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Abstract Quality plays an integral part in the construction industry. Quality assurance is needed because of the involvement of negligence in a project which deduces the quality of the construction .In order to build customer confidence the quality of its work should be done according to the developed quality assurance program. This paper focuses on various negligence of quality assurance practices in the construction industry. The objective of the project is to analyze the various factors that affect quality and quality assurance and to provide an effective framework for the total quality management which helps to increase the quality performance of the construction industry. This project includes a set of questionnaires about quality, quality assurance and total quality management prepared and distributed to various companies and then analyzed. With the help of analyzed data’s a total quality management framework has been proposed to reduce the negligence of quality assurance in the construction industry. Keywords: Quality, Quality Assurance, Total Quality Management and construction etc…
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Abstract Quality plays an integral part in the construction industry. Quality assurance is needed because of the involvement of negligence in a project which deduces the quality of the construction .In order to build customer confidence the quality of its work should be done according to the developed quality assurance program. This paper focuses on various negligence of quality assurance practices in the construction industry. The objective of the project is to analyze the various factors that affect quality and quality assurance and to provide an effective framework for the total quality management which helps to increase the quality performance of the construction industry. This project includes a set of questionnaires about quality, quality assurance and total quality management prepared and distributed to various companies and then analyzed. With the help of analyzed data’s a total quality management framework has been proposed to reduce the negligence of quality assurance in the construction industry. Keywords: Quality, Quality Assurance, Total Quality Management and construction etc…
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Implementation of e-learning system readiness: The effect of the cost readine...
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Project Management and Dynamic Work Environments: The relationship between Le...
Logistic improvement using scor
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A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE OF AUSTRALIAN CONSTRUCTION ORGANISATIONS
A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY PERFORMANCE OF AUSTRALIAN CONSTRUCTION ORGANISATIONS
A Study Report on Value Analysis and Value Engineering (VAVE)
A Study Report on Value Analysis and Value Engineering (VAVE)
Similar to Development of Building Quality Measurement Tool: Building Construction Quality Index (Bcqi)
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V9/i5/IRJET-V9I5331.pdf
Review Application of value engineering in construction project.
Review Application of value engineering in construction project.
IRJET Journal
The construction industry has been struggling with quality issues for many years, which affect and the cost, customer satisfaction and business development. This paper focus on identification of prerequisite for Quality control of selective activates. This study leads to find out vital checks in activity which has to require more concentration while execution. it suggests using modern tool to check construction work with the help of Android application. To develop an Android application, this study carried out a survey for finding critical checks for selective activities. ISO certified organization and their middle management employee responded to master checklist. This data analysis forms a unique trend of vital, important and necessary checks. This is base for development of application. Study concluded with the Vital checks in activity for quality concern, study carried by questionnaire survey, checklist rating and views. This solution will be unique one for construction industries, as android users are increasing rapidly.
USE OF ANDROID TOOL FOR QUALITY CONSTRUCTION
USE OF ANDROID TOOL FOR QUALITY CONSTRUCTION
International Journal of Technical Research & Application
PROJECT PHSE 1 REPORT IN QC/QA IN SMALL SCALE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES
17 1st review
17 1st review
Vishnuvardhan s
Assignment Writing Service http://StudyHub.vip/A-STUDY-ON-THE-APPLICABILITY-OF-QUALITY 👈
A STUDY ON THE APPLICABILITY OF QUALITY CIRCLES TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
A STUDY ON THE APPLICABILITY OF QUALITY CIRCLES TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Amy Roman
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i11/IRJET-V5I11261.pdf
IRJET- A Study on Quality Management System and Customer Satisfaction in Cons...
IRJET- A Study on Quality Management System and Customer Satisfaction in Cons...
IRJET Journal
Review I
Model ppt for Review I presentation.pptx
Model ppt for Review I presentation.pptx
ssuser7acfb8
The study sets out to examine the quality management practices of contractors in building project delivery in Nigeria. The research study is an organizational based study where top professionals from contracting firms in Lagos were the target respondents. The study adopted a quantitative research method with the use of questionnaire to elicit data from the respondents. The study revealed that quality control procedure is the top ranked quality management system adopted by contracting firms in building project delivery. The top ranked barrier and benefit of quality management practices of contracting firms are shortage of skilled workers and improvement in company reputation. The research indicated that there is a statistical significant difference was found in compliance with QMS between multinational construction firms and indigenous construction firms. The poor quality associated with most construction project in Nigeria, leading to clients’ dissatisfaction could be linked with the industry not adopting the quality management systems as adopted in the construction industry of most developed countries
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CONTRACTING FIRMS IN BUILDING PROJECT DELIVERY
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CONTRACTING FIRMS IN BUILDING PROJECT DELIVERY
IAEME Publication
The best quality, time and cost are the important aspects of successful construction project which fulfills the main goal of construction industry. The quality management has to provide the environment within which related tools, techniques and procedures can be deployed effectively leading to operational success for a construction project. The role of quality management for a construction company is not an isolated activity, but intertwined with all the operational and managerial processes of the construction project. The quality management system (QMS) in construction industry refers to quality planning, quality assurance and quality control. The paper includes the outcome of the research methodology decided by authors based on interview of project participants and analysis of scrutinized interview data.
