Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction process is also termed as
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes
Drying. Drying is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or another solvent by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid. ... In bioproducts like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction process is also termed as
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
This presentation contains all information on mixing and different mixing equipment used in food industry. The different equipment includes those for solids, liquids and semi solids. It consist of tumbling mixers, rotational screw mixers, agitators, impellers, paddle mixers, planetary mixers and so much more.
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
Material handling equipments : conveyors and elevators ajaz malla
Material handling is the movement, protection, storage and control of materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption and disposal. As a process, material handling incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work.
Its about use of Osmotic dehydration in food processing, its principle, factors affecting OD, advantages and disadvantages of OD process, impact of OD on quality properties of fruits
Drying is need because the high moisture grain will cause heat build up (Hot spot) from respiration of microorganisms, low thermal diffusivity of grain ,increased the mold growth, reduced starch and sugar content.
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor.
A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
It includes types of evaporator,introduction to falling film evaporator,working of falling film evaporator,applications,advantages .
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
This presentation contains all information on mixing and different mixing equipment used in food industry. The different equipment includes those for solids, liquids and semi solids. It consist of tumbling mixers, rotational screw mixers, agitators, impellers, paddle mixers, planetary mixers and so much more.
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
Material handling equipments : conveyors and elevators ajaz malla
Material handling is the movement, protection, storage and control of materials and products throughout manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption and disposal. As a process, material handling incorporates a wide range of manual, semi-automated and automated equipment and systems that support logistics and make the supply chain work.
Its about use of Osmotic dehydration in food processing, its principle, factors affecting OD, advantages and disadvantages of OD process, impact of OD on quality properties of fruits
Drying is need because the high moisture grain will cause heat build up (Hot spot) from respiration of microorganisms, low thermal diffusivity of grain ,increased the mold growth, reduced starch and sugar content.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
PSYCHROMETRY AND DRYING POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY UNIT 2.pptxARUL S
PSYCHROMETRY AND DRYING 9
Psychrometry – importance – Psychrometric charts and its uses – Drying – principles and theory
of drying – thin layer and deep bed drying – Hot air drying – methods of producing hot air – Types
of grain dryers – selection – construction, operation and maintenance of dryers – Design of dryers
Wind Erosion
Effects of Wind Erosion
Factors Affecting Wind Erosion
Mechanics of Wind Erosion
Estimation of Soil Loss Due to Wind Erosion
Wind Erosion Control Measures
Wind Breaks
Shelter Belts
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
This presentation includes definition of Soil Erosion, Causes of Soil Erosion, Types of Soil Erosion, Agents of Soil Erosion, Factors Affecting Soil Erosion, Mechanics of Soil Erosion and
Ill Effects of Soil Erosion
Water Erosion Control Measures- Agricultural Lands.pptxAjay Singh Lodhi
This presentation describes about agronomical measures to control water erosion. It includes Crop rotation, crop cover, contour cultivation, strip cropping and mulch tillage practices.
This presentation describes gully erosion, development of gullies, stages of gully development, classification of gullies based of shape, state and size.
This presentation includes description about water erosion, types of water erosion i.e. Raindrop erosion, Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Stream bank erosion, Sea-shore erosion Landslide/ slip erosion and Tunnel erosion.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. DRYING THEORY AND
DRYING RATING CURVE
Dr. Ajay Singh Lodhi
Assistant Professor
College of Agriculture, Balaghat
Jawahar Lal Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.)
2. INTRODUCTION
Drying of agricultural products is an important unit operation
under post harvest phase. It refers to removal of moisture from
grains and other products to a predetermined level, whereas
dehydration means removal of moisture to very low levels
usually to bone dry condition.
Drying makes the food grains and other products suitable for safe
storage and protects them against attack of insects, molds and
other micro-organisms during storage.
Moisture and its removal
During drying, the moisture from solids gets vaporised and
diffused in dilute environment.
Removal of moisture takes place by high pressure or high
temperature conditions.
