This document describes an automatically controlled solar tunnel dryer developed for drying curry leaves using Arduino. The dryer uses solar energy to heat and dry curry leaves inside a closed chamber. Temperature, humidity, and fan speed are controlled using an Arduino board and sensors to maintain optimal drying conditions. Testing showed the automatic dryer reduced the initial moisture content of 65.39% in curry leaves down to 4.12% within one day, consuming less time than conventional drying methods. The controlled environment and automation allows for improved quality and productivity in small-scale agricultural drying compared to traditional sun drying.
Drying of agricultural products using forced convection indirect solar dryerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Drying of three agricultural products namely potato slices, onion slices and whole grapes was done using an indigenously designed and fabricated forced convection indirect solar dryer and under open sunlight. The diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity in the solar dryer was also compared with the ambient temperature and relative humidity during March and April 2017 for all the three products. The study showed increase of temperature and lower humidity inside the drying chamber at different time interval. Hourly moisture loss for all the three agricultural products in the drying chamber and open sun drying was also compared and the percentage of moisture loss in the drying chamber was found to be higher compared to open sun drying for all the products. The mass of water removed for all the three products in the drying chamber was also found to be higher than the open sun drying. Results of the study showed that forced convection indirect solar dryer is better than the open sun drying method for drying the agricultural products more efficiently.
AN APPLICATION OF SOLAR DRYER IN ORDER TO REMOVE MOISTURE AND DIFFERENCIATING...Anugrah Soy
Due to the current trends towards higher cost of fossil fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost
and availability, use of solar energy in food processing will probably increase and become more
economically feasible in the near future.The solar dryer is one of them which help to preserve our food and many eatable things like vegetable fruits and many more things . In this experiment we find that how much moisture removed from the sample which is present in solar dryer and the sample which is present in ordinary air and we compare both of them by mathematical calculation. In this paper we took green chili, some of the chili we put inside the dryer and some in the ordinary air and then compare their moisture removed with respect to time and temperature.
Report - Automated Sprayer Using Gantry RobotNaushir Miraz
The Automated Sprayer Using Gantry Robot is an automated precision farming machine designed to revolutionize the farming sector in the present era of automation. The outcome of the project is a simple robot capable of moving in the Cartesian direction to sense the soil moisture content and spray water if required. Similar to 3D printers and CNC milling machine, the robot hardware employs linear guides in the X, Y and Z directions. The hardware is designed to be simple and scalable. The movement of the robot is done by NEMA 17 stepper motors which are controlled using Arduino Mega 2560. A soil moisture sensor is attached to the tool mount in the Z direction shaft to know the moisture level of the soil. If the moisture level is found to be less than the threshold level which the respective plant needs then the water pump attached sprinkles water and henceforth maintains the proper moisture content in the soil. The prototype designed and the practical implementation may have some changes. There is a vast future scope of the project like integration of seed sowing system, pesticide detection system, fertilizer spraying system, powering the system through solar power, integration of rain water harvesting system for water supply etc. In large scale, this robot is very well capable of helping farmers in their intensive field work and in small scale, it can help normal people who wish to do farming at their home.
Principles, Classification and Selection of Solar DryersiMentor Education
A comprehensive review of the fundamental principles governing the drying process with classification of the practically realized various designs and selection of solar
dryers for drying of agricultural and marine products has been presented. The classification clearly illustrates that the solar dryer designs can be grouped systematically according to their operating temperature ranges, heating
sources/modes and operational modes. It is difficult to have one single criteria for the selection of a solar dryer for a specific region or a product as solar insolation and other parameters change frequently with geographical location, however the general rules of thumb are mentioned to assist in making the final selection. The final selection is generally based on the available insolation rate, production
throughput, flexibility requirements, cost of fuel to run accessories as well as on the experience and judgment of the fabricator. As the solar dryer has a long life of about 20-40 years, the effect of a poor design can have a long-term impact on the economic health of the dryer.