Quality Management System at Construction Project: A Questionnaire Survey
Quality Management System at Construction Project: A Questionnaire Survey
IJERA Editor
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i4/IRJET-V5I4318.pdf
IRJET- Development of Conceptual Model for Effective Selection of Subcontract...
IRJET- Development of Conceptual Model for Effective Selection of Subcontract...
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i7/IRJET-V6I758.pdf
IRJET- Construction Quality Management on Site
IRJET- Construction Quality Management on Site
IRJET Journal
Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan- Feb. 2015)
H012125765
H012125765
IOSR Journals
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) vol.12 issue.1version.2
Evaluation of Total Quality Management Implementation as Engineering Practice...
Evaluation of Total Quality Management Implementation as Engineering Practice...
IOSR Journals
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i4/IRJET-V5I4263.pdf
IRJET- Identification of Crucial Factor Affecting to Sustainable Construc...
IRJET- Identification of Crucial Factor Affecting to Sustainable Construc...
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i11/IRJET-V5I11222.pdf
IRJET- A Study on Factors Affecting Estimation of Construction Project
IRJET- A Study on Factors Affecting Estimation of Construction Project
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i11/IRJET-V5I11100.pdf
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project Failure
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project Failure
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V6/i4/IRJET-V6I4184.pdf
IRJET-Influence of Material Management on Construction Project
IRJET-Influence of Material Management on Construction Project
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i11/IRJET-V4I1138.pdf
A Review on Benchmarking Automation in Construction Industry
A Review on Benchmarking Automation in Construction Industry
IRJET Journal
https://www.irjet.net/archives/V5/i10/IRJET-V5I10276.pdf
IRJET- Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Key Performance Indicato...
IRJET- Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Key Performance Indicato...
IRJET Journal
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IRJET- Developing Cost Prediction Model for Building Project
IRJET- Developing Cost Prediction Model for Building Project
IRJET Journal
TQM As Engineering Practices
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Review Application of value engineering in construction project.
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USE OF ANDROID TOOL FOR QUALITY CONSTRUCTION
USE OF ANDROID TOOL FOR QUALITY CONSTRUCTION
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A STUDY ON THE APPLICABILITY OF QUALITY CIRCLES TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
A STUDY ON THE APPLICABILITY OF QUALITY CIRCLES TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
IRJET- A Study on Quality Management System and Customer Satisfaction in Cons...
IRJET- A Study on Quality Management System and Customer Satisfaction in Cons...
Model ppt for Review I presentation.pptx
Model ppt for Review I presentation.pptx
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CONTRACTING FIRMS IN BUILDING PROJECT DELIVERY
QUALITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF CONTRACTING FIRMS IN BUILDING PROJECT DELIVERY
Quality Management System at Construction Project: A Questionnaire Survey
Quality Management System at Construction Project: A Questionnaire Survey
IRJET- Development of Conceptual Model for Effective Selection of Subcontract...
IRJET- Development of Conceptual Model for Effective Selection of Subcontract...
IRJET- Construction Quality Management on Site
IRJET- Construction Quality Management on Site
H012125765
H012125765
Evaluation of Total Quality Management Implementation as Engineering Practice...
Evaluation of Total Quality Management Implementation as Engineering Practice...
IRJET- Identification of Crucial Factor Affecting to Sustainable Construc...
IRJET- Identification of Crucial Factor Affecting to Sustainable Construc...
IRJET- A Study on Factors Affecting Estimation of Construction Project
IRJET- A Study on Factors Affecting Estimation of Construction Project
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project Failure
IRJET- A Study on Project Management Techniques to Avoid Project Failure
IRJET-Influence of Material Management on Construction Project
IRJET-Influence of Material Management on Construction Project
A Review on Benchmarking Automation in Construction Industry
A Review on Benchmarking Automation in Construction Industry
IRJET- Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Key Performance Indicato...
IRJET- Application of Machine Learning in Predicting Key Performance Indicato...
IRJET- Developing Cost Prediction Model for Building Project
IRJET- Developing Cost Prediction Model for Building Project
Evaluation of-total-quality-management-implementation-as-engineering-practice...
Evaluation of-total-quality-management-implementation-as-engineering-practice...