Drying removes the volatile materials present inside solid
matters. In some products, drying is carried to bring down the
moisture content to a predetermined limit.
3. Utilities of drying
Drying is thermo-physical and physico-chemical action and its dynamic
principles are governed by heat and mass transfer laws inside and
outside of the products.
Drying is the most effective unit operation for protection of food grains
and safe storage of agricultural products. Proper drying makes the
material stable and the attack of insects and micro-organisms during
storage period can be kept at negligible level.
Various other advantages of drying are given below-
Drying permits early harvest of crops. This leads to reduction of losses
by shattering. This also leads to permit time for preparation of land for
sowing of following crop.
Drying helps in proper planning of harvesting season. If adequate
drying facilities are available then crop can be harvested as per the
availability of labourers.
4. Drying of agricultural products to optimum moisture content results in
safe storage of products over a longer period. Grains are stored in large
quantities for long period in Government warehouses and industries
for their subsequent use as and when required.
Storage of products after drying makes products available during off
seasons. Selling of grains in off season would fetch additional income
to growers as prices remain higher during these periods.
When grains are stored, due to increase in the temperature and
moisture content, heat of respiration also increases. The heat of
respiration can be removed by aeration and drying. Thus the
temperature and moisture content of the products can be brought down
and the viability of seeds could be maintained.
Some agricultural byproducts and waste products can also be
converted into useful products by proper drying.
5. THERMAL PROPERTIES
Information of thermal properties of products leads
towards prediction of heat transfer rate for the product.
For design of heating and refrigeration system for food
materials, information on following thermal properties are
necessary.
1. Specific heat
2. Thermal conductivity
3. Enthalpy
4. Thermal diffusion
6. Specific heat
The specific heat of a product tells us about the amount of
heat required to change the temperature of the product.
The specific heat of a product is not dependent on its mass
density.
To predict the specific heat of a mixture, we should know
the values of specific heats of separate materials of the
mixture.
Specific heat of any product can be determined by the
following expression.
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝(𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
Where
Q = amount of heat, cal
m = mass of the product, g
𝐶𝑝= Specific heat, cal/g-oC
T1 and T2 = initial and final temperature of the product, oC
7. Thermal Conductivity
The ability of heat conductance of a material can be judged by
its thermal conductivity value.
The thermal conductivity of a material can be defined as the
amount of heat conducted across unit area and unit thickness of
material in unit time for unit change in temperature. Therefore,
thermal conductivity depends on the mass density of material.
In agricultural products, thermal conductivity depends on their
composition. But the value of thermal conductivity is also
affected by percent void spaces, shape, size and arrangement of
void spaces and other factors which restrict the heat flow.
Thermal conductivity of single grain is 03 to 0.6 kcal/m-h-°C
whereas thermal conductivity of a heap of grains ranges
between 0.1 to 0.15 kcal/m-h-°C. The reason for this is the pore
space between the grains. These pore spaces are occupied by air
whose thermal conductivity is quite lower (0.02 kcal/m-h-°C )
as compared to grains.
8. Thermal conductivity can be determined by the following
equation:
𝑄 =
𝐴𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1)
𝑡
Where
Q = amount of heat
K = thermal conductivity
t = thickness of material layer
A = Area of material perpendicular to direction of
heat flow
T1 and T2 = temperature at the surfaces of the
material
9. Enthalpy
The heat content of a material is its enthalpy.
It can also be said that the energy level of a material is enthalpy.
The absolute value of enthalpy is very difficult to define but its
zero value is usually defined at oC or some other convenient
temperature.
Enthalpy is generally used to quantify energy in steam.
𝑄 = 𝑚 (ℎ2 − ℎ1)
Where
Q = amount of heat, cal
m = mass, g
h2 and h1 = enthalpy at temperature T2 and T1 respectively,
cal/g
Thus, it can be said that the amount of heat energy required to heat
a material from temperature T1 to temperature T2 is equal to m (h2 -
h1).
10. Thermal diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity is used to determine the heat transfer
rates in solid agricultural products of any shape.