The design of automatic intelligent home cooking machine based on GSM networkIJRES Journal
Put forward a design scheme of automatic intelligent home cooking machine based on GSM network, realized the whole cooking process (weighing, washing, cooking, heat preservation) of full automation, and can be remote controlled in the form of text messages by the GSM network. Introduced, cooking machine structure design, horizontal mobile mechanism and vertical hoisting mechanism design, control system framework design, selection of STM32 chip, pressure sensor and its stability demonstration , GSM mobile phone module TC35 chip peripheral circuit design and using method, software design, uc/OS-Ⅱ real-time operating system using method, design of the main program flow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
Among the most important components of solar energy systems, solar collectors are devices that receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy, as most essential components of solar dryer. This review presents description and previous work performed on performances of solar air collector for agricultural produce. In addition, various solar collectors are classified and described. Solar air collectors for drying application of agricultural produce are presented and summarize. The energy and exergy efficiency of the solar air collector ranges from 28% to 62% and from 30% to 57%, respectively.
Drying of agricultural products using forced convection indirect solar dryerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Drying of three agricultural products namely potato slices, onion slices and whole grapes was done using an indigenously designed and fabricated forced convection indirect solar dryer and under open sunlight. The diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity in the solar dryer was also compared with the ambient temperature and relative humidity during March and April 2017 for all the three products. The study showed increase of temperature and lower humidity inside the drying chamber at different time interval. Hourly moisture loss for all the three agricultural products in the drying chamber and open sun drying was also compared and the percentage of moisture loss in the drying chamber was found to be higher compared to open sun drying for all the products. The mass of water removed for all the three products in the drying chamber was also found to be higher than the open sun drying. Results of the study showed that forced convection indirect solar dryer is better than the open sun drying method for drying the agricultural products more efficiently.
AN APPLICATION OF SOLAR DRYER IN ORDER TO REMOVE MOISTURE AND DIFFERENCIATING...Anugrah Soy
Due to the current trends towards higher cost of fossil fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost
and availability, use of solar energy in food processing will probably increase and become more
economically feasible in the near future.The solar dryer is one of them which help to preserve our food and many eatable things like vegetable fruits and many more things . In this experiment we find that how much moisture removed from the sample which is present in solar dryer and the sample which is present in ordinary air and we compare both of them by mathematical calculation. In this paper we took green chili, some of the chili we put inside the dryer and some in the ordinary air and then compare their moisture removed with respect to time and temperature.
Report - Automated Sprayer Using Gantry RobotNaushir Miraz
The Automated Sprayer Using Gantry Robot is an automated precision farming machine designed to revolutionize the farming sector in the present era of automation. The outcome of the project is a simple robot capable of moving in the Cartesian direction to sense the soil moisture content and spray water if required. Similar to 3D printers and CNC milling machine, the robot hardware employs linear guides in the X, Y and Z directions. The hardware is designed to be simple and scalable. The movement of the robot is done by NEMA 17 stepper motors which are controlled using Arduino Mega 2560. A soil moisture sensor is attached to the tool mount in the Z direction shaft to know the moisture level of the soil. If the moisture level is found to be less than the threshold level which the respective plant needs then the water pump attached sprinkles water and henceforth maintains the proper moisture content in the soil. The prototype designed and the practical implementation may have some changes. There is a vast future scope of the project like integration of seed sowing system, pesticide detection system, fertilizer spraying system, powering the system through solar power, integration of rain water harvesting system for water supply etc. In large scale, this robot is very well capable of helping farmers in their intensive field work and in small scale, it can help normal people who wish to do farming at their home.
Principles, Classification and Selection of Solar DryersiMentor Education
A comprehensive review of the fundamental principles governing the drying process with classification of the practically realized various designs and selection of solar
dryers for drying of agricultural and marine products has been presented. The classification clearly illustrates that the solar dryer designs can be grouped systematically according to their operating temperature ranges, heating
sources/modes and operational modes. It is difficult to have one single criteria for the selection of a solar dryer for a specific region or a product as solar insolation and other parameters change frequently with geographical location, however the general rules of thumb are mentioned to assist in making the final selection. The final selection is generally based on the available insolation rate, production
throughput, flexibility requirements, cost of fuel to run accessories as well as on the experience and judgment of the fabricator. As the solar dryer has a long life of about 20-40 years, the effect of a poor design can have a long-term impact on the economic health of the dryer.