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Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...
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Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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CME397 Surface Engineering
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karthi keyan
fluid mechanics notes by devender poonia sir
fluid mechanics gate notes . gate all pyqs answer
fluid mechanics gate notes . gate all pyqs answer
apareshmondalnita
This project aims at the Introduction to app Service Management. This software is designed keeping in mind the user’s efficiency & ease of handling and maintenance , as and secured system over centralized data handling and providing with the features to get the complete study and control over the business. The report depicts the basics logic used for software development long with the Activity diagrams so that logics may be apprehended without difficulty. For detailed information, screen layouts, provided along with this report can be viewed. Although this report is prepared with considering the results required these may be across since the project is subjected to future enhancements as per the need of organizations.
Online resume builder management system project report.pdf
Online resume builder management system project report.pdf
Kamal Acharya
Blood Donation Management System is a web database application that enables the public to make online session reservation, to view nationwide blood donation events online and at the same time provides centralized donor and blood stock database. This application is developed by using ASP.NET technology from Visual Studio with the MySQL 5.0 as the database management system. The methodology used to develop this system as a whole is Object Oriented Analysis and Design; whilst, the database for BDMS is developed by following the steps in Database Life Cycle. The targeted users for this application are the public who is eligible to donate blood ,'system moderator, administrator from National Blood Center and the staffs who are working in the blood banks of the participating hospitals. The main objective of the development of this application is to overcome the problems that exist in the current system, which are the lack of facilities for online session reservation and online advertising on the nationwide blood donation events, and also decentralized donor and blood stock database. Besides, extra features in the system such as security protection by using password, generating reports, reminders of blood stock shortage and workflow tracking can even enhance the efficiency of the management in the blood banks. The final result of this project is the development of web database application, which is the BDMS.
Online blood donation management system project.pdf
Online blood donation management system project.pdf
Kamal Acharya
This presentation is about nitration process of industries, unit processes of chemical engineering.
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
MuhammadTufail242431
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
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AafreenAbuthahir2
The export maintenance system is a fully featured application that can help we manage fruit delivery business and achieve more control and information at a very low cost of total ownership. A fruit export maintains automatically monitors purchase, sales, supplier information. The system includes receiving fruit from the different supplier. Customer order is placed in the system, based on the order fruit has been sales to the customer. The report contains the details about product, purchase, sales, stock, and invoice. The main objective of this project is to computerize the company activities and to provide details about the production process at the fruit export maintenance system. The demand of fresh fruit fruits and processed food items in international and domestic market has shown a decent increase. This estimation is creating a necessity for growing more and more fruit fruits to cater the growing demand of domestic & international market. The customers effectively and hence help for establishing good relation between customer and fruit shop organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining fruit and stock information accurately and safely. When the fruits are sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting fruits for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item. The proposed project is developed to manage the fruit shop in the fruits for shop. The first module is the login. The admin should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
Fruit shop management system project report.pdf
Fruit shop management system project report.pdf
Kamal Acharya
NO1 Pandit Amil Baba In Bahawalpur, Sargodha, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Rahim Yar Khan, Jhang, Dera Ghazi Khan, Gujrat +92322-6382012
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Amil baba
Introduction to Casting Processes
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Introduction to Casting Processes in Manufacturing
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İTÜ CAD and Reverse Engineering Workshop
Emre Günaydın
This portfolio contains selected projects I completed during my undergraduate studies. 2018 - 2023
Architectural Portfolio Sean Lockwood
Architectural Portfolio Sean Lockwood
seandesed
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry. Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems. Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
Pipe Restoration Solutions
About Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol. • Remote control: Parallel or serial interface. • Compatible with MAFI CCR system. • Compatible with IDM8000 CCR. • Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication. • Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system. • Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP. • Indigenized local Support/presence in India. • Easy in configuration using DIP switches. Technical Specifications Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol. Key Features Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol. • Remote control: Parallel or serial interface • Compatible with MAFI CCR system • Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR • Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication. • Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system. • Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP. • Indigenized local Support/presence in India. Application • Remote control: Parallel or serial interface. • Compatible with MAFI CCR system. • Compatible with IDM8000 CCR. • Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication. • Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system. • Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP. • Indigenized local Support/presence in India. • Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Neometrix_Engineering_Pvt_Ltd
ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES
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ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES INTRODUCTION UNIT-I
VigneshvaranMech
Teaching effects after 128 hours of Building Information Modeling course in Cracow, Poland. Natalia works in Revit, Navisworks and Dynamo for BIM Coordination position. More https://bim.edu.pl or https://bimedu.eu
Natalia Rutkowska - BIM School Course in Kraków
Natalia Rutkowska - BIM School Course in Kraków
bim.edu.pl
fundamentals of drawing and difference between isometric and orthographic projection. Basic representation principles.
fundamentals of drawing and isometric and orthographic projection
fundamentals of drawing and isometric and orthographic projection
jeevanprasad8
A computer reservation system or central reservation system is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or activities. These systems typically allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. For these systems to be accessible on mobile phones and computers outside the premises of the airport, cinema, train station or stadiums, they need to be on the internet or a network. This project focuses on the design and implementation of a web based cinema management system for the allocation of seat tickets online. The system would feature the registration of users, use of serial numbers and pins gotten from scratch cards sold and a printed slip. The system would have a store of all the seats and automate the generation of fresh serial numbers and pins.
