Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
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A Brief Description about the development of teeth. Understanding the process of tooth development is of particular importance for the dentist; as developmental disturbances may occur at any stage of this process resulting in different types of tooth anomalies.
Tooth development can be classified either based on morphology or histology
Morphological stages:
Bud stage
Cap stage
Bell stage:
* Early
* Advanced
Physiological stages:
Initiation
Proliferation
Histodifferentiation
Morphodifferentiation
Apposition
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The early development of tooth from six week of prenatal life. Description of different stages- bud,cap and bell stage and amelogenesis, dentinogenesis. Description of root development.
The initiation of tooth development begins at 37 days of development
with formation of a continuous horseshoe-band of thickened epithelium
in the location of upper and lower jaws – Primary Epithelial Band
Dental lamina appears as a thickening
of the oral epithelium adjacent to
condensation of ectomesenchyme
20 areas of enlargement or knobs
appear, which will form tooth buds
for the 20 primary teeth
Not all will appear at the same time.
The first to develop are those of the
anterior mandible region
At this early stage the tooth buds
have already determined their crown morphology
Successional lamina: lamina from
which permanent teeth develop
The dental lamina begins to function
at 6th prenatal week and continues to
15th year of birth (3rd molar)
Tooth development is a continuous process, however can be
divided into 3 stages:
1. Bud Stage
2. Cap Stage
3. Bell Stage
4. Hertwigs epithelial root sheath and root formation
The bud stage is represented by the first epithelial incursion into the ectomesenchyme of the jaw.
The epithelial cells show little if any change in shape or function.
The supporting ectomesenchymal cells are packed closely beneath and around the epithelial bud. As the epithelial bud continues to proliferate into the ectomesenchyme, cellular density increases immediately adjacent to the epithelial outgrowth.
This process is classically referred to as a condensation of the ectomesenchyme.
The epithelium of the dental lamina separated from the underlying ectomesenchyme by basement membrane.
Bud stage is characterized by rounded, localized growth of
epithelium surrounded by proliferating mesenchymal cells,which are packed closely beneath and around the epithelial buds
The transition from bud to cap marks the onset of morphologic differences between tooth germs that give rise to different types of teeth.
Differential cellular division in the epithelial bud initiates a change in shape so that now the epithelial outgrowth assumes a more complex outline with a flattened internal portion along which the mesenchymal condensation densifies.
As the tooth bud grows larger, it drags along with it part of the dental lamina; thus from that point on, the developing tooth is tethered to the dental lamina by an extension called the lateral lamina.
At this early stage of tooth development, identifying the formative elements of the tooth and its supporting tissues is already possible.
The epithelial outgrowth, which superficially resembles a cap sitting on a ball of condensed ectomesenchyme , is still referred to widely as the dental organ but actually should be called the enamel organ, because it eventually will form the enamel of the tooth. Henceforth, the term enamel organ is used.
Condensation of the ectomesenchyme immediately subjacent to the tooth bud caused by lack of extracellular matrix secretion by the cells thus preventing separation.
Upload By : Ahmed Ali Abbas
Babylon University College of Dentistry
download this file from Website on google theoptimalsmile.wix.com/dentistry
Oral histology
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
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2. Introduction:
Tooth development is the complex process by
which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow,
and erupt into the mouth
Although many diverse species have teeth,
non-human tooth development is largely the
same as in humans
For human teeth to have a healthy oral
environment, enamel, dentin, cementum, and
the periodontium must all develop during
appropriate stages of fetal development
3. Introduction:
Primary teeth start to form between the sixth and
eighth weeks in utero, and permanent teeth begin to
form in the twentieth week in utero
If teeth do not start to develop at or near these
times, they will not develop at all
A significant amount of research has focused on
determining the processes that initiate tooth
development. It is widely accepted that there is a
factor within the tissues of the first branchial arch that
is necessary for the development of teeth
4. Primary epithelial band:
After about 37 days of development a
continuous band of thickened epithelium forms
around the mouth in the presumptive upper
&lower jaws
These are roughly horseshoe shaped bands
& correspond in position to the future dental
arches
Formation of these bands is the result not
so much of a increase proliferative activity
within the epithelium as of a change in
orientation of the mitotic spindle & cleavage
7. During the seventh week, each primary epithelial
band begins to divide on is deeper aspect into 2
processes
The outer or more buccal of this is known as the
vestibular band or vestibular lamina or lip
furrow band
Vestibule forms as a result of the proliferation of
the vestibular lamina into the ectomesenchyme
Vestibular lamina:
8. By 8th week IUL, the dental lamina shows 10 areas of
thickening → TOOTH BUDS → primordial of dec. teeth
Developing tooth bud:
4
5
3
6
7
8
9
1
2
10
dental lamina
Tooth bud
10. Within the dental lamina continued & localized
proliferative activity leads to the formation of a
series of epithelial outgrowths into the
ectomesenchyme at sites corresponding to the
positions of the future deciduous teeth
At this point mitotic index, the labeling index
&the growth of epithelial cells are significantly
lower than corresponding indexes in the
underlying ectomesenchyme & ectomesenchymal
cells accumulate around the outgrowths
Dental lamina:
12. After initiation of tooth development, dental
lamina degenerates
Total functional activity period of DL is around
5 yrs
After functional activity, the remnants of the
dental lamina may persist in the jaw or gingiva
Fate of Dental lamina:
13. Epithelial pearls of Serres
• Remnants of the dental lamina persists
as
epithelial pearls or islands within the
jaws as well as in the gingiva called as
Cell Rests of SERRE.
