The major veins of the early embryo are the vitelline vein, umbilical vein, and cardinal veins. The portal vein is formed from parts of the right and left vitelline veins. As development continues, the left horn of the sinus venosus and left hepatocardiac channel disappear. The left umbilical vein remains to carry blood from the placenta to the liver via the ductus venosus. The superior vena cava develops from the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein. The azygos vein forms from the right azygos line and part of the right posterior cardinal vein.
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
This presentation was made by various histology slides of cartilages (taken from web pages) as a pretest for the exams. Not for any other commercial purposes.
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
this is Dr.haider's lec, the one we took today , he left it on the desktop and said you can take it =D and btw for the pics he said check any anatomy book even the ones in the library
the 1st aortic arch – disappears (a small portion persists and forms a piece of the maxillary artery)
the 2nd aortic arch – disappears (small portions of this arch contributes to the hyoid and stapedial arteries)
the 3rd aortic arch - has the same development on the right and left side
it gives rise to the initial portion of
the internal carotid artery,
the remainder of its trunk is
formed by the cranial portion of
the dorsal aorta + primitive internal
carotid
the external carotid is deriving from
the cranial portion of the ventral aorta
the common carotid corresponds to a
portion of the ventral aorta between
exits of the third and fourth arches
The azygos vein connects the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava
The thoracic duct is the largest lymph vessel that ultimately drains lymph from all parts of the body into the blood circulation
We shall look at them one at a time
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
For Better Surat #ℂall #Girl Service ❤85270-49040❤ Surat #ℂall #Girls
Development of superior venacava and azygous vein
1. Development of Superior venacava
and Azygous Vein
Anup Pandey
Dept. of Human Anatomy
B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences
Dharan Nepal
2. Development of Venous system
• In the 5th week, pairs of
major veins can be
seen.
• The main vein of
embryo can be divided
into 2 groups:
a. Visceral veins
b. Somatic veins
3. Visceral and somatic veins.
• Vitelline vein
(omphalomesenteric)-
carrying blood from yolk sac
to sinus venosus.
• Umbilical vein: carry
oxygenated blood to the
embryo.
• Cardinal vein-drains blood
from body wall of the
embryo.
4. Vitelline vein
• arises from capillary
plexus of yolk sac, run in
each side of duodenum
& forms anastomosis
around it.
• with development of
liver, proximal part of
vitelline and umbilical
vein are broken into
numerous channel –
sinusoid –drain into
sinus venosus through
rt. and left hepato -
cardiac channels.
5. • Lt horn of sinus venosus
retrogress and then Lt
hepatocardiac channel
also disappear.
• Blood from umbilical and
vitelline vein now enter
sinus venosus through Rt
hepatocardiac channel
(common hepatic vein)
7. Development of portal vein
The part of Rt and Lt vitelline
vein lying outside the liver
undergoes changes –
forms portal vein.
It is formed by:
• The lt vitelline vein
between entry of superior
mesentric and splenic vein.
• The dorsal anastomosis.
• Rt vitelline vein between
dorsal anastomosis and
cranial ventral
anastomosis.
8. Umbilical veins
• convey oxygenated
blood from placenta to
the embryo.
• Initially the umbilical
veins pass on each side
of liver.
• proximal part of both
umbilical vein &
remainder of the right
umbilical vein
disappear.
9. • Only left umbilical vein is left
which carries blood from
placenta to liver.
• In order to facilitate blood
supply some sinusoid enlarge
to create direct passage
connecting it with the Rt
hepatocardiac channel–
ductus venosus.
• After birth, left umbilical vein
& ductus venosus are
obliterated to form
ligamentum teres hepatis &
ligamentum venosum
respectively.
11. • During 5th to 7th wk
additional veins are formed:
1. Subcardinal veins- formed in
relation to the mesonephros,
which drain kidneys.
2. Sacrocardinal veins-drain
lower extremities
3. Supracardinal veins-Drains
the body wall by way of
intercostal veins.
There is anastomosis
between right & left system
so that blood is channeled
from left to right.
