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Cardiovascular System Development
The document summarizes cardiovascular embryology, including: 1. Heart development begins with the formation of the horseshoe-shaped pericardial cavity and single heart tube, which undergoes convolution to form the primitive 4-chambered heart. 2. Septation occurs through atrial septation, ventricular septation, and aorticopulmonary septation to separate the chambers. 3. Arteries develop from the aortic arches and dorsal aortae, while veins form from the vitelline veins, umbilical veins, and cardinal veins. 4. The fetal circulation differs from the adult circulation, with blood bypassing the lungs via the ductus arteriosus and
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Cardiovascular System Development
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- 2. Contents: 1. Heartdevelopment the horseshoe-shaped pericardial cavity formation of the single heart tube the convolution of the heart tube the primitive 4-chambered heart atrial septation ventricular septation aorticopulmonary septation 2. Development of arteries 3. Development of veins 4. Fetal circulation
- 3. Development of CardiovascularSystem Connecting stock Chorionic layer Trophoblast Notochord Yok sack Amniotic cavity Intraembryonic mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm Extraembryonic mesoderm Splanchnic mesoderm Somatic mesoderm Somite
- 4. Development of heart Horseshoe-ShapedPericardial Cavity Day 18 Blood islands formed of hemangioblasts Prospective myoblasts Prospective angioblasts Blood islands Endocardial heart tube In splanchnic mesoderm Primary heart field
- 5. Horseshoe-Shaped Pericardial Cavity Days19- 20: The splanchnic mesoderm with two endocardial tubes moves medially in front of developing foregut.
- 6. Single Heart Tube Hearttube Sagittal section Coronal section Day 21: • Dorsal mesocardium • Myoepicardial mantle • Cardiac jelly • Single heart tube
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- 8. Regulatory Genes andFactors GATA4 is important at the beginning of cardiogenesis; BMP 2,4 secreted by endoderm; Crescent and Cerberus inhibit WNT proteins; NKS2.5 is upregulated; FGF8 is also important for heart specific proteins.
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- 10. Endocardial Heart Tube Hand1 Hand 2 Tbx5 RA Bulbus cordis Primitive ventricle Atrium Left sinal horn Right sinal horn Aortic arches Aortic sac Truncus arteriosus Conus cordis I II III VV UV CV Day 21:
- 11. Convolution of theHeart TubeDay 23: complete by day 28 Aortic Sac Truncus Conus Sinus venosus Atria Ventricle Truncus Conus Primitive Ventricle LA RA
- 12. Abnormalities of Cardiac Looping SitusInversus Totalis Dextrocardia Hypoplastic right/ Left heart syndrome HRHS HLHS
- 13. Primitive 4 ChamberHeartDay 27: Truncus Conus Atrium (A) Ventricle (V) Bulbo-ventricular flange (BVF) Atrio-ventricular canal (AV) LA RA AV BVF V
- 14. Primitive 4 ChamberHeart 1) two atria, 2) two ventricles, 3) a common AV canal. • AV canal begins to migrate to the right • The bulboventricular flange regresses Day 30 R A LA RV LV Common AV canal superior inferior Bulbo- ventricular flange AV canal R A LA RV LV
- 15. Atrial Septation Endocardial cushions Day 35 R A LA RVLV Endocardial Cushion Septum primum Ostium primum Endocardial Cushion anterior posterior RAVLAV CAV Endocardial Cushions Common AV canal
- 16. Atrial SeptationEnd ofthe 4th week From pulmonary vein tissue From sinus venosus tissue Primary septum (atrophies in upper part) Ostium primum Ostium secundumSeptum secundum SVC IVC Right venous valve (RVV) Left venous valve (LVV) Foramen ovale Valve of foramen ovale Pulmonary veins Coronary sinus Septum spurium RVV LVV SVC Septum primum
- 17. Fetal Circulation • Umbilicalvein • Ductus venosus • Inferior vena cava • Right atrium • Right ventricle • Pulmonary a. • Right and left Pulmonary artery • Pulmonary vein • Left atrium • Left ventricle • Aorta • Aorta FO DA
- 18. Malformation of AtrialSeptum Probe patent foramen ovale
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- 21. Septation of BulbusCordis 1 2 3 1 2 3 Truncal (Conal) swelling Bulbus Cordis Aorta Pulmonary artery Aorticopulmonary septum Anterior
- 22. Transposition of GreatVessels Transposition of the great vessels HRHS with pulmonary valvular atresla
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- 24. Tetralogy of Fallot (1)anarrow right ventricular outflow region, pulmonary infundibular stenosis; (2)a large defect of the interventricular septum; (3)an overriding aorta that arises directly above the septal defect; (4)hypertrophy of the right ventricular wall because of higher pressure on the right side.
