The document describes the development of the heart tube and fetal circulation in the embryo. It discusses how:
- Angiogenic cell clusters form and fuse to create the heart tube by the third week of development.
- The heart tube loops and partitions into chambers, with the atria forming separately from the ventricles.
- Septa form to divide the atria and ventricles, while the outflow tract partitions into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
- Fetal circulation occurs via the placenta, with oxygenated blood bypassing the lungs through various structures.
Development of heart in embryology.
● Formation and position of the heart tube.
● Formation and position of the heart loop
● Mechanism of cardiac looping
● Formation of the embryonic ventricle
● Development of the sinus venosus
● Formation of the cardiac septa
● Atrial septation
● The atrio-ventricular canal
● The muscular interventricular septum
● The septum in truncus arteriosus and the cordis conus
Development of heart in embryology.
● Formation and position of the heart tube.
● Formation and position of the heart loop
● Mechanism of cardiac looping
● Formation of the embryonic ventricle
● Development of the sinus venosus
● Formation of the cardiac septa
● Atrial septation
● The atrio-ventricular canal
● The muscular interventricular septum
● The septum in truncus arteriosus and the cordis conus
A complete lecture of the Histology of Muscle Tissues, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
Embryology Course VI - Cardiovascular SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the cardiovascular system and includes:
1. Development of the heart
2. Development of the arterial system
3. Development of the venous system
4. Development of lymphatics, overview of fetal circulation, and changes in fetal circulation at birth
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
5. q Appears in the middle of third week.
q Mesenchymal cells in the splanchnic mesoderm proliferate and form
isolated cell clusters known as angiogenic clusters.
q Angiogenic clusters at first located in the lateral end but rapidly spread
to cephalic end.
Angiogenic clusters.
Mohamed el fiky
8. q Appears in the middle of third week.
q Mesenchymal cells in the splanchnic mesoderm proliferate and form
isolated cell clusters known as angiogenic clusters.
q Angiogenic clusters at first located in the lateral end but rapidly spread to
cephalic end.
q The angiogenic clusters acquire lumen.
q They unite to form a horseshoe-shaped plexus of small blood vessels.
q The anterior portion of the plexus is called cardiogenic area.
q The intraembryonic coleomic cavity located over the plexus later form
pericardial cavity.
Formation of endocardial heart tubes
Mohamed el fiky
9. q After formation of neural tube and brain vesicles CNS grows rapidly in
cephalic direction.
q It finally extends over the cardiogenic area and future pericardial cavity.
q Finally,the procordal plate and the cardiogenic plate are pulled forward.
q The cardiogenic plate and pericardial cavity become located ventrally and
caudally.
Mohamed el fiky
10. q The embryo folds in cephalocaudal and transversely bringing the two
heart tubes closer.
q The two endocardial heart tube fuse in cephalo-caudal direction.
q The tube is attached to the dorsal side of the pericardial cavity by dorsal
mesocardium.
Mohamed el fiky
11. q The mesoderm adjacent to the endocardial tube form epimyocardial mantle.
q The epimyocardial mantle separated from endocardial tube by cardiac jelly.
q Tube consists of endocardium, myocardium and epicardium.
Mohamed el fiky
12. Development of primitive heart tube
Ø It develops early in the middle of 3rd week , from aggregation of
splanchnic mesodermal cells, in cardiogenic area.
Ø They form 2 angioblastic cords that canalize to form
2 endocardial heart tubes.
Ø The embryo folds in cephalocaudal and
transversely bringing the two heart tubes closer.
Ø The two endocardial heart tube fuse in cephalo-
caudal direction.
Ø The tube is attached to the dorsal side of the
pericardial cavity by dorsal mesocardium. Mohamed el fiky
13. Ø After lateral folding of embryo, 2 endocard.tubes fuse to form….
Single heart tube
Ø This heart tube lies inside the pericardial cavity , its dorsal wall is
connected to foregut by dorsal mesocardium
Ø The central part of dorsal mesocardium degenerates ,forming
transverse passage dorsal to heart ,called transverse sinus of
pericardium,
Mohamed el fiky
14. ØThe primitive heart tube elongates and develops alternate
dilatations and constrictions :
Ø1-truncus arteriosus.
Ø2-bulbus cordis.
Ø3-primitive ventricle.
Ø4-primitive atrium.
Ø5-sinus venosus.
ØTruncus arteriosus is continous cranially with aortic sac ,from which
aortic arches develop.
ØSinus venosus has right & left hornes .
Ø Each horn receives umbilical, vitelline ,& common
cardinal veins .