16. Stages of tooth development:
Morphologic stages Histogenetic/physiologic phases
Dental lamina Initiation
Bud stage Proliferation
Cap stage-early
-advanced
Histodiffrentiation
Bell stage-early
-advanced
Morphodifferentiation
Formation of enamel & dentin
matrix
Apposition
17. Stages of tooth development:
Classified according to the shape
of the epithelial component of
the tooth into:
bud stage
cap stage
Early bell stage
Advanced Bell stage
18. BUD STAGE
Arises as a discrete areas of thickening along the dental
lamina
The bud stage is characterized by the appearance of a
tooth bud without a clear arrangement of cells
The stage technically begins once epithelial cells
proliferate into the ectomesenchyme of the jaw
The tooth bud itself is the group of cells at the end of the
dental lamina Oral epithelium
Dental
mesenchyme
Dental epithelium
Basement
membrane
22. CAP STAGE
Tooth germ continues to proliferate at
different rates in different parts of the
tooth bud
The epithelial portion assumes a cap
stage
There is a shallow mesenchymal
invagination on the deep surface of the
bud
23. DENTAL PAPILLA & FOLLICLE
On the inside of the cap, the ectomesenchymal
cells increase in number. Thetissue appears more
dense than the surrounding mesenchyme and
representsthe beginning of the dental papilla .
FOLLICLES -it consists of ectomesenchymal cells
and fibres that surrounds the dental papilla and the
enamel organ.
The enamel is formed from the enamel organ,the
dentin and the pulp from the dental papillaand the
supporting tissues namely the
cementum,periodontal ligament & the alveolar bone
from thedental follicle
25. The peripheral cells of the cap stage are cuboidal ,
cover the convexity of the cap &are called the outer
enamel epithelium•
The cells in the concavity of the cap become tall
columnar cells & represent the inner enamel
epithelium .
The outer enamel epithelium is separated from the
dental sac, & the inner enamel epithelium from
thedental papilla, by a delicate basement
membrane
26. CAP STAGE
Polygonal cells located between the outer and the
inner enamel epithelium, begin to separate due to
water being drawn into the enamel organ from the
surrounding dental papilla•
As a result the polygonal cells become star shaped
but maintain contact with eachother by their
cytoplasmic process•
As the star shaped cells form a cellular network,
they are called the stellate reticulum
27. STELLATE RETICULUM
Role of stellate reticulum
mechanical nutritive
Protects tissue
Maintains tooth
shape
30. ENAMEL NICHE
The enamel niche is a apparent structure created by
the plane of histologic sections cutting through a curved
dental lamina so that mesenchyme appaers surrounded
by the dental epithelium.
The enamel organ looks to be connected to the oral
epithelium by two or more strands of dental lamina.
The enamel niche is the name of the mesenchymal
cells which look to be surrounded by the strands of the
dental lamina.
In actuality, there is no mesenchyme completely
surrounded by dental lamina.
These cases are a result from the dental lamina being a
curved structure while the slide contains tissue taken in
one plane
31.
32. ENAMEL KNOT AND CORD
The cells in the center of the enamel organ are
densely packed and form the enamel knot•
This knot projects toward the underlying dental
papilla
• At the same time a vertical extension of the
enamel knot,called the enamel cord occurs
The function of enamel knot & cord may act as a
reservoir of the dividing cells for the growing
enamel organ•
33. ENAMEL KNOT AND CORD
The enamel knot act as a signaling centers as
many important growth factors are expressed by
the cells of the enamel knot & thus play an
important role in determining the shape of the tooth•
The ectomesenchymal condensation i.e the dental
papilla &the dental sac are pronouncedduring cap
stage of dental development
34. ENAMEL SEPTUM AND ENAMEL NAVEL
When the enamel cord completely divides the
stellate reticulum into two parts reaching the outer
enamel epithelium,it is termed ENAMEL SEPTUM.
When the enamel cord meets the outer enamel
epithelium,a small invagination is termed ENAMEL
NAVEL.
