International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
IRJET- Design & Construction of Solar Dryer for Mango SlicesIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a solar cabinet dryer for drying mango slices in India. Key features of the dryer include a tilted glass top at a 37 degree angle, adjustable air vents for airflow control, and four movable mesh trays inside the drying chamber. Design calculations were performed to determine the required drying time, energy needs, and dryer size based on initial mango moisture content of 85% down to a final storage content of 6%. A prototype dryer was successfully constructed locally and tested for drying 1 kg of mango slices within 10 hours.
Experimental studies of effects of geometry on drying rate and properties of ...Alexander Decker
This document describes an experimental study that tested the effects of geometry and drying methods on ginger. A hybrid solar-biomass dryer was designed and constructed with a drying capacity of 3kg. Ginger samples were dried using different geometries (cylindrical and rectangular shapes) and methods (open air, solar dryer, hybrid dryer). Drying times, moisture levels, essential oil retention and properties were compared between treatments. The hybrid dryer incorporating solar and biomass heating was found to better retain essential oils compared to open air drying, with cylindrical shapes performing better than rectangular shapes.
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic ApplicationsIJAEMSJORNAL
The solar drying system utilizes solar energy to heat up air and to dry small scale domestic produce like grain, omena, vegetables etc. This is beneficial in reducing wastage and hence preservation of agricultural products as well as increasing affordability by the local population who naturally cannot afford the higher cost of mechanical driers. This study presents the design, construction and performance of solar grain dryer. In the dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through a grain bed, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls and roof. Tests carried out on the drier showed that the temperatures inside the dryer and the solar collector were much higher than the ambient temperature during most hours of the daylight. The temperature rise inside drying cabinet was up to 24oC (74%) for about three hours immediately after 12.00h (noon). This indicates better performance compared to open sun drying.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document reviews different solar drying techniques, specifically open sun drying, direct drying, and indirect drying using solar greenhouse dryers. Open sun drying is the oldest and simplest method but has disadvantages like exposure to weather, pests, and foreign materials. Greenhouse dryers allow for indirect or direct drying and offer protection while improving product quality and production rates over open sun drying. Photovoltaic-integrated greenhouse dryers provide the highest rates of production. In general, solar drying preserves agricultural products, reduces losses, and lowers costs compared to mechanical drying methods.
Experimental Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Dryi...IJERA Editor
The document presents an experimental analysis comparing the performance of an open, simple, and modified greenhouse dryer for drying potato flakes under forced convection. Total weight reduction of potato flakes was 80.1% in the modified greenhouse dryer with an inclined roof in just 5 hours, compared to 6 hours in the simple greenhouse dryer to achieve similar results. The modified dryer maintained a higher average temperature and lower average relative humidity than the simple dryer, improving the drying rate. Visual appearance of flakes dried in the greenhouse dryers was also improved compared to open sun drying.
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantati...Innspub Net
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10 years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 – 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/estimating-stored-carbon-stock-in-oil-palm-elaeis-guineensis-jacq-plantation-by-age-group-in-pt-daria-dharma-pratama-plantation-bengkulu-indonesia/
This document discusses various low-cost and alternative building materials that can be used for construction of low-cost housing in India. It categorizes materials as natural (such as compressed earth blocks, bamboo, straw) or man-made (such as fly ash bricks, ferrocement). It provides details on the properties and production processes of these materials. The conclusion states that using modern techniques to improve strength of local materials can help address housing needs in a cost-effective manner, while also promoting use of industrial wastes. Proper training of local artisans is needed for effective utilization of alternative construction methods.
IRJET- Design & Construction of Solar Dryer for Mango SlicesIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and construction of a solar cabinet dryer for drying mango slices in India. Key features of the dryer include a tilted glass top at a 37 degree angle, adjustable air vents for airflow control, and four movable mesh trays inside the drying chamber. Design calculations were performed to determine the required drying time, energy needs, and dryer size based on initial mango moisture content of 85% down to a final storage content of 6%. A prototype dryer was successfully constructed locally and tested for drying 1 kg of mango slices within 10 hours.
Experimental studies of effects of geometry on drying rate and properties of ...Alexander Decker
This document describes an experimental study that tested the effects of geometry and drying methods on ginger. A hybrid solar-biomass dryer was designed and constructed with a drying capacity of 3kg. Ginger samples were dried using different geometries (cylindrical and rectangular shapes) and methods (open air, solar dryer, hybrid dryer). Drying times, moisture levels, essential oil retention and properties were compared between treatments. The hybrid dryer incorporating solar and biomass heating was found to better retain essential oils compared to open air drying, with cylindrical shapes performing better than rectangular shapes.
Development of a Solar Drier for Domestic ApplicationsIJAEMSJORNAL
The solar drying system utilizes solar energy to heat up air and to dry small scale domestic produce like grain, omena, vegetables etc. This is beneficial in reducing wastage and hence preservation of agricultural products as well as increasing affordability by the local population who naturally cannot afford the higher cost of mechanical driers. This study presents the design, construction and performance of solar grain dryer. In the dryer, the heated air from a separate solar collector is passed through a grain bed, and at the same time, the drying cabinet absorbs solar energy directly through the transparent walls and roof. Tests carried out on the drier showed that the temperatures inside the dryer and the solar collector were much higher than the ambient temperature during most hours of the daylight. The temperature rise inside drying cabinet was up to 24oC (74%) for about three hours immediately after 12.00h (noon). This indicates better performance compared to open sun drying.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document reviews different solar drying techniques, specifically open sun drying, direct drying, and indirect drying using solar greenhouse dryers. Open sun drying is the oldest and simplest method but has disadvantages like exposure to weather, pests, and foreign materials. Greenhouse dryers allow for indirect or direct drying and offer protection while improving product quality and production rates over open sun drying. Photovoltaic-integrated greenhouse dryers provide the highest rates of production. In general, solar drying preserves agricultural products, reduces losses, and lowers costs compared to mechanical drying methods.
Experimental Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Dryi...IJERA Editor
The document presents an experimental analysis comparing the performance of an open, simple, and modified greenhouse dryer for drying potato flakes under forced convection. Total weight reduction of potato flakes was 80.1% in the modified greenhouse dryer with an inclined roof in just 5 hours, compared to 6 hours in the simple greenhouse dryer to achieve similar results. The modified dryer maintained a higher average temperature and lower average relative humidity than the simple dryer, improving the drying rate. Visual appearance of flakes dried in the greenhouse dryers was also improved compared to open sun drying.