Mohamed el fiky
15. Main subdivisions of heart tube
Ø Bulbus cordis & ventricle grow faster than other regions, so the heart
bends upon itself,forming U-shaped bulboventricular loop.
Ø The atrium & sinus venosus also come to lie dorsal to truncus arteriosus,
bulbus cordis & ventricle .(S-shaped heart tube).
Mohamed el fiky
16. Formation of cardiac loop
q Heart tube elongates and bends.
q The cehpalic portion: bends in ventral and caudal direction to the right.
q The caudal portion: shifts in a dorsocranial direction and to the left.The
bendings creates a cardiac loop.
Mohamed el fiky
18. q Local expansion become visible after cardiac
loop is formed.
q The atrial portion lie outside the pericardial
cavity,
q later incorporated inside the cavity.
q The atrioventricular junction remains narrow
and form atrioventricular canal.
q The bulbus cordis is narrow except its proximal
third which later forms trabeculated part of right
ventricle.
q The distal part of bulbus called the truncus
arteriosus.
q The conus cordis forms the outflow tract of
both ventricles. Mohamed el fiky
19. q The proximal portion of the bulbus form the primitive right ventricle.
q The primitive ventricle becomes trabeculated and form the primitive left
ventricle.
Mohamed el fiky
20. Development of sinus venosus
q In 4th week,it consists of a
transverse portion and right and left
sinus horn.
q Each horn receives blood from three
important veins: - .
a. Vitelline or omphalomesenteric
veins.
b. The umbilical vein.
c. Common cardinal vein.
q At 5th and 7th week the left umbilical vein and Left vitelline vein disappear.
q The left common cardinal vein disappear at 10th week.
q The remaining part in the left horn of sinus venosus is
a.The oblique vein of left atrium. (vein of Marshal)
b.The coronary sinus.
q Due to left to right shunt the right sinus horn and veins enlarge.
q The right horn is the only communication between sinus venosus and the
atrium.
q The right horn is incorporated into right atrium to form the smooth part of right
atrium
Mohamed el fiky
21. q The entrance the sinoatrial orifice is flanked On each side by right and
left venous valves.
q Dorsocranially , the valves fuse , forming a ridge known as septum
spurium
q The superior portion of right venous valve disappear.
q The inferior part form two parts:
a.The valve of inferior vena cava.
b. The valve of coronary sinus.
q The crista terminalis originates from right sinus horn.
Mohamed el fiky
22. Dividing of A-V canal , primitive atrium & primitive ventricle….. Begins at the middle
or end of 4th week. It is completed by the end of 5th week.
Endocardial cushions: these are masses of cells and extracellular matrices
develop in the atrioventricular and conotruncal regions .
• in the atrioventricularregion they are :
– Dorsal & ventral swellings
– Fuse, dividing the single AV canal into paired canals
– Involved in formation of interatrial & interventricular septa
– Derived from neural crest
Partitioning
Mohamed el fiky
24. With further development,
extensions of the superior and
inferior endocardial cushions
grow along the edge of the
septum primum, closing the
ostium primum Before closure
is complete, however, cell
death produces perforations in
the upper portion of the
septum primum. Coalescence
of these per- forations forms
the ostium secundum,
ensuring free blood flow from
the right to the left primitive
atrium,D).
Mohamed el fiky
25. When the lumen of the right atrium expands as a result of incorporation of the sinus horn, a
new crescent-shaped fold appears. This new fold, the septum secundum never forms a
complete partition in the atrial cavity . Its anterior limb extends downward to the septum in
the atrioventricu- lar canal. When the left venous valve and the septum spurium fuse with the
right side of the septum secundum, the free concave edge of the septum secundum begins to
overlap the ostium secundum.The opening left by the septum secundum is called the oval
foramen (foramen ovale).
Mohamed el fiky
26. When the upper part of the septum primum gradually disappears, the remaining
part becomes the valve of the oval foramen. The passage between the two atrial
cavities consists of an obliquely elongated cleft through which blood from the
right atrium flows to the left side.
After birth, when lung circulation begins and pressure in the left atrium
increases, the valve of the oval foramen is pressed against the septum secundum,
obliterating the oval foramen and separating the right and left atria. In about
20% of cases, fusion of the septum primum and septum secundum is incomplete,
and a narrow oblique cleft remains between the two atria.This condition is called
probe patency of the oval foramen; it does not allow intracardiac shunting of
blood.
Mohamed el fiky
27. Fetus
• right side high pressure (high
pulmonary resistance, etc.)
• well oxygenated blood streams
through foramen ovale.