This property of material is related to the ability of material
to conduct heat and its ability to store heat energy.
It can be determined by the following expression:
Thermal diffusivity =
Thermal conductivity
specific heat × mass density
11. DRYING RATE CURVE
The plots of
moisture content
versus drying time
or drying rate versus
drying time or drying
rate versus moisture
content are known
as drying curves.
12. Constant Rate Period
Some crops including cereal grains at high moisture content are
dried under constant rate period at the initial period of drying.
Falling rate period follows subsequently.
For example, wheat is dried under constant rate period when its
moisture content exceeds 72%.
In the constant rate period, the rate of evaporation under any
given set of air conditions is independent of the solid and is
essentially the same as the rate of evaporation from a free liquid
surface under the same condition.
The rate of drying during this period is dependent upon
(a) difference between the temperature of air and temperature of
the wetted surface at constant air velocity and relative humidity;
(b) difference in humidity between air stream and wet surface at
constant air velocity and temperature; and
(c) air velocity at constant air temperature and humidity.
13. In the constant rate period, drying takes place by surface
evaporation and moisture moves by vapor pressure
difference.
The moisture content at which the drying rate ceases to be
constant is known as the critical moisture content of the
solid.
The average critical moisture content for a given type of
material depends upon the surface moisture concentration,
bed thickness of the material, and rate of drying.
The critical moisture content of a product also depends
upon the characteristics of the solid such as shape, size,
and drying conditions.
14. Falling Rate Period
Cereal grains are usually dried entirely under falling rate
period.
The falling rate period enters after the constant drying rate
period and corresponds to the drying cycle where all
surface is no longer wetted and the wetted surface
continually decreases, until at the end of this period, the
surface is dry.
The cause of falling off in the rate of drying is due to the
inability of the moisture to be conveyed from the center of
the body to the surface at a rate comparable with the
moisture evaporation from its surface to the surroundings.
The falling rate period is characterized by increasing
temperatures both at the surface and within the solid.
Furthermore, changes in air velocity have a much smaller
effect than during the constant rate period.
15. The falling rate period of drying is controlled largely by the
product and is dependent upon the movement of moisture within
the material from the center to the surface by liquid diffusion and
the removal of moisture from the surface of the product.
The falling rate period of drying often can be divided into two
stages:
(1) unsaturated surface drying and
(2) drying where the rate of water diffusion within the
product is slow and also the controlling factor.
Practically, all cereal grains are dried under falling rate period if
their moisture contents are not very high.
16. Principles of Grain Drying
Grain drying is based on two principles:
1. Thin layer Drying
2. Deep bed drying
Because of the basic differences in drying characteristics
of grains in thin layer and deep bed, the whole grain drying
process is divided into thin layer drying and deep bed
drying.
Thin layer drying
Thin layer drying refers to the grain drying process in
which all grains are fully exposed to the drying air under
constant drying conditions, i.e, at constant air temperature,
and humidity. Generally, up to 20cm thickness of grain bed
(with a recommended air-grain ratio) is taken as thin layer.
All commercial flow dryers are designed on thin layer
drying principles.
17. Deep bed drying
In deep bed drying all the grains in the dryer are not fully
exposed to the same condition of drying air.
The condition of drying air at any point in the grain mass
changes with time and at any times it also changes with
depth of the grain bed.
Over and above the rate of air flow per unit mass of grain
is small compared to the thin layer drying of grain.
All on farm static bed batch dryers are designed on deep
bed drying principle.
The drying of grain in a deep bin can be taken as the sum
of several thin layers.
The humidity and temperature of air entering and leaving
each layer vary with time depending upon the stage of
drying, moisture removed from the dry layer until the
equilibrium moisture content is reached.
18. Little moisture is removed; rather a small amount may be
added to the wet zone until the drying zone reaches it.
The volume of drying zone varies with the temperature and
humidity of entering air, the moisture content of grain and
velocity of air movement.
Drying will cease as soon as the product comes in
equilibrium with the air.
The condition of drying in deep bed is shown in fig.