Estimating stored carbon stock in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantati...Innspub Net
The increasing concentration of carbon in the atmosphere is a serious environmental problem that can affect living system on earth. The increase in greenhouse gas emissions caused global warming that will affect the world climate change and rising sea levels. Climate change will disrupt farming system in both the micro and macro scale. Estimation of forest carbon emissions is one of the important efforts to reduce climate change. Land clearing for palm oil plantations will affect the stored carbon in the forest reserves. The aim of this study is to determine the biomass stored carbon stocks in oil palm plantations by age group in oil palm plantations in PT Daria Dharma Pratama (PT DDP), Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of palm oil biomass using allometric equations, is non-destructive method. Methods of measuring the stored carbon stock of undergrowth biomass and piled of oil palm fronds up was conducted by destructive methods. The largest biomass stored carbon stock was in the age group of 11-15 years crop of 69.32 tonnes ha-1. Then, in the age group of 16-20 years were 54.13 tonnes ha-1, age group of >20 years were 34.91 tonnes ha-1, the age group of 6-10 years were 34.16 tonnes ha-1, and the age group 0 – 5 year were 6.98 tonnes ha-1, respectively. Stored carbon stock in oil palm was influenced by the age of the plant, soil fertility, as well as plant growth and development. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/estimating-stored-carbon-stock-in-oil-palm-elaeis-guineensis-jacq-plantation-by-age-group-in-pt-daria-dharma-pratama-plantation-bengkulu-indonesia/
This document discusses various low-cost and alternative building materials that can be used for construction of low-cost housing in India. It categorizes materials as natural (such as compressed earth blocks, bamboo, straw) or man-made (such as fly ash bricks, ferrocement). It provides details on the properties and production processes of these materials. The conclusion states that using modern techniques to improve strength of local materials can help address housing needs in a cost-effective manner, while also promoting use of industrial wastes. Proper training of local artisans is needed for effective utilization of alternative construction methods.
Use of Bamboo for Sustainable Housing Construction in Developing CountriesPremier Publishers
The study examined the use of bamboo as a sustainable building material combined with other material like mud to produce houses. Methodology of study was descriptive and qualitative which included review of literature on bamboo, participatory observation and in-depth interviews with local artisans and building owners. Structured questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents while purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical tool to obtain percentages, rankings and relative significance index (RSI). Findings reveal that most of the low-income group are able to build their houses through the use of bamboo at a reduced cost, while others not in support of the use of bamboos are yet to have their houses. Also, the use of modern method of building houses completely with bamboo and its by-products is missing due to lack of technological know-how. The study recommends advocacy enlightenment, training of professionals and artisans on the modern use of bamboo in all aspects of building; change of orientation/perception on the use of locally available materials for building construction.
Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemica...IOSR Journals
The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents
1. The document discusses the production, transportation, installation, demolition, and recycling of concrete and wood. It addresses the energy usage and pollution associated with each stage of these materials' lifecycles.
2. Concrete production requires significant energy, especially for cement production, and generates large amounts of CO2 emissions. Its transportation, installation, and demolition also use energy from vehicles, equipment, and labor. Recycling concrete reduces pollution by reusing material.
3. Wood requires less energy to produce than other building materials like cement or steel. Its production generates wood waste and CO2 emissions. Transporting wood risks dust pollution. Installation, demolition, and recycling of wood also utilize energy sources.
This document discusses nanocellulose and provides information on various topics related to municipal solid waste conversion technologies. It summarizes different methods for isolating cellulose and preparing nano-cellulose from biomass sources. The document also reviews several authors' works on nanocellulose and its applications. It identifies gaps in research, such as converting waste into energy and extracting nanocellulose from waste biomass. The objective is described as extracting nanocellulose from waste biomass and analyzing properties of composites made from the extracted cellulose.
This document discusses using industrial wastes and byproducts to develop composite materials for civil engineering applications. It outlines various waste materials that can be used as fibers or fillers in composites, including fly ash, broken glass, gypsum, red mud, mine tailings, rice husk, and metal alloys. Composites made from these locally available and low-cost materials could provide environmentally sustainable and economical alternatives to traditional construction materials. The focus is on developing durable composite products like fiber boards, bricks, and cementitious materials that utilize waste resources.
This document discusses the use of natural fibers as reinforcements in building materials. It provides an overview of various natural fibers that are available in large quantities in India, such as rice husk, bamboo, coconut fibers, and jute. These fibers have good physical and mechanical properties and can be used to make composite building materials as alternatives to materials like wood, steel and concrete. The document outlines research in India and other countries on developing fiber-reinforced composites using agricultural waste and discusses some applications of natural fiber composites in building materials like panels, boards and roofing. It concludes that more research is still needed but natural fibers have great potential as sustainable and environmentally friendly reinforcements in building materials.
This document provides an overview of different types of greenhouses based on shape, utility, construction, and covering materials. It describes lean-to, even span, uneven span, ridge and furrow, saw tooth, and quonset greenhouse types based on their shape. Greenhouses are also classified as those for active heating and active cooling based on their utility. Construction-wise, greenhouses can be wooden framed, pipe framed, or truss framed based on the structural material used. The document discusses the key characteristics and applications of each greenhouse type.
Review Paper on Application of Waste Plastic in Modifying Bitumen PropertiesIJERA Editor
Industrialisation and population is increasing day by day leading to the increase in the amount of waste plastic. Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance i.e. it is not decomposed by bacteria easily. So, dumping it causes soil pollution which leads to decrease in the fertility of soil. Another way of getting rid of plastic is by burning it, which also produces a lot of harmful gases and leads to increase in air pollution. Soil and air pollution both are harmful for the environment. Waste plastic can be used in bitumen as a modifier. In this paper we will discuss the variation of the properties of bitumen on addition of waste plastic at different percentage
The document summarizes a study on the surface water quality assessment of the Jirania Brick Cluster region in Tripura, India. There are approximately 45 brick industries located in the cluster. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and analyzed for various quality parameters. The results found higher than normal turbidity, total dissolved solids, and biochemical oxygen demand at some locations, indicating the presence of pollution. The study aims to estimate the total pollution load from the brick industries on the surface water sources to understand the environmental impact. It was concluded that further analysis of additional water quality parameters is needed to fully assess the scale of pollution caused by the brick industries in the area.
The document discusses different types of protected cultivation structures for agriculture. It describes 6 types of low-cost structures: 1) a natural ventilated greenhouse that regulates temperature through natural ventilation, 2) a multipurpose greenhouse that can be used for drying or soil sterilization in summer, 3) a shade net structure that reduces heat and light, 4) a temporary shade net structure to prevent sunscald in tomatoes, 5) an insect proof net structure that protects crops from pests year-round, and 6) a detachable roof greenhouse that allows for shade net installation in summer. The structures aim to modify the environment for optimal crop growth and higher yields.
Geotextiles are synthetic permeable textiles used in construction to improve soil properties. They are made from polymers like polypropylene and polyester and come in three main types: woven, non-woven, and knitted. Geotextiles have a variety of uses like in roads, drainage structures, and retaining walls. They provide separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection and drainage when used with soils. Textiles are also used extensively in building construction for applications like roofing, insulation, concrete reinforcement, facades, and interior construction. They offer advantages over traditional materials like lower weight and easier installation. Home textiles play an important role in interior furnishing by controlling mood, style and privacy while protecting from
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential of using textile waste to create sustainable insulation materials. Four nonwoven insulation samples were created from acrylic (A1 and A2) and wool (W1 and W2) textile waste using a needle-punching technique. The samples were tested for their physical and thermal properties. Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.0335 to 0.0350 W/(m K) across the samples. Air permeability was satisfactory at 600-616 L/(m2s) for acrylic and 950-1033 L/(m2s) for wool. Porosity and density were found to influence thermal conductivity and air permeability, with both decreasing with higher porosity
Design and Fabrication of Densified Biomass Briquette Maker MachineIJEAB
The project we designing & fabricating is to reduce the problems of Cutting Trees for fire logs. “Leaf Log Maker Machine” is designed to make dry leaves get compressed and made to logs as a fuel. Typically, dead leaves are dumped a lot in landfills and one of the problems with leaving wet leaves to decompose like this is that they give off methane 20 times more poisonous gas than carbon dioxide. In contrast, when leaves are burnt, they only give off the carbon they absorb while on the tree they add nothing extra to the environment. This machine is compact, easily accessible & eco-friendly. It can also able to compress wood wastes, papers & tin cans. This machine is to make fuels from the natural resources like dry leaves, instead of cutting them. This machine is easy to understand the operation to user. It had come over many changes and modifications within it.