A case study of cinema management system project report..pdf
A case study of cinema management system project report..pdf
Kamal Acharya
Used in finite element analysis
shape functions of 1D and 2 D rectangular elements.pptx
shape functions of 1D and 2 D rectangular elements.pptx
VishalDeshpande27
Q.1 A single plate clutch with both sides of the plate effective is required to transmit 25 kW at 1600 r.p.m. The outer diameter of the plate is limited to 300 mm and the intensity of pressure between the plates not to exceed 0.07N / m * m ^ 2 Assuming uniform wear and coefficient of friction 0.3, find the inner diameter of the plates and the axial force necessary to engage the clutch. Q.2 A multiple disc clutch has radial width of the friction material as 1/5th of the maximum radius. The coefficient of friction is 0.25. Find the total number of discs required to transmit 60 kW at 3000 r.p.m. The maximum diameter of the clutch is 250 mm and the axial force is limited to 600 N. Also find the mean unit pressure on each contact surface. Q.3 A cone clutch is to be designed to transmit 7.5 kW at 900 r.p.m. The cone has a face angle of 12°. The width of the face is half of the mean radius and the normal pressure between the contact faces is not to exceed 0.09 N/mm². Assuming uniform wear and the coefficient of friction between the contact faces as 0.2, find the main dimensions of the clutch and the axial force required to engage the clutch. Q.4 A cone clutch is mounted on a shaft which transmits power at 225 r.p.m. The small diameter of the cone is 230 mm, the cone face is 50 mm and the cone face makes an angle of 15 deg with the horizontal. Determine the axial force necessary to engage the clutch to transmit 4.5 kW if the coefficient of friction of the contact surfaces is 0.25. What is the maximum pressure on the contact surfaces assuming uniform wear? Q.5 A soft surface cone clutch transmits a torque of 200 N-m at 1250 r.p.m. The larger diameter of the clutch is 350 mm. The cone pitch angle is 7.5 deg and the face width is 65 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2. find: 1. the axial force required to transmit the torque: 2. the axial force required to engage the clutch; 3. the average normal pressure on the contact surfaces when the maximum torque is being transmitted; and 4. the maximum normal pressure assuming uniform wear. Q.6 A single block brake, as shown in Fig. 1. has the drum diameter 250 mm. The angle of contact is 90° and the coefficient of friction between the drum and the lining is 0.35. If the torque transmitted by the brake is 70 N-m, find the force P required to operate the brake. Q.7 The layout and dimensions of a double shoe brake is shown in Fig. 2. The diameter of the brake drum is 300 mm and the contact angle for each shoe is 90°. If the coefficient of friction for the brake lining and the drum is 0.4, find the spring force necessary to transmit a torque of 30 N-m. Also determine the width of the brake shoes, if the bearing pressure on the lining material is not to exceed 0.28N / m * m ^ 2
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Development of Building Quality Measurement Tool: Building Construction Quality Index (Bcqi)
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1020 DEVELOPMENT OF BUILDING QUALITY MEASUREMENT TOOL: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION QUALITY INDEX (BCQI) Jogdand P.ME(C&M) Student ,Department of Civil Engineering, Trinity College of Engineering and Research, Pune 411048 Deshmukh S. S.,Department Of Civil Engineering, Trinity College Of Engineering And Research, Pune 411048 -------------------------------------------------------------------****---------------------------------------------------------------------- India’s economic development leads to an unprecedented increase in the pace of urbanization. In India, the rate of execution of construction projects has been increased to great extent from past few decades. This study develops and uses a tool, Building Construction Quality Index (BCQI). Developed index, BCQI can be used for checking degree of quality of building projects and benchmark for future improvement in quality. Developed index can also be used in comparing quality of building projects. This study adopts literature review, questionnaire surveys for data collection and application of developed model to measure construction quality of building projects. Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) has been adopted to determine weights of construction quality attributes. Since quality affects different aspects of project management, improvement in quality measurement in turn improves decision making of project management team. This study will contribute to improve construction quality measurement systems in developing countries like India. Keywords: AHP, project management, quality system. 