• valve of foramen ovale closes with left
atrial contraction.
After birth
• right side low pressure (low
pulmonary resistance).
• valve remains closed (physiological
closure).
• valve eventually fuses (anatomical
closure): fossa ovalis.
Mohamed el fiky
30. • Continuous set of ridges in bulbus cordis(bulbar ridges) and
truncus arteriosus (truncal ridges).
• Grow toward each other, spiraling 180º.
Partitioning of Truncus Arteriosus
Mohamed el fiky
31. • Fuse to form spiraling aorticopulmonaryseptum, dividing aorta
& pulmonary trunk
• Bulbar ridges involved in formation of IV septum
• Bulbar & truncal ridges derived from neural crest cells—
clinical implications
Partitioning of Truncus Arteriosus
Mohamed el fiky
34. Superior & inferior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
Arch of Aorta
Descending aorta
Common and internal iliac
2 Umbilical arteries
Placenta
Fetal circulation
(Deoxygenated)
Mohamed el fiky
37. Circulatory Changes at Birth
Changes in the vascular system at birth are
caused by cessation of placental blood flow
and the beginning of respiration. :
1- Closure of the umbilical arteries Distal
parts of the umbilical arteries form the medial
umbilical ligaments, and the proximal portions
remain open as the superior vesical arteries
2-Closure of the umbilical vein and ductus
venosus , the umbilical vein forms the
ligamentum teres hepatis and The ductus
venosus forms the ligamentum venosum.
3- Closure of the ductus arteriosus : forms
the ligamentum arteriosum.
4-Closure of the oval foramen : forms fossa
ovale
38. Congenital anomalies of the heart
1- Defects of the atrial septum:
a)Patent foramen ovale (ASD):
b)Is caused by incomplete anatomic fusion of septum primum and septum secudum.
Present in approximately 25% of people.
c)Foramen secundum defect : is caused by excessive resorption of septum primum
or septum secundum. This results in a large opening between the right and left atria.
d)Common atrium : caused by complete failure of septum primum and septum
secundum to develop.
e)Premature closure of foramen oval: closure of foramen ovale during pre-natal life.
This results in hypertrophy of the right side of the heart and under-development of the
left side of the heart.
Mohamed el fiky
39. Congenital anomalies of the heart
• 2- Defects of atrio-ventricular canal :
a) Persistent AV canal: caused by failure of AV cushions to fuse, accompanied
by abnormal tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
b) Tricuspid atresia: Obliteration of the right AV canal, characterized by absence
of the tricuspid valve and accompanied by the following :
– 1) Patent foramen ovale.
– 2) I.V. septal defect.
– 3) Over-developed left ventricle.
– 4) Under-developed right ventricle.
Mohamed el fiky
40. Congenital anomalies of the heart
3. Defects of I.V. septum (VSD):
a)Membranous VSD: caused by failure of the membranous I.V. septum to
develope.
b)Muscular VSD: caused by single or multiple perforations in the muscular I.V.
septum.
c)Common ventricle: caused by failure of the membranous and muscular I.V.
septa to develope.
Mohamed el fiky
41. Congenital anomalies of the heart
4, Defects of the aortico- pulmonary septum:
a)Persistent truncus arteriosus: This is due to failure of development of the spiral
aortico-pulmonary septum. The truncus overrides the inter-ventricular septum and
receives blood from both ventricles.
b)Tetralogy of Fallot : characterized by four classic malformations :
c)Pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, inter-ventricular septal defect and right
ventricular hypertrophy.
d)Congenital aortic valve stenosis : this is due to fusion of the cusps of the aortic
valve leading to a very narrow aortic orifice. The left ventricle is markedly
hypertrophied.
e)Aortic valve atresia : The aortic orifice is completely closed. The left ventricle is
under-developed and the ascending aorta is narrow. The ductus arteriosus is
patent to carry blood into the aorta.
f)Pulmonary valve stenosis and atresia: The pulmonary trunk is narrow and the
right ventricle is under-developed. The ductus arteriosus remains patent and carries
blood in an opposite direction from the arch of aorta to the pulmonary arteries. The
foramen ovale remains patent.
g)Transposition of ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk: This is due to a
reversal development of the spiral aortico-pulmonary septum. Mohamed el fiky
42. Congenital anomalies of the heart
5. Abnormal positions of the heart:
a)Isolated dextro-cardia : the heart is abnormally positioned on the right side of
the thorax. It is usually associated with other severe cardiac anomalies.
b) Dextro-cardia with situs inversus: is dextro-cardia with inversion of the
viscera.
Mohamed el fiky