IRJET - Advantages of Green Material Used ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the advantages of using green materials in construction as an alternative to conventional materials like brick and concrete. Green building materials are more sustainable because they are recycled, require less energy to produce, and minimize environmental impacts. Examples of green materials mentioned include wool brick made from wool and seaweed, solar tiles integrated into roofing to generate electricity, and GFRG panels made from recycled phosphogypsum that provide insulation and are cheaper and faster to install than other materials. The document argues that using sustainable green materials in construction can help reduce pollution, waste, and the depletion of natural resources.
This document summarizes different types of solar dryer technologies used for food preservation. It discusses direct and indirect solar dryers, as well as forced and natural convection dryers. Direct dryers expose food directly to solar radiation, while indirect dryers use solar-heated air to dry food. Forced convection dryers use fans to circulate heated air, while natural convection relies on temperature gradients. The document also reviews prior studies on optimizing drying efficiency and effectiveness for different foods. In general, mixed-mode dryers that use both direct and indirect drying methods tend to reduce drying time compared to only direct or indirect drying.
Prospects for multi functional utilisation of bamboo in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses the prospects for multi-functional utilization of bamboo in Nigeria. It begins by providing context on the increasing global uses of bamboo and its over 1,500 industrial applications. It then discusses how Nigeria is highly dependent on imports for many raw materials and how bamboo could help address this issue. Specifically, bamboo could be utilized in wood products, construction, textiles, pulp/paper, chemicals/pharmaceuticals, and for briquettes. The document provides details on bamboo's properties that make it suitable for various industrial uses and sectors. It concludes that developing bamboo could significantly reduce deforestation and dependence on imports while promoting local skills and industrial development across multiple sectors in Nigeria.
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
Solarization is a non-chemical method of soil disinfestation that uses passive solar heating of plastic-covered soil to kill weeds, fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. It works through physical, chemical, and biological processes as the heated soil damages or kills pests. Solarization provides broad-spectrum pest control without risks of chemicals, but requires hot weather to work effectively. It can be used for organic farming and in areas where chemicals are prohibited. Researchers are developing improved plastic films and temperature maps to help farmers determine solarization effectiveness.
Se evalúa la factibilidad de páneles de celdek, luffa, paja y sacos de arpillera, como materiales alternativos de empaque para enfriamiento evaporativo en invernaderos.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
Use of Bamboo for Sustainable Housing Construction in Developing CountriesPremier Publishers
The study examined the use of bamboo as a sustainable building material combined with other material like mud to produce houses. Methodology of study was descriptive and qualitative which included review of literature on bamboo, participatory observation and in-depth interviews with local artisans and building owners. Structured questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents while purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical tool to obtain percentages, rankings and relative significance index (RSI). Findings reveal that most of the low-income group are able to build their houses through the use of bamboo at a reduced cost, while others not in support of the use of bamboos are yet to have their houses. Also, the use of modern method of building houses completely with bamboo and its by-products is missing due to lack of technological know-how. The study recommends advocacy enlightenment, training of professionals and artisans on the modern use of bamboo in all aspects of building; change of orientation/perception on the use of locally available materials for building construction.
Dust Interception Capacity And Alteration Of Various Biometric And Biochemica...IOSR Journals
The dust accumulation capacity of Ficus carica L. was evaluated from eight different sites in and around Multan. The impact of dust accumulation was observed via various biometric attributes (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weights) and biochemical attributes (chlorophyll contents, carotenoids & ascorbic acid) from leaves of F. carica. The maximum dust accumulation was occurred in the plants growing at Road sides while, the minimum dust was found on plants growing at Bahauddin Zakariya University. Dust accumulation has caused a significant effect on almost all foliage and biochemical attributes of F. carica. A positive correlation was found between dust accumulation and biometric attributes in F. carica. Biochemical responses had shown an inconsistency as chlorophylls (a, b & total), carotenoids decreased and ascorbic acid contents increased with an increase in dust accumulation. A negative correlation was found between dust deposition and chlorophyll contents. Whereas, accumulation of ascorbic acid was associated with a decline in pigment contents
1. The document discusses the production, transportation, installation, demolition, and recycling of concrete and wood. It addresses the energy usage and pollution associated with each stage of these materials' lifecycles.
2. Concrete production requires significant energy, especially for cement production, and generates large amounts of CO2 emissions. Its transportation, installation, and demolition also use energy from vehicles, equipment, and labor. Recycling concrete reduces pollution by reusing material.
3. Wood requires less energy to produce than other building materials like cement or steel. Its production generates wood waste and CO2 emissions. Transporting wood risks dust pollution. Installation, demolition, and recycling of wood also utilize energy sources.
This document discusses nanocellulose and provides information on various topics related to municipal solid waste conversion technologies. It summarizes different methods for isolating cellulose and preparing nano-cellulose from biomass sources. The document also reviews several authors' works on nanocellulose and its applications. It identifies gaps in research, such as converting waste into energy and extracting nanocellulose from waste biomass. The objective is described as extracting nanocellulose from waste biomass and analyzing properties of composites made from the extracted cellulose.
This document discusses using industrial wastes and byproducts to develop composite materials for civil engineering applications. It outlines various waste materials that can be used as fibers or fillers in composites, including fly ash, broken glass, gypsum, red mud, mine tailings, rice husk, and metal alloys. Composites made from these locally available and low-cost materials could provide environmentally sustainable and economical alternatives to traditional construction materials. The focus is on developing durable composite products like fiber boards, bricks, and cementitious materials that utilize waste resources.
This document discusses the use of natural fibers as reinforcements in building materials. It provides an overview of various natural fibers that are available in large quantities in India, such as rice husk, bamboo, coconut fibers, and jute. These fibers have good physical and mechanical properties and can be used to make composite building materials as alternatives to materials like wood, steel and concrete. The document outlines research in India and other countries on developing fiber-reinforced composites using agricultural waste and discusses some applications of natural fiber composites in building materials like panels, boards and roofing. It concludes that more research is still needed but natural fibers have great potential as sustainable and environmentally friendly reinforcements in building materials.
This document provides an overview of different types of greenhouses based on shape, utility, construction, and covering materials. It describes lean-to, even span, uneven span, ridge and furrow, saw tooth, and quonset greenhouse types based on their shape. Greenhouses are also classified as those for active heating and active cooling based on their utility. Construction-wise, greenhouses can be wooden framed, pipe framed, or truss framed based on the structural material used. The document discusses the key characteristics and applications of each greenhouse type.