1.INTRODUCTION As the urban population and incomes increase in India, demand for every key service such as water, transportation, sewage treatment, low income housing has increased in cities of every size and type. Increased competition among builders and construction contractors leads to reduction in cost of building projects. Architectural planning and provision of services also plays important role in achieving quality of building projects. Affordable/ Low cost houses have to be planned and organized considering healthy and clean environment with excellent sanitation and green area. These developments should be in close vicinity of workplace, shopping complexes and educational institutions Karim (2011). Thus architectural planning, public transport connectivity, drinking water supply, drainage systems, availability of services such as shopping markets, hospital and schools affects overall construction project quality and thus have been considered in this study. Cost and schedule parameters along with construction quality have been considered as project success parameters (Khosravi and Afshari, 2011).Yet very less weight has been given to construction quality in comparison with cost and schedule (Rwelamia and Hall 1995). Construction quality is equally important as cost and schedule parameters of project management Rad and Khosrowshahi (1998). It has been found that poor construction quality is responsible for cost and schedule overrun of the project (Love,2002, Round and ASCE, 1985). Other than schedule and budget overrun degradation of contractor, loss of trust and demoralization of employees are drawbacks of poor construction quality. Indian construction industry has not yet witnessed uniform and objective quality measurement system and construction firms practice their own developed standards/ methods for quality measurement. These developed systems mostly include checklists and are subjective in nature and have proved difficult in rating construction quality objectively. Construction quality measurement has been proved cumbersome task because of subjective nature of quality definition Rad and Khosrowshahi (1998), Minchin et al. (2008). This paper aims at development and application of simple, easy to implement building construction quality measurement model/ system based on model developed by Minchin et al. (2008) which can be uniformly accepted industry wide. By applying this developed model, one can measure quality of completed as well as ongoing building projects, which in turn can be used for comparing finished projects, tracking ongoing construction projects, and developing guidelines for construction companies for continuous improvements. The research has included literature review, identification of attributes and sub-attribute, calculation of attribute weights using AHP, Development of quality measurement system BCQI.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1021 II. CONSTRUCTION QUALITY DEFINITIONS Paul Watson and Tim Howarth in their bookConstruction Quality Management have recognized the differences in quality definitions among various authors and claim that “quality means many different things to many different people”.They reviewed following quality definitions, in the 1931, Shewhart defined quality as ‘the thing which have positive attribute of conformance to specified standards’. Later in 1961 focus has been shifted from achievement of specifications to customer satisfaction and Feigenbaum defined quality as the customer determination which is based on customer’s actual experience with the product or service, measured against customer’s requirements. Crosby in 1979 reiterated importance of specifications and defined quality as conformance to requirements. Juran (1985) Quality is product performance which results in customer satisfaction and freedom from product deficiencies, which avoids customer dissatisfaction. In 1986 ISO 8402-1986 quality has been defined as ‘Totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to meet a stated or implied need’. Imai (1986) ‘Quality is anything which can be improved.’ Taguchi (1986) ‘Quality is the loss of product causes to society after being shipped’. Feigenbaum (1986) ‘Quality is the total composite product and service characteristics of marketing, engineering, manufacture and maintenance through which the product in use will meet the expectation of customer’. Deming(1986) ‘Good quality means a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability at a low cost with a quality suited to the market.’ Juran (1989) defined quality as ‘Fitness for use’. Gitlow et al. (1989) ‘Quality is the extent to which the customer or users believe the product or service surpasses their needs and expectations’. In later years, focus has been shifted again to customer satisfaction, rework minimization, and repeat business. P. Hoonakker (2010) in his study has reviewed these changes in opinions in researchers about quality. (Chase(1998), Kanji & Wong(1998), McKim & Kiani(1995), Torbica & Stroh(1999)) define quality as ‘meeting the expectation of customer’, (Atkinson(1998), Love et al.(1999), McKim & Kiani(1995), Pheng & Wee(2001), Sypsomos(1997)) define quality as ‘reduced rework or defects’. (Sommerville(1994), Sypsomos(1997)) define quality as ‘Repeat businesses’. (Courtice &Herrero(1991), Gransberg et al.(1999), Jaafari(1996), Kiwus &Williams(2001), Loveet al.