate reaches 17
Another cause is uterine overstimulation - Vaso privia
Small square vertically : 10 bpm square
Small square horzintally : 10 sec