Review Paper on Application of Waste Plastic in Modifying Bitumen PropertiesIJERA Editor
Industrialisation and population is increasing day by day leading to the increase in the amount of waste plastic. Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance i.e. it is not decomposed by bacteria easily. So, dumping it causes soil pollution which leads to decrease in the fertility of soil. Another way of getting rid of plastic is by burning it, which also produces a lot of harmful gases and leads to increase in air pollution. Soil and air pollution both are harmful for the environment. Waste plastic can be used in bitumen as a modifier. In this paper we will discuss the variation of the properties of bitumen on addition of waste plastic at different percentage
The document summarizes a study on the surface water quality assessment of the Jirania Brick Cluster region in Tripura, India. There are approximately 45 brick industries located in the cluster. Water samples were collected from 9 locations and analyzed for various quality parameters. The results found higher than normal turbidity, total dissolved solids, and biochemical oxygen demand at some locations, indicating the presence of pollution. The study aims to estimate the total pollution load from the brick industries on the surface water sources to understand the environmental impact. It was concluded that further analysis of additional water quality parameters is needed to fully assess the scale of pollution caused by the brick industries in the area.
The document discusses different types of protected cultivation structures for agriculture. It describes 6 types of low-cost structures: 1) a natural ventilated greenhouse that regulates temperature through natural ventilation, 2) a multipurpose greenhouse that can be used for drying or soil sterilization in summer, 3) a shade net structure that reduces heat and light, 4) a temporary shade net structure to prevent sunscald in tomatoes, 5) an insect proof net structure that protects crops from pests year-round, and 6) a detachable roof greenhouse that allows for shade net installation in summer. The structures aim to modify the environment for optimal crop growth and higher yields.
Geotextiles are synthetic permeable textiles used in construction to improve soil properties. They are made from polymers like polypropylene and polyester and come in three main types: woven, non-woven, and knitted. Geotextiles have a variety of uses like in roads, drainage structures, and retaining walls. They provide separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection and drainage when used with soils. Textiles are also used extensively in building construction for applications like roofing, insulation, concrete reinforcement, facades, and interior construction. They offer advantages over traditional materials like lower weight and easier installation. Home textiles play an important role in interior furnishing by controlling mood, style and privacy while protecting from
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the potential of using textile waste to create sustainable insulation materials. Four nonwoven insulation samples were created from acrylic (A1 and A2) and wool (W1 and W2) textile waste using a needle-punching technique. The samples were tested for their physical and thermal properties. Thermal conductivity ranged from 0.0335 to 0.0350 W/(m K) across the samples. Air permeability was satisfactory at 600-616 L/(m2s) for acrylic and 950-1033 L/(m2s) for wool. Porosity and density were found to influence thermal conductivity and air permeability, with both decreasing with higher porosity
Design and Fabrication of Densified Biomass Briquette Maker MachineIJEAB
The project we designing & fabricating is to reduce the problems of Cutting Trees for fire logs. “Leaf Log Maker Machine” is designed to make dry leaves get compressed and made to logs as a fuel. Typically, dead leaves are dumped a lot in landfills and one of the problems with leaving wet leaves to decompose like this is that they give off methane 20 times more poisonous gas than carbon dioxide. In contrast, when leaves are burnt, they only give off the carbon they absorb while on the tree they add nothing extra to the environment. This machine is compact, easily accessible & eco-friendly. It can also able to compress wood wastes, papers & tin cans. This machine is to make fuels from the natural resources like dry leaves, instead of cutting them. This machine is easy to understand the operation to user. It had come over many changes and modifications within it.
IRJET - Advantages of Green Material Used ConstructionIRJET Journal
This document discusses the advantages of using green materials in construction as an alternative to conventional materials like brick and concrete. Green building materials are more sustainable because they are recycled, require less energy to produce, and minimize environmental impacts. Examples of green materials mentioned include wool brick made from wool and seaweed, solar tiles integrated into roofing to generate electricity, and GFRG panels made from recycled phosphogypsum that provide insulation and are cheaper and faster to install than other materials. The document argues that using sustainable green materials in construction can help reduce pollution, waste, and the depletion of natural resources.
This document summarizes different types of solar dryer technologies used for food preservation. It discusses direct and indirect solar dryers, as well as forced and natural convection dryers. Direct dryers expose food directly to solar radiation, while indirect dryers use solar-heated air to dry food. Forced convection dryers use fans to circulate heated air, while natural convection relies on temperature gradients. The document also reviews prior studies on optimizing drying efficiency and effectiveness for different foods. In general, mixed-mode dryers that use both direct and indirect drying methods tend to reduce drying time compared to only direct or indirect drying.
Prospects for multi functional utilisation of bamboo in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document discusses the prospects for multi-functional utilization of bamboo in Nigeria. It begins by providing context on the increasing global uses of bamboo and its over 1,500 industrial applications. It then discusses how Nigeria is highly dependent on imports for many raw materials and how bamboo could help address this issue. Specifically, bamboo could be utilized in wood products, construction, textiles, pulp/paper, chemicals/pharmaceuticals, and for briquettes. The document provides details on bamboo's properties that make it suitable for various industrial uses and sectors. It concludes that developing bamboo could significantly reduce deforestation and dependence on imports while promoting local skills and industrial development across multiple sectors in Nigeria.
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
Solarization is a non-chemical method of soil disinfestation that uses passive solar heating of plastic-covered soil to kill weeds, fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. It works through physical, chemical, and biological processes as the heated soil damages or kills pests. Solarization provides broad-spectrum pest control without risks of chemicals, but requires hot weather to work effectively. It can be used for organic farming and in areas where chemicals are prohibited. Researchers are developing improved plastic films and temperature maps to help farmers determine solarization effectiveness.
Se evalúa la factibilidad de páneles de celdek, luffa, paja y sacos de arpillera, como materiales alternativos de empaque para enfriamiento evaporativo en invernaderos.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryerijtsrd
Post harvest losses in developing countries have contributed to the unavailability of foodstuff. Estimation of these losses is generally cited to be of the order of 4 but under very adverse conditions, it is estimated as high as 100 . A significant percentage of these losses are related to improper and or untimely preservation of foodstuffs. This research work is therefore aimed at developing a multipurpose solar dryer. The solar dryer consists mainly of solar collector and dryer chamber compartment. The materials used in this research work include based frame, transparent fiberglass cover, an absorber oven baked Aluminium , thermometer, wire gauze, etc. The frame was constructed from a wood bars with a dimension of 900 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm. The dryer chamber is a truncated rectangle and it comprises of a double walls made up of a plain ply board measuring 800 mm x 800 mm x by 500 mm with a transparent fiberglass cover inclined at an angle of 15o. Three different samples namely sample A sliced plantains , sample B sliced yams , and sample C fish were used for test performance evaluation of the developed multipurpose solar dryer. The results obtained reveal that overall heat energy transfer coefficient of 4.91w m0C, dryer chamber rate of 0.654 kg hr., and dryer chamber area of 0.659 m2 were required by the solar dryer. Besides, the solar dryer dried the three samples used in this research work within duration of 8 hours i.e., 9am 5pm . The maximum solar chamber dryer temperature and ambient temperature were recorded as 55.00 oC and 35.46 oC respectively. Besides, the minimum lower temperature values recorded were obtained as 40.45 oC for solar chamber dryer temperature and 29.02 oC for ambient temperature. The improved results obtained with the multipurpose solar dryer were due to improved temperature obtained with the solar dryer chamber. Orhorhoro EK | Aregbe O | Tamuno RI "Performance Evaluation of a Developed Multipurpose Solar Dryer" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31195.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31195/performance-evaluation-of-a-developed-multipurpose-solar-dryer/orhorhoro-ek
Design and Experimentation of Collector based Solar Dryer with Recirculation ...IJERA Editor
Sun drying system is very common method of preserving agricultural product. Solar energy is used for heating
of air and to dry food substance. In open sun drying food is unprotected from rain, wind-borne dirt and dust,
infestation by insects, rodents and other animal. This process is practically attractive and environmentally sound.