(1999), McKim & Kiani(1995), Ripley(1996), Sypsomos(1997), Wong & Fung(1999)) define quality as ‘Completion on- time and within budget’. III. QUALITY MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS Literature review on quality measurement systems, following systems can be summarized. In order to improve construction process, successful systems in manufacturing industry like total quality management, lean production are being practiced in construction sector, while their successful implementation depends mostly on industry’s culture of teamwork and cooperation between various players of project. (Hoonakker et al.2010). James D. Steven (1996) studied developed blueprint for quality measurement by Quality Performance Measurement Task Force (QPMTF) of Construction Industry Institute (CII) and its validation has been done through feedback from project management team and implementation on three projects. Developed blueprint has advantage of ease in implementation but its use has been restricted to EPC project only is the main drawback of developed system. Minchin et al. (2008) developed a construction quality index for highway projects by rating materials and workmanship. Development of Quality Based Performance Rating (QBPR) has been done to overcome shortcomings of subjectivity and inefficiency of State Highway Authority's (SHA) rating system. Quality index has been proved practical, easy to understand and applicable to both new and old projects. According to developed model, CQI of the pavement is summation of product of weight of layer and CQI of that particular layer. Teo and Ling (2006) created a model on Multi Attribute Value Technique (MAVT) to measure effectiveness of safety management system. Developed index is the summation of product of weight of particular attribute and rating of that attribute. Validation of developed model has been done using 3 site audits and feedback from the industry. Similar approach of Multi Attribute Value Technique has been used in development of Building Construction Quality Index (BCQI). Rad and Khosrowshahi(1998) with the aim of development of methodology for objective measurement and quantification of quality, have developed quality measurement tree and reviewed quality from different perspectives such as client’s perspective, contractor’s perspective and customer’s perspective and have identified attributes/factors affecting quality from above mentioned perspectives. In this study extensive literature has been reviewed, attributes and sub-attributes affecting quality concerning building projects in Indian construction industry have been identified and circuited among experienced construction engineers for finding their preferences. Weights of these attributes on 0-1 scale have been calculated by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Subjective nature of quality definition makes quality measurement very difficult and thus makes quality a non-measurable term, but it can be measured indirectly by measuring factors/attributes
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1022 affecting quality (Rad and Khosrowshahi year). This study has tried to develop objective and thus measurable quality index, BCQI. According to Latham (1996) client being most important project player, clients’ satisfaction has always been considered top priority and clients’ satisfaction mainly concerned about construction quality. In this study, customer satisfaction has been recorded by rating quality attributes of different building componentson 1-5 Likert scale by customers/users through questionnaire survey. These ratings are then normalized on 0-1 scale. In studying ongoing construction projects, same questionnaire has been utilized as checklist or rated by site engineers. In situations where attribute/sis/are non-measurable, distribution of weight/s has been done to remaining attributes in relative proportions. Attributes’ and sub- attributes’ weights and their normalized ratings have been used as inputs in finding attribute, sub-attribute indices and ultimately BCQI indices of different building construction projects. IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research has been conducted with objectives: development of quality attributes indexes and development of Building Construction Quality Index (BCQI) for measuring building project quality Literature has been reviewed to select attributes and sub-attributes affecting quality. Material qualities, workmanship of different building members and services, architectural planning including sanitation, water supply, access to the housing projects, vicinity of facilities like hospitals, school been considered as attributes in this study. List of attributes have been sent to construction engineers having minimum five years of experience, researchers, designers and academician. Total 18 participants out of 62 have responded, showing response rate 29% and on identification of preferences of quality attributes, AHP has been applied and weights of attributes and sub-attributes have been calculated. List of attributes and their weights have been circulated to managerial level participants. On finalization of attribute weights, questionnaire survey has been conducted. Each attribute has been rated on 1-5 scale by project users for completed projects, site engineers or in some cases supervisors for ongoing construction projects. In few cases, designed questionnaire has also been used as a checklist by researcher to rate attributes and sub-attributes of construction projects. In few cases, where attributes are not measurable, their weights have been distributed in other respective attributes in proportion of their weights. Attribute, sub-attribute indices and Building Construction Quality Index (BCQI) of residential building projects have been calculated using developed index in which inputs are weights of attributes, sub-attributes and their normalized ratings.