12. Cardinal veins
• Form the main venous
drainage system of the
embryo.
consists of :
• anterior cardinal veins,
which drain the cephalic
part of the embryo,
• posterior cardinal veins,
which drain the rest of the
embryo.
• The anterior and posterior
veins join before entering
the sinus venosus and form
the short common cardinal
veins.
13. Fate of ant. and common cardinal vein
• Superior venacava is
derived from-Rt.
common cardinal vein &
the rt. ant. cardinal
caudal to the transverse
anastomosis.
• Rt. brachiocephalic
vein develops from Rt.
anterior cardinal vein
cranial to the transverse
anastomosis.
14. • Left brachiocephalic
vein: develops from part
of the left ant. cardinal
vein and transverse
intercardinal
anastomosis.
• Internal jugular vein:
develops from the parts
of the ant. cardinal veins
cranial to their junction
with the subclavian
veins.
15. • External jugular veins:
arise as a secondary
channel and are derived
from the venous plexus
in the face.
• Subclavian vein: formed
by considerable
enlargement of the
intersegmental veins in
the region of upper limb
bud.
16. • Lt horn of sinus venosus
retrogress and these veins
persist into adult life as Lt
superior Intercostal vein
and coronary sinus.
• Lt superior intercostal vein
is formed by:
−Left ant.cardinal vein caudal
to the transverse
anastomosis and most
cranial part of the left
posterior cardinal vein.
−The 2nd and 3rd intercostal
vein drain into it.
17. • Coronary sinus
− Medial part is derived
from- left horn of
sinus venosus .
− Lateral part is derived
from - proximal part
of the left common
cardinal vein.
The remaining part of
the left common
cardinal vein persists
as the oblique vein of
left atrium.
18. Clinical correlates
Venous system defects:
• Left superior venacava: due
to the persistence of the left
anterior cardinal vein, and
obliteration of the common
cardinal vein and anterior
cardinal veins on the right
side.
• Double superior vena cava:
is due to the persistence of
the left anterior cardinal
vein and failure of the
formation of left
brachiocephalic vein.
19.
20. Azygos vein in adults
Azygos system of veins:
consists of:
series of longitudinal veins
in each side of body that
drain blood from the
body wall and move it
superiorly to drain into
SVC.
21. Azygos vein
• The veins draining the
body wall at first drain into
the posterior cardinal vein.
• Their drainage is soon
transferred to the
longitudinal venous
channels – veins of azygos
line.
• Cranially these channels
drain into the posterior
cardinal veins.
22. • With the retrogression of
the left common cardinal
vein, the left azygos line
loses its communication
with posterior cardinal
vein
• So the blood of this
channel drains into the
right azygos line thr the
post-aortic anastomosis.
23. • The azygous vein is formed
from
- the vein of the right azygos
line.
- the most cranial part of the
right posterior cardinal vein thr
which it opens into the
superior venacava.
• The vertical part of the
hemiazygos and the accessory
hemiazygos vein represent the
left azygos line.
• Their horizontal part are
formed by the post aortic
anatomosis.
24. Summary
• Main veins of the embryo:
visceral vein- vitelline and umbilical vein
somatic vein- cardinal veins
• Formation of portal vein:
a) The lt vitelline vein between entry of superior
mesentric and splenic vein.
b) The dorsal anastomosis.
c) Rt vitelline vein between dorsal anastomosis
and cranial ventral anastomosis.
25. • Left horn of the sinus venosus retrogresses
and then left hepatocardiac channel also
disappear.
• But only the left umbilical vein is left which
carries the blood from the placenta to the
liver.
26. • After birth, left
umbilical vein &
ductus venosus are
obliterated to form
ligamentum teres
hepatis & ligamentum
venosum respectively.
27. • Superior venacava is derived
from
- Rt. common cardinal vein &
the rt. ant. cardinal caudal to
the transverse anastomosis.
• Azygous vein is formed from
- the vein of the right azygos
line.
- the most cranial part of the
right posterior cardinal vein
thr which it opens into the
superior venacava.