Shell life of agricultural product is improve by drying. This paper present design and construction of active solar
dryer with recirculation technique. It consists of solar collector, drying chamber with netted trays and
recirculation arrangement. Air is allowed through inlet and it is heated up in collector. Then it is circulated in
drying chamber where it is utilize for drying. The design based on geographical location Wardha and
meteorological data were obtained for proper design specification. Locally available materials were used for
construction such as polyurethane glass, mild steel metal sheet, plywood sheet and insulating material.
This document describes the design and construction of a solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The solar dryer consists of a solar collector chamber that heats air, and a drying chamber containing racks for drying trays. Hot air from the collector chamber flows through the drying chamber to remove moisture from agricultural products on the trays. The dryer was designed based on location and weather data to effectively dry crops while protecting them from insects, dust and rain compared to traditional sun drying methods. Locally available materials like wood, glass and metal sheets were used to construct the affordable and efficient solar drying system.
Design and Construction of Solar Dryer for Drying Agricultural ProductsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and construction of a solar dryer for drying agricultural products. Some key points:
- The solar dryer utilizes solar energy to heat air and dry food or agricultural products loaded inside, providing a beneficial and less wasteful preservation method.
- The dryer consists of a solar collector chamber that heats air, and a drying chamber containing racks for drying trays. Heated air is channeled through the drying chamber to remove moisture from loaded products.
- The design was based on location and weather data in Nagpur, India. Locally sourced materials like wood, glass, metal sheets and nets were used.
- Calculations were performed to determine optimal dimensions,
Drying characteristics of a hygroscopic material in a fabricated naturalIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on drying characteristics of banana in a solar cabinet drier. The study involved fabricating a natural convective solar cabinet drier consisting of a flat plate collector and drying cabinet. Experiments were conducted drying banana in thin layers over 3 consecutive days. Temperature, humidity, and moisture content were recorded. Results showed the maximum drying air temperature was 69.5°C, drying banana from 93.5% to 7.13% moisture content over 2 days. The solar cabinet drier was found to be 60% more efficient than traditional sun drying and effectively dried banana for local farmers with a low-cost design.
Development of a laboratory tunnel dryer Impact Index 4.37 httpssites.google....Adeladun Ajala
The document describes the development and testing of a small tunnel dryer to dry cassava chips. Key points:
- A 3-truck, 12-tray tunnel dryer was constructed with electric heating and fan circulation. Drying efficiency was tested at 60, 70, and 80°C.
- Drying efficiency increased from 66.7% at 60°C to 75% at 70°C and 80% at 80°C. The dryer could process 6kg of chips per batch.
- The dryer was designed to overcome issues with conventional sun drying of cassava chips in Nigeria, such as poor quality, and provide an efficient alternative for small scale processors.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Solar Dryer by Natural ConvectionIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a solar dryer that uses natural convection. It begins with an abstract that discusses food loss issues and how solar drying can help preserve agricultural products using renewable energy. It then provides details on the design calculations and considerations for the solar dryer components, including the collector area needed to dry a sample product load. Test results are presented showing drying temperatures achieved using the natural convection solar dryer design as well as modifications using forced convection and a mirror attachment. In conclusion, the solar dryer provides an economical way to dry crops using solar energy.
The document describes a study on improving the thermal efficiency of a solar tunnel drier. A working model of a solar tunnel drier was constructed using a single layer of polyethylene sheeting. Experiments were conducted to measure the temperature increase inside the drier compared to ambient temperature. Additional experiments used double layers of polyethylene sheeting with air gaps of 50mm and 100mm between the layers. The purpose was to determine if the additional insulation of an air gap improved the thermal efficiency of the drier. Temperature, humidity and solar intensity readings were taken over an 8 hour period and compared between the single layer and double layer configurations.
Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. To achieve this, an integral type forced convection solar dryer, equipped with rock storage, was developed. Drying kinetics of tapioca were determined using the solar dryer. The treatments in the experiment comprise of air flow velocities (V) of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m/s; and drying layer thicknesses (B) of 0.48 and 0.72 cm. Tapioca samples were dried from an average initial moisture content of 297% (dry basis) to 9.8% (dry basis). Control experiments in the form of open air sun drying of similar quantity of tapioca were also set up and monitored. Graphical plots of moisture content versus drying time, exhibited the characteristic moisture desorption curve, characterized by initial high rate of moisture removal, followed by a slower rate of moisture removal. It was observed from drying rate curves plotted using the drying data, that the drying of the tapioca took place entirely in the falling rate period. The drying rate of the tapioca varied with the different combinations of velocity and drying layer thickness. The drying rate of the tapioca increased with increase in the air flow velocity until velocity of 2.5 m/s; beyond this velocity the drying rate reduced slightly. Also the drying rate of tapioca decreased with increase in drying layer thickness. A maximum drying rate of 39.2%/hr was obtained during the experiment. The maximum system drying efficiency of the dryer was determined as 47.14%, while the maximum dryer pick-up efficiency of 50% was determined during the drying test.
Determination of thin layer solar drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca)eSAT Journals
This document describes a study that determined the thin-layer drying kinetics of cassava noodles (tapioca) using a solar dryer. Researchers developed a forced convection integral type solar dryer and used it to dry tapioca samples at different air velocities (1.5, 2.5, 3.5 m/s) and layer thicknesses (0.48, 0.72 cm). Drying rates varied with air velocity and thickness, with the maximum rate of 39.2%/hr. System drying efficiency was up to 47.14% and dryer pick-up efficiency reached 50%. Graphs of moisture content over time showed a falling rate drying period.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of a natural convection dryer for thin layer paddy drying. The dryer uses biomass as a heat source and was tested by drying different amounts of paddy (10kg, 15kg, 20kg, 25kg) in batches. On average, the moisture content of paddy was reduced from 30.5% to 14.69% within 6 hours. Drying time and efficiency varied depending on the thickness of the paddy layer. Experimental results showed the dryer was effective at reducing moisture content and could be useful for small farmers for drying agricultural products using biomass.
This document presents a mini project on a solar tunnel dryer. It includes an introduction to solar drying and conventional drying methods. The objectives are to design, fabricate, and test a solar tunnel dryer. The methodology involves using the dryer from 9am to 5pm to dry foods and agriculture products. Results found the dryer was capable of drying chili and garlic hygienically. Drying rates varied with temperature and moisture was removed faster inside than outside the chamber.
Comparative Study of Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Verification ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that modified a solar dryer design to more effectively dry mango pulp. The authors presented a solar dryer design with a spiral convection tube to improve heating rates. This design inducts radiation from the sun and emits radiant energy from within to increase heating by 22-27%. The study investigated the modified dryer experimentally and theoretically. Key parameters like temperature, efficiency, air flow, and materials were considered in the design and testing of the solar dryer for drying mango pulp.