The design of automatic intelligent home cooking machine based on GSM networkIJRES Journal
Put forward a design scheme of automatic intelligent home cooking machine based on GSM network, realized the whole cooking process (weighing, washing, cooking, heat preservation) of full automation, and can be remote controlled in the form of text messages by the GSM network. Introduced, cooking machine structure design, horizontal mobile mechanism and vertical hoisting mechanism design, control system framework design, selection of STM32 chip, pressure sensor and its stability demonstration , GSM mobile phone module TC35 chip peripheral circuit design and using method, software design, uc/OS-Ⅱ real-time operating system using method, design of the main program flow.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A solar dryer is an application of solar energy, used immensely in the food and agriculture industry. Though the sun is still used as the direct source for drying food items and clothes in certain parts of the world. An indirect source of solar power can also be used for the same purpose in the form of a solar dryer.
Among the most important components of solar energy systems, solar collectors are devices that receive solar energy and convert it into thermal energy, as most essential components of solar dryer. This review presents description and previous work performed on performances of solar air collector for agricultural produce. In addition, various solar collectors are classified and described. Solar air collectors for drying application of agricultural produce are presented and summarize. The energy and exergy efficiency of the solar air collector ranges from 28% to 62% and from 30% to 57%, respectively.
In many countries,agricultural products are dried under the open sun. However,this way of drying deg rades the quality of the dried products due to interferen ce from external impurities and uneven drying rates . Numerous types of solar dryers have been designed a nd developed in various parts of the world,yieldin g varying degrees of technical performance. Basically,there are three types of solar dryers;direct sol ar dryers,indirect solar dryers and mixed-mode dryers. This r eview paper is focused on hybrid solar dryers. Drying proceeded successfully even under unfavorable weath er conditions in the hybrid mode of operation these are the most cost effective type of dryers and are easy to fabricate and use. In this review paper,we reviewe d different types of hybrid solar dryers and different design m odifications applied to them in order to increase t heir effectiveness.
Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297% (dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set up and monitored. Graphical plots of moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption curve, characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slightly. Also the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297% (dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set up and monitored. Graphical plots of moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption curve, characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slightly. Also the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Keywords: Air Flow Velocity, Drying Rate, Forced Convection, Layer Thickness, Moisture Content, Solar Dryer
Non-invasive moisture content measurement system based on the ESP8266 microco...journalBEEI
Moisture content in the process of drying is often unknown when carrying out the drying process, especially the fluidized dryer. A lot of experimental designs are needed when observing the drying phenomenon more deeply. It is because to stop and repeat drying process from the beginning again when the sample is taken to test its moisture content needed more experiments. Therefore, this paper presents development of a non-intrusive moisture measurement system prepared for fluidization type dryers. The method used in to conduct this research consists of (i) structural design analysis and (ii) functional (mechanical and electrical systems) and (iii) simple testing of the water content measurement system of constructed material. Test parameters observed include errors in measuring and fluctuating sensor signals against vibration applied to the weighing system. The results showed that non-intrusive moisture content measurement system for fluidized dryers based on the ESP8266 microcontroller had been successfully developed and worked normally. The measurement system has been calibrated with a coefficient of determination (R2) close to one. Measurement error resulting from the effect of vibration on this system shows a very satisfactory value of 6.89%.
Here we measure soil and atmospheric parameters in a polyhouse. When the temperature exceeds a limit, motor for spraying the water will be turned ON and if the moisture content of soil goes below a predefined value, motor for drip irrigation will be turned ON. The LCD will display the measured parameters in a fixed interval of time. We are using pot to represent sensors. The contrast of LCD can be controlled using a pot connected to the breadboard.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.