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1023 Literature Survey Identification of Attributes affecting Quality Planning Attributes Construction Attributes Finalization of list of attributes affecting quality Distribution of list of attributes to construction engineers having minimum 5 yrs of experience Preferences of attributes Application of AHP for calculation of attributes weight Identification of method for development of BCQI modell Finalization of BCQI model and MAVT/MADT Development of Questionnaire for rating attributes on 1-5 Likert scale Normalization of ratings of attributes on 0-1 scale Identification of BCQI of housing units Identification of indexes of main attributes for correlation identification Testing of Correlation using SPSS for different indexes Testing of hypothesis among two housing groups Development of BCQI model and MAVT/MADT Figure 1- Research Methodology Flowchart V. QUALITY MEASUREMENT ATTRIBUTES Considering the importance of quality in construction industry many quality management systems, frameworks and methodologies have been developed by various authors. Rad and Khosrowshahi (1998) have developed quality measurement system in terms of quality attributes. They have categorized quality attributes in three aspects; quality in constructors view, quality in client's view and quality in third party's view. Authors have highlighted importance and difficulties associated in quality measurement. Jha and Iyer (2006) have identified critical factors affecting success and failure of the construction projects. Authors have initially shortlisted 55 attributes affecting quality of construction projects. Questionnaire survey followed by analyses of responses confirms project manager's competence, management support, feedback by participants, and interaction among participants as critical project success factors. Critical project failure attributes conflict among participants, hostile socio-economic environment, extreme climatic conditions, lack of knowledge and incompetence of project managers and competition during tendering. Karim(2011) identified factors responsible for quality living, sufficient size, sanitation, clean air and green area in vicinity for leisure and recreation, connectivity, education facilities and shopping outlets. Physical planning of city, family domain, physical environment and neighboring and community domain are responsible for quality of life. In this research, attributes have been selected through extensive literature review and broadly classified in planning attributes and construction attributes. Planning attributes include building access, water supply, drainage system, road network, vicinity of essential services like schools and hospitals, external lights during night. Construction attributes have been selected considering components of building projects and thus include RCC elements, External walls, internal walls, doors and windows finishing, flooring, services and material storing and handling during construction. The constructions attributes are further subdivided in sub- attributes. Each attribute has been assigned weight on 0-
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1024 1 scale, calculated using AHP, with the help of preferences of attributes given by construction engineers; refer figure no. 2 for attributes, sub attributes and weights. Each quality attribute of the building project has been rated on 1-5 Likert’s scale and on normalization of attributes to 0-1 scale ratings, MAVT/ MADT has been implemented to determine quality index of the building projects. VI. CALCULATION OF WEIGHTS OF ATTRIBUTES USING ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) Analytical Hierarchy Process has been introduced by Saaty in year 1980 as a multi attribute decision making management process which converts big problem into number of smaller problems making it simpler followed bycalculation of weights of factor/attributes is the primary objective of AHP.On arranging attributes on the basis of their dependencies,pair wise comparison matrix has been developed in which attributes have been arranged in decreasing order of their importance by assigning scores on 1-9 scale, 1 signifies equally important, 9- extremely important. Normalization of attributes has been done by dividing comparison matrix score by column total. Average of each row of normalized matrix gives priority or factor evaluation number of respective attribute. Validation of weights of attributes has been done by consistency ratio calculation. If consistency ratio is lesser than or equals to 0.10 then, assigned intensity numbers are consistent otherwise, reassign them. Table No. 1- List of attribute and sub-attributes, their preferences and weights Attribute Average Preference Rank Weight Level I Architectural Planning 2 0.38 Construction 1 0.62 Level II (Architectural Planning Attributes) Access to building 2.13 1 0.44 Water Supply 3.13 3 0.13 Drainage system 3.40 4 0.09 Road Network in Project 2.53 2 0.26 School, Hospitals 4.67 5 0.05 External Lights (during Night) 5.13 6 0.03 Level II (Construction Attributes) RCC Components 1.60 1 0.38 External Walls 3.80 3 0.14 Internal Walls 5.40 6 0.05 Doors and Windows 4.47 4 0.09 Finishing 5.27 5 0.03 Flooring 5.53 8 0.04 Services 5.47 7 0.05 Material Storing, Handling 3.47 2 0.22 Level III (Attributes of RCC elements attributes) Footing, columns, beams, slabs 0.25 Level III (external and Internal walls attributes) Bricks 1.47 1 0.68 Joints in masonry 2.27 2 0.20 Workmanship 2.27 3 0.12 Level III (doors and windows attributes) Material Quality of panel 1.53 1 0.43