Drying of agricultural products using forced convection indirect solar dryerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Drying of three agricultural products namely potato slices, onion slices and whole grapes was done using an indigenously designed and fabricated forced convection indirect solar dryer and under open sunlight. The diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity in the solar dryer was also compared with the ambient temperature and relative humidity during March and April 2017 for all the three products. The study showed increase of temperature and lower humidity inside the drying chamber at different time interval. Hourly moisture loss for all the three agricultural products in the drying chamber and open sun drying was also compared and the percentage of moisture loss in the drying chamber was found to be higher compared to open sun drying for all the products. The mass of water removed for all the three products in the drying chamber was also found to be higher than the open sun drying. Results of the study showed that forced convection indirect solar dryer is better than the open sun drying method for drying the agricultural products more efficiently.
Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of an Indirect Solar Dryer for...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of an indirect solar dryer for drying agricultural products. The dryer consists of a solar air collector to heat air, a drying cabinet, and a centrifugal blower. The collector uses baffles to increase the heating time of air as it passes through. Heated air is blown into the drying chamber where agricultural products like apple slices are dried. The dryer was tested and found to be effective at drying products using solar energy in a sustainable way without fossil fuels.
In many countries,agricultural products are dried under the open sun. However,this way of drying deg rades the quality of the dried products due to interferen ce from external impurities and uneven drying rates . Numerous types of solar dryers have been designed a nd developed in various parts of the world,yieldin g varying degrees of technical performance. Basically,there are three types of solar dryers;direct sol ar dryers,indirect solar dryers and mixed-mode dryers. This r eview paper is focused on hybrid solar dryers. Drying proceeded successfully even under unfavorable weath er conditions in the hybrid mode of operation these are the most cost effective type of dryers and are easy to fabricate and use. In this review paper,we reviewe d different types of hybrid solar dryers and different design m odifications applied to them in order to increase t heir effectiveness.
Experiment Analysis of Open, Simple and Modified Greenhouse Dryers for Drying...RSIS International
The use of solar energy in open sun drying in
traditional way of drying crops, fruits, vegetables etc. The
greenhouse drying is one of the techniques which overcome the
problems associated with open sun drying. In the present work,
an effort is made to improve the drying rate of traditional
greenhouse dryer. An experimental investigation using tomato
flakes has been done to compare the drying rates of both
traditional as well as modified greenhouse dryers. Better drying
conditions- high temperature & low relative humidity are found
out to be for modified greenhouse dryer. Experiments were
performed in October 2016.
This document describes the design and testing of an automated cocoa drying house prototype in Trinidad and Tobago. The prototype included automated features like a retractable roof, automatic heaters, and remote control. It aims to address issues with the traditional manual sun drying process, which is time-consuming and relies on human monitoring of changing weather conditions. Initial testing with farmers showed interest in the automated system as a potential solution.
This document outlines the design of a solar crop dryer. It includes sections on introduction and objectives, which aim to design a cost-effective solar dryer. It also discusses methodology, including determining solar energy absorption by flat plate collectors and the drying chamber design. Key specifications calculated are the declination angle, solar intensities, and energy absorbed by the collector, which is estimated at 14.77% efficiency. The solar dryer aims to provide a more sustainable alternative to open air drying and protect crops from spoilage.
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Must Know Postgres Extension for DBA and Developer during MigrationMydbops
Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
Abstract: Discover how PostgreSQL extensions can be your secret weapon! This talk explores how key extensions enhance database capabilities and streamline the migration process for users moving from other relational databases like Oracle.
Key Takeaways:
* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
* Gain valuable strategies for implementing these extensions in PostgreSQL to achieve license freedom.
* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
Mydbops Managed Services specializes in taking the pain out of database management while optimizing performance. Since 2015, we have been providing top-notch support and assistance for the top three open-source databases: MySQL, MongoDB, and PostgreSQL.
Our team offers a wide range of services, including assistance, support, consulting, 24/7 operations, and expertise in all relevant technologies. We help organizations improve their database's performance, scalability, efficiency, and availability.
Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
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What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation Functions to Prevent Interaction with Malicious QR Codes.
Aim of the Study: The goal of this research was to develop a robust hybrid approach for identifying malicious and insecure URLs derived from QR codes, ensuring safe interactions.
This is achieved through:
Machine Learning Model: Predicts the likelihood of a URL being malicious.
Security Validation Functions: Ensures the derived URL has a valid certificate and proper URL format.
This innovative blend of technology aims to enhance cybersecurity measures and protect users from potential threats hidden within QR codes 🖥 🔒
This study was my first introduction to using ML which has shown me the immense potential of ML in creating more secure digital environments!
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
ScyllaDB is making a major architecture shift. We’re moving from vNode replication to tablets – fragments of tables that are distributed independently, enabling dynamic data distribution and extreme elasticity. In this keynote, ScyllaDB co-founder and CTO Avi Kivity explains the reason for this shift, provides a look at the implementation and roadmap, and shares how this shift benefits ScyllaDB users.
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
Getting the Most Out of ScyllaDB Monitoring: ShareChat's TipsScyllaDB
ScyllaDB monitoring provides a lot of useful information. But sometimes it’s not easy to find the root of the problem if something is wrong or even estimate the remaining capacity by the load on the cluster. This talk shares our team's practical tips on: 1) How to find the root of the problem by metrics if ScyllaDB is slow 2) How to interpret the load and plan capacity for the future 3) Compaction strategies and how to choose the right one 4) Important metrics which aren’t available in the default monitoring setup.
Getting the Most Out of ScyllaDB Monitoring: ShareChat's Tips
A03630108
1. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 6||
www.ijceronline.com ||June|2013|| Page 1
Design and Construction of an Adjustable and Collapsible Natural
Convection Solar Food Dryer
1
Yusuf Abdullahi, 2
Musa Momoh, 3
Mahmoud Muhammad Garba, 4
Muazu Musa
1&2
Department of Physics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
3&4
Sokoto Energy Research Centre Sokoto-Nigeria
I. INTRODUCTION
Drying is one of the oldest methods of food preservation. For several thousand years, people have been
preserving dates, figs, apricots, grapes, herbs, potatoes, corn, milk, meat, and fish by drying. Until canning was
developed at the end of the 18th century, drying was virtually the only method of food preservation (Ekechuku &
Norton, 1999; Whitefield,2000). The dried fruits and vegetables are lightweight, do not take up much space and do
not require refrigerated storage. The food scientist have found that by reducing the moisture content of food to
between 10% and 20%, bacteria, yeast, moulds and enzymes are all prevented from spoiling it since micro
organisms are effectively killed when the internal temperature of food reaches 14 o
f (Harringshaw,1997). The flavor
and most of the food nutritional value of dried food is preserved and concentrated (Scalin,1997). Moreover dried
food does not require any special storage equipment and are easy to transport (Scalin1997). In ancient time of
alchemy, drying was by natural “sun drying” and today in most rural communities of developing countries it is still
being practiced. The diverse crops are spread on the ground and turned regularly until sufficiently dried so that they
can be stored safely.