38. BELL STAGE / HISTODIFFERENTIATION
• Due to continued uneven growth of the enamel
organ it acquires a bell shape•
In bell stage crown shape is determined
Characteristic feature of bell stage:
1. The shape of the future tooth crown is defined
2. Inner enamel epithelial cells elongate &
differentiate into ameloblasts
41. BELL STAGE
Inner enamel epithelium :
Consists of single layer of cells that differentiate
prior to amelogenesis into tall columnar cells
called ameloblasts
Elongated cells are attached to one another by
junctional complexes & to cells in the stratum
intermedium by desmosomes
Cells exert an organizing influence on the
underlying mesenchymal cells in the dental
papilla
42. BELL STAGE
Stratum intermedium
Few layers of squamous cells between IEE &
Stellate reticulum
Closely attached by desmosomes & gap junctions
Well defined cytoplasmic organelles, acid
muco-polysaccharides & glycogen deposits →
↑ degree of mitotic activity
Layer seems to be essential for Enamel formation
43. BELL STAGE
Stellate reticulum:
There is ↑ in intercellular fluid & the layer
expands
Cells assume star shape with long processes that
anastomose with adjacent cells
It collapses before enamel formation begins
This reduces the distance between centrally
situated ameloblasts & nutrient capillaries near
the OEE
44. BELL STAGE
Outer enamel epithelium :
Consists of single layered cuboidal cells
Before enamel formation begins, OEE is folded
Capillary network develops in between the folds
from dental sac & provides a rich supply to the
avascular enamel organ
45. BELL STAGE
Dental papilla:
Mesenchyme enclosed in invaginated portion
of dental organ
The peripheral cells under the influence of
IEE assumes a cuboidal shape first &
columnar cells later → Odontoblast →dentin
The basement membrane separating Enamel
organ & dental papilla → membrana
preformativa
46. BELL STAGE
Dental sac:
Forms cementum, alveolar bone,
periodontal ligament
Condensation of mesenchymal cells around
dental organ
47. ADVANCED BELL STAGE
2 more features of tooth development
seen:
1. Future DEJ: forms from the boundary
present between IEE & Odontoblasts
2. Her twig's epithelial root sheath:
develops from cervical portion of the
enamel organ
48. ADVANCED BELL STAGE
Formation of dentin occurs first as a layer along the
future dentino enamel junction in the region of
future cusps &proceeds pulpally & apically.
After the first layer of dentin is formed,the
ameloblasts lay down enamel overthe dentin in the
future incisal & cuspal areas
49. Root start forming after dentin formation
has reached future CEJ
Dental organ & Dental papilla play part in
formation of root
OEE & IEE meet one another at future
cervical area → cervical loop
51. This HERS outlines the future root &thus responsible
for the size, shape ,length & number of roots .
As the first layer of the dentin has been laid down, the
epithelial root sheath loses its structural continuity
and is close relation to the surface of the root .
•Its remnants persists as an epithelial network of
strands or clumps near the external surface of the root
• These epithelial remnants are found in the periodontal
ligament of erupted teeth and are called as RESTS OF
MALLASEZ
54. Hertwig’s root sheath consists of the outer &
inner enamel epithelia only
The inner layer of cells remain short & do not
produce enamel
These cells induce the differentiation of cells of
dental papilla into Odontoblasts →Dentin layer
55. Cells of dental sac → cementoblasts → cementum
The Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath folds at future CEJ into a
horizontal plane → epithelial diaphragm
The plane of diaphragm remains relatively fixed during
development & growth of root
The proliferation of cells of epithelial diaphragm is
accompanied by proliferation of cells of connective tissue of
the pulp, which occurs in the area adjacent to the diaphragm
The differentiation of odontoblasts & the formation of dentin
follow the lengthening of root sheath
56.
57. Differential growth of the epithelial
diaphragm in the multirooted teeth causes
the division of root trunk into 2 or 3 roots•
58.
59. Teeth may develop in abnormal locations
Partial anodontia
Supernumerary teeth - mesiodens
Osteodentin formation
Delayed eruption of tooth
Hutchinson's incisor
Enamel hypoplasia
60. Histophysiologic Phases
Initiation :
Feature of bud stage of odontogenesis
Epithelial ectomesenchymal interaction is
essential for initiation induction
Lack of initiation-absence of either a single
tooth or many teeth.
Abnormal initiation-single or supernumerary
teeth
62. Histophysiologic Phases
Histodifferentiation :
Shows maximum development in the
early bell stage of tooth development
The formative cells of the tooth germ
undergo definite morphologic as well as
functional changes
Cells differentiate & give up their
capacity to multiply.
Peripheral cells of the dental papilla
differentiate into odontoblasts
63. Histophysiologic Phases
Morphodifferentiation :
Proliferation is essential for
morphodifferentiation
Dentinoenamel &the cementoenamel
junctions are developed by the continuous
deposition of enamel, dentin & cementum
Complete morphologic pattern, size &
shape of a tooth are established
64. Histophysiologic Phases
Apposition :
Rhythmic ,layer-like deposition of an
extracellular matrix of enamel &dentin
Pattern of deposition of enamel & dentin is
different
Regular &rhythmic deposition of the
extracellular matrix
Periods of activity & rest are present
during tooth development
65. Teeth may develop in abnormal locations
Partial anodontia
Supernumerary teeth - mesiodens
Delayed eruption of tooth
Hutchinson's incisor
Enamel hypoplasia
Clinical considerations