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1025 Material quality of frames 1.53 2 0.43 Fixtures and Accessories 2.63 3 0.09 Workmanship in fixing 3.00 4 0.05 Level III (finishing attributes) Plastering 1.10 1 0.66 Painting 1.63 2 0.34 Level III (flooring attributes) Quality of tiles 1.42 1 0.58 Maintenance of slopes 2.26 2 0.27 Workmanship in fixing 2.47 3 0.1 Finishing and cleaning 3.36 4 0.05 Level III (services attributes) Plumbing 1.30 2 0.5 Electrical fittings 1.15 1 0.5 Level IV (RCC Components) Quality of concrete 1.67 1 0.53 Reinforcements 1.93 2 0.30 Cover 2.53 3 0.12 Finishing 3.87 4 0.05 VII.BUILDING CONSTRUCTION QUALITY INDEX (BCQI) Multi-attribute value technique/ Multi Attribute Decision Technique has been deployed for calculation of BCQIs of building projects, as implemented by Minchin et al. (2008) for development of CQI of highway projects, Teo and Ling(2006) to measure effectiveness of safety management system and Khosravi and Afshari (2011) have developed system to measure project success. It is Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method or also called as weighted sum method (Fishburn, 1967). Simplest form of SAW can be given as Pi = ∑ BCQI has been developed to quantify quality on 0-1 scale. BCQI = ∑ ∑ ∑ wi x rin i BCQI model, BCQI = 0.20 (PlanIndex) + 0.80 (ConsIndex) PlanIndex = 0.44r1 + 0.19r2 + 0.13r3 + 0.07r4 + 0.06r5 + 0.04r6 + 0.03r7+0.04r8 ConsIndex = 0.38r7+ 0.14r8 +0.05r9 +0.09r10 + 0.03r11 + 0.04r12 + 0.05r13 RccIndex (r7) = 0.25r15 + 0.25r16+ 0.25r17 + 0.25r18 EwalIndex (r8) = 0.68r19 + 0.20r20 +0.12r21 IwalIndex (r9) = 0.68r22 + 0.20r23 +0.12r24 DawIndex (r10) = 0.43r25 + 0.43r26 +0.09r27 +0.05r28 FinIndex (r11) = 0.66r29 + 0.34r30 FloIndex (r12) = 0.58r31 + 0.27r32 + 0.1r33 + 0.05r34 SerIndex (r13) = 0.5r35+ 0.5r36 MatIndex (r14) = 0.52r38 + 0.30r39 + 0.12r40 + 0.05r41 On identification of weights of factors affecting construction quality, model has been developed. The developed model directly quantifies the quality of building project. Weights have been already identified and used in the developed model. We just have to rate the identified attributes on 1-5 scale (and conver it into 0-1 scale) and put the values in developed model. The model will directly give the number, it represent the degree of quality of building project. Greater the number more is the quality of building and vice-versa. BCQI = 0.20 Architectural Planning + 0.80 Construction Quality
7.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 01 | Jan -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1026 = 0.20 (0.44 r1 + 0.19r2 + 0.13r3 + 0.07r4 + 0.06r5 + 0.04r6 + 0.03r7+0.04r8) + 0.80 ((0.38 r7 (0.25r15 + 0.25r16+ 0.25r17 + 0.25r18)) + (0.14 r8 (0.68r19 + 0.20r20 +0.12r21) + (0.05 r9 (0.68r22 + 0.20r23 +0.12r24) + (0.09 r10 (0.43r25 + 0.43r26 +0.09r27 +0.05r28) + ( 0.03 r11 (0.66 r29+ 0.34 r30) + (0.04 r12 (0.58r31 + 0.27r32 + 0.1r33 + 0.05r34) + (0.05 r13 (0.50 r35 + 0.50 r36 ) VIII.CONCLUSIONS The developed model has been applied to different building projects and quality of building projects has been identified. It has been observed that developed model can easily be applied to any building projects. Software and android applications can also be developed in MS excel, Matlab and other languages for commercialization of developed tool. The paper presented a building construction quality index. Application of developed quality index can be done in checking for quality different buildings. The building construction quality index has been developed for building project in India, which can be generalized to any construction project. REFERENCES Florence Yean Yng Ling, (2005),"Models for predicting quality of building projects", Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, Vol. 12 Iss: 1 pp. 6 - 20 Guidelines for affordable housing, Government of India http://mhupa.gov.in/w_new/AffordableHousing.pdf Hafazah Abdul Karim “Low Cost Housing Environment:Compromising Quality of Life?” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 35 (2012) 44 – 53 K. N. JHA & K. C. IYER “Critical Factors Affecting QualityPerformance in Construction Projects”1478-3363 Print=1478-3371 Online=06=091155–16 # 2006 Taylor & FrancisDOI: 10.1080=14783360600750444 Paul Watson and Tim Howarth Construction Quality Management Spon Press Peter Hoonakker “Barriers and benefits of quality management in the constructionindustry: An empirical study” Total Quality Management, vol. 21, No. 9, September 2010, 953-969 R. Edward Minchin, Michael I. Hammons and Junyong Ahn (2 9) “A construction quality index for highway construction”Construction Management and Economics, 26:12, 1313-1324 Rad H N and Khosrowshahi F (1998) “Quality measurement in construction projects”Hughes, W(Ed.), 14th Annual ARCOM Conference, 9-11 September 1998, University of Reading Association ofResearchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 389-97 Shahrzad Khosravi and Hamidreza Afshari “A Success Measurement Model for Construction Projects” 2011 International Conference on Financial Management and EconomicsIPEDR vol.11 (2011) © (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore Thomas L. Saaty “Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process” Int. J. ServicesSciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.83–98
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