Direct sun drying is associated with numerous shortcomings, as products are affected by ultraviolet
radiation, dust, rain showers, morning dews, animal and human interference, to mention but a few. In addition, open
sun drying is slow, has no quality control and has a risk of contamination, creating a potential health hazard. The
product’s quality is seriously degraded, sometimes to the extent that they are inedible (Whitefeild,2000;Diamante &
Munro 2004). These caused huge post harvest losses and significantly contributed to non availability of food in
some developing countries. Estimation of these losses are generally cited to be order of 40%, but they can be nearly
80% (Bassey,1989; Togrul and Pehlivan,2004). Artificial mechanical drying method such as electric dryers, wood
fueled dryers and oil burn dryers were therefore introduced mostly in developing countries (Nejat.1989). However
increase in the cost of electricity and fossil fuel has made these dryers very non-attractive. Although the spreading of
the crop on the ground or on a platform and drying it directly by sun drying is cheap and successfully employed for
many products throughout the world, where solar radiation and other climatic conditions are favorable, because of
the disadvantages of open-air sun drying process, high cost of mechanical drying mentioned above and a better
understanding of the method of utilizing solar energy to advantage, have given rise to a scientific method called
solar drying (Aklilu.2004). In solar drying, solar dryers are specialized device that controls the drying process and
protect agricultural produce from damage by insect, pest, dust and rain, and in comparism to the natural sun drying,
solar dryers generates higher temperatures lower relative humidity, lower produce moisture content, and reduce
spoilage during the drying process, in addition, it takes up less space, take less time and relatively inexpensive
compared to artificial mechanical drying method (Geda- Gujurat Energy Development Agency, 2003,
www.geda.com). Studies showed that food item dried in a solar dryer were superior to those which are sun dried
when evaluated in terms of taste, color and mould contents (Nandi, 2009). According to Oguntola. et,al.(2010), solar
dried food are quality products that can be stored for extended periods, easily transported at less cost while still
providing excellent nutritive values. Thus solar drying is a better alternative solution to all the drawbacks of natural
sun drying and artificial mechanical drying.
ABSTRACT
A new model of a box type adjustable and collapsible natural convection solar food dryer, capable of
taking 14,688 pieces equivalent to 16.52kg of fresh groundnut with maximum moisture content of 35%, at
maximum capacity of 3.39m2
, and 3,672 pieces equivalent to 4.06kg of groundnut at minimum capacity of
0.8475m2
, was designed and constructed using locally available materials.
KEY WORDS : Adjustable, Collapsible, Solar, Food Dryer
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II. MATERIALS AND METHOD
2.1. MATERIALS
The materials used for the construction of the solar dryer includes: Wood, paint (black and red), plastic
cover, iron sheet, iron rod. Drying material was groundnut.
2.2.Design Considerations
The dryer was design such that it could be adjustable and collapsible, the following factors were taken into
consideration; (i) The Dryer’s capacity and design dimensions - were such that the dryer has maximum drying
chamber area of (2.60m x1.30m) equals to 3.39m2
, and minimum drying chamber area of (0.615m x 1.30m) which
is equal to 0.8475m2
. It could be adjusted by (0.615m x 0.23m) which is equal to 0.14145m2
at each moment to get
the maximum or minimum size of the drying chamber. The reasons for these dimensions are because of the
adjustable and collapsible nature of the solar dryer, and the fact that according to (Seyed et.al, 2011), the mean
length and width of one fresh groundnut with maximum moisture content of 35% taken from four varieties (Goli,
Velencia, Iraqi-1 and Iraqi-2) are 20.450mm and 10.575mm respectively. Converting the length and width to metres,
the mean length and width are 0.02045m and 0.01058m respectively. This implies that a groundnut has a mean area
of (mean length x mean width) which is equal to (0.02045m x 0.01058m) which is equal to 0.000230796m2
. If we
divide the maximum area of the drying chamber by the mean area of a groundnut, the dryer is capable to taking
14,688 pieces of fresh ground a maximum moisture content of 35%, at maximum capacity, and 3672 pieces at
minimum capacity. Also according to (seyed, et.al, 2011) the mass of one fresh groundnut is 1.125g at maximum
moisture content of 35%. This implies that one groundnut has a mass of 0.001125kg. Multiplying 0.001125kg by
14,688 pieces, the dryer can carry 16.52kg of fresh groundnut with maximum moisture content of 35% at maximum
capacity, and 4.06kg at minimum capacity.
[1] Temperature – the minimum temperature for drying food is 30o
C and maximum temperature is 60o
C, 45o
C is
consider average and normal for drying vegetables, fruits, roots, tuber crop chips and some other crops
(Whitefield 2000). According to (Ronoh et.al,2010), if drying temperature is too low at the beginning, micro
organism may grow before the grain is adequately dried, that care should be taken to ensure that the
temperature is not too high that will affect the color, texture and flavor of the food
[2] Air gap – air gap of 5cm is recommended for hot climate passive solar food dryer (Oguntola et,al 2010). For
the purpose of this design, an air inlet and outlet gap or vent of diameter equals to 10.0 cm was created with
the view of allowing more air flow into the dryer and decreasing it temperature in order to remove the free
water molecules which is important at the initial stage of drying.
[3] The glass cover used for the design of the dryer is 4mm thick and the solar collector is iron sheet, 0.9mm
thick. Both the glass cover and solar collector are approximately (130.0 x 61.5) cm x 4. This is because the
dryer is made up of four segments integareted into one. Each of the segment is (130.0 x 61.5) cm.
[4] The dryer is a direct and passive dryer in which both the drying chamber and solar collector’s chamber are in
the same place, it has no drying trays, but could be fixed if desired.
[5] (vi) The solar collector and drying chamber are painted black because black paint is good absorber of heat
and poor radiator of heat, so it absorbs the solar energy falling on the solar collector and coverts it to heat
energy required for drying of food crops in the drying chamber.
[6] The bottom cover is a plywood of size (61.5 x 130.0 x1.0) cm, multiplied by 4 segments of the dryer. The
bottom covers are painted red to prevent water and moisture from spoiling them quickly. Wood is a poor
conductor of heat, as such, it will minimize heat lost due to conduction at the bottom of the dryer. The iron
sheet which was painted black was used as a solar collector, and placed directly on top of the plywood, to
form the solar collector’s chamber.
2.3. Design Calculations / Theory
(i) Angle of tilt ( ) of solar collector
According to Sukhatme (1996), angle of tilt ( ) of solar collectors is
= 10 + lat (1)
Where lat = latitude of the place that the drier was designed, which is Sokoto. For the purpose of this design,
= lat , since there was no angle of tilt. The dryer could function satisfactorily without angle of tilt.
(ii)There are three major factors affecting food drying: temperature, humidity and air flow. They are interactive.
Increasing the vent area by opening vent covers will decrease the temperature and increase the air flow, without
having a great effect on the relative humidity of the inlet air. In general more air flow is desired in the early stages of
drying to remove free water or water around the cells and on the surface. Reducing the vent area by partially closing
the vent covers will increase the temperature and decrease the relative humidity of the inlet air and the air flow
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(Wave Power Plant Inc. 2006). Oguntola et,al (2010 ) reported that volumetric flow rate of air Va can be expressed
as )()()/( mwmhsmvV a
Where v is the average air wind speed in( m/s), h is the height of the air gap or
vent in( m), w is the width of collection, which implies the width of the air gap or vent in (m).