- 25. Development of SinusVenosus
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- 29. Tricuspid Atresia Ebsteinanomaly
- 30. Role of NeuralCrest Cells in CV Formation Pharyngeal Neural Crest Cells Cardiac Neural Crest Cells Migrate to the SHF, contribute to endocardial cushion in both the conus cordis and truncus arteriosus. Contribute to smooth muscles and connective tissue of aortic arches, regulate patterning of blood vessels.
- 31. Conduction System ofHeart Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular node and bundle Peripheral ventricular conduction system Initial heart myocard ium From SHF bulboventricular tissue atrioventricular tissue sinoatrial tussue Tbx18 Tbx3 CX40, Cx43, Nppa, ScnSa (SA node genes) Cx45, Cx30, Tbx3
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- 33. Development of Arteriesand Veins Development of Arteries: 1) Aortic arches 2) Dorsal aortae Development of veins: 1) Vitelline veins 2) Umbilical veins 3) Cardinal (body) veins
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- 35. Derivatives of AorticArches 1st aortic arch – maxillary artery 2nd aortic arch – hyoid and stapedial aa. 3rd aortic arch – common carotid and first part of internal carotid a. 4th aortic arch – on the left side arch of the aorta, on the right – right subclavian artery 5th aortic arch – never develops 6th aortic arch – pulmonary arteries (right, left), ducts arteriosus (on the left). Contribution:
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- 37. Coarctation of Aorta Preductaltype Postductal type
- 38. Abnormal Origin ofRight Subclavian Artery
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- 40. Vitelline and UmbilicalArteries
- 41. Development of SVC Proximalpart of the right ACV develops into SVC. Distal parts of both anterior cardinal veins (ACV) form all the major veins of head and upper limb. Proximal part of the left ACV degenerates after formation of left-to-right shunt – the thymicothyroid anastomosis. The right posterior cardinal vein (PCV) becomes the azygos vein The left PCV contributes to the formation of the coronary sinus. ACV PCV CCV Sinus venosus Subclavian vein Thymicothyroid anastomosis Azygos vein Internal jugular vein Ex. jug. v SVC Coronary sinus r/l brachio- cephalic veins
- 42. Development of IVC IVCdevelops from 4 portions: 1. renal 2. hepatic 3. vitelline 4. postrenal
- 43. Venous System Defects Doubleinferior vena cava Absent inferior vena cava Left SVC Double SVC
- 44. Development of PortalVein Vitelline vein derivatives: • Hepatic sinusoids; • Portal vein; • Superior mesenteric vein Left umbilical vein remnants: • ligamentum teres hepatis; • ligamentum venosum (from ductus venosus). 5th week foregut Ligamentum venosum Umbilical veins Vitelline veins Umbilical vein Ligamentum teres Ductus venosus liver
- 45. Susceptible Stages forthe Induction of Cardiac Birth Defects
- 46. Summary Week 3 Week4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Mesoderm – give rise to cardiac muscle cells and endocardial cells; Neural crest cells – develop into smooth muscle of outflow tract and cardiac ganglia; Proepicardium – epicardium and coronary vessels.