)()/(
2
mAsmvV a
,
A is the area of air gap or vent in (m2
). For the purpose of this design, the air inlet and
outlet gaps or vents are circular in shape, therefore, the formula used to calculate the volumetric flow rate of air is
average wind speed (m/s) multiply by the area of the air gaps or vents which are circular in shape. It is expressed as
nvAV a
(2)
Where a
V Volumetric flow rate of air (m3
/s)
A = Area of air gap or vent (m2
)
v = average wind speed (m/s)
n = number of air vents
But A = πr2
, r radius of air or vent
so that, we obtain
nvrnvrV a
22
(3)
(iii) Mass flow rate of air is expressed (Oguntola, 2010) as
a
m = aa
V (4)
Where a
m = mass flow rate of air, a
= density of air (kg/m3
) and a
V = volumetric flow rate of air (m3
/s)
(iv) Solar insolation is given by Olaloye(2008) as
c
I = H R (6)
Where c
I = solar insolation (W/m2
)
H = average daily solar radiation on horizontal surface Olaloye (2008)
R = average effective ratio of solar energy on tilt surface to that on the horizontal surface= 1.0035.
For the purpose of this design, c
I = H, because the solar collector was not tilted to any surface hence no
any effective energy ratio R.
(v) Energy Balance on the Absorber.
The total heat energy gained by the collector’s absorber is equal to the heat lost by heat absorber of the collector
(Bukola et,al 2008)
cc
AI = pRconveccondu
QQQQQ (7)
c
I = rate of total radiation incident on the absorber’s surface (W/m2
)
Ac = collector’s area (m2
)
Qu = rate of useful energy collected by the air (W)
Qcond = rate of conduction losses by the absorber (W)
Q convec = rate of convective losses from the absorber (W)
QR = rate of long wave re – radiation from absorber (W)
QP = rate of reflection losses from the absorber (W)
Putting Rconveccondl
QQQQ (8)
where l
Q is the total heat loses( the three heat losses)
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If τ is the transmittance of the top glazing and It is the total solar radiation incident on the top surface, therefore,
cccc
tAIAI (9)
The reflected energy from absorber is given by expression
ccp
tAIQ (10)
= reflection co- efficient of absorber.
Substituting eqn (8), (9) and (10) into (7), yields
cclucc
tAIQQtAI
lccu
QAIQ )1(
For an absorber, (1- ) = and hence ,
lccu
QtAIQ )( (11)
l
Q composed of different convection and radiation parts. It is presented in the following form (Bansel et,al. 1990)
)( accll
TTAUQ (12)
l
U = overall heat transfer co – efficient of the absorber (W/m2
K-1
)
c
T = temperature of collector’s absorber (K)
a
T = ambient air temperature (K).
)()( acclccu
TTAUtAIQ (13)
If the heated air leaving the collector is at the collector’s temperature, the heat gained by the air Qg is
)( acpaag
TTcmQ (14)
a
m = mass of air leaving the dryer per unit time (kg/s) ≡ mass flow rate of air ≡
m
pa
c = specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure (jkg-1
k-1
)
The collector’s heat removal factor, FR, is the quantity that relates the actual useful energy gain of a collector in eqn
(13) to the useful energy gained by air in eqn (14) expressed by (Bukola and Ayoola,2008) as
FR =
aclcc
acpaa
TTUtIA
TTcm
)
(
(15)
Equation (14) can be re- written in terms of R
F
g
Q = )()( acclcRc
TTAUtIFA (16)
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The thermal efficiency of the collector is defined as the ratio of heat output to the heat input or ratio of
energy output to energy input, which is the same as the ratio of the energy addition to the air as it passes through the
collector to the energy incident on the collector.
cc
c
AI
Qg
(17)
(vi) The total energy required for drying a given quantity of food item can be estimated using basic energy balance
equation for the evaporation of water (Youcef et,al. 2001, and Bolaji 2005) as in equation 18, where the oil and fat
evaporated from groundnut is negligible at that temperature change.
)( 21
TTcmLm paavw
(18)
mw = mass of water vapour evaporated from the food item (kg)
Lv = latent heat of vaporization of water (kj/kg)
ma = mass of drying air (kg)
T1 and T2 = the initial and final temperatures of drying air respectively (K)
Cp = specific heat capacity of air at constant pressure (kjkg-1
k-1
(vii) The dryer’s efficiency (ɳd) is expressed as follows
tAI
ML
n
cc
v
d
(19)
ɳd = dryer’s efficiency (%)
M = Mass of moisture evaporated (kg)
Lv = Latent heat of vaporization of water (kj/kg)
Ic= Solar insolation (W/m2
)
Ac= Area of solar collector (m²)
t = Time of drying (hrs)
(viii) The collector’s efficiency (ɳc) is expressed (Ezekoye et,al.2006) as follows
cc
pa
AI
TCV
nc
(20)
ɳc = Collector’s efficiency (%)
Cp = Specific heat capacity of air (kj / kg k)
ΔT = (Tc - Ta) = Temperature elevation (K)
Ac = Area of solar collector (m2
)
Ic = solar insolation (W/m2
)
ρ = Density of air (kg/m3
)
Va = Volumetric flow rate of air (m3
/s)
(ix) Moisture content on percentage wet basis is expressed (Senger2009) as follows
1
21
W
WW
MC wb
(21)
MC (wb) = Moisture content on percentage wet bases.
W1 = Weight of sample before drying in kg.
W2 = Weight of sample after drying in kg.
(x) Moisture content on percentage dry bases is expressed (Senger,2009) as
2
21
W
WW
MC db
(22)
(xi) Drying rate is expressed (Ceankoplis, 1993) as
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tA
QQM
R
s
d
c
)( 21
(23)
Where Rc = drying rate (kg/mol), M d = total weight of dried sample, As = surface area of dried solid (m2
), t = drying
time (hrs), Q1 = initial moisture content (% wb) and Q2 = final moisture content (% wb)
(xi) Relative humidity is the mass of moisture present in air to the mass of moisture the air is capable of holding at
that temperature.
III. CONSTRUCTION.
The solar dryer was constructed such that it could be collapsible and adjustable. The sketch and pictorial
views are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 respectively. It is made of the following component parts: solar
collector’s chamber, dryer’s chamber, air vent or gap. The following parts were assembled to form the component
parts Yamma, Zaci, Maik, Kwa, Bosso, Shako, Shiwe, Mawo, Gbaiko, Shanu, Kpi, solar collector and plastic
covers. The words in italics are some words in my dialect. They were used in this work because the work is my
intellectual property and also to project my dialect. The English meaning of the words are as follows: Yamma is a
traditional title in my village, Zaci is also a traditional title in my village, Maik is a short form of Maikunkele which
is the headquarters of Bosso Local Government Area of Niger State- Nigeria, Kwa means well done, Bosso is my
town and as well the name of my Local Government, Shako is a District in my Local Government Area, Shiwe
means look, Mawo means I have heard, Gbaiko is a name of a village in my Local Government Area, Shanu and
Kpi are also names of Villages in my Local Government Area Bossos are the two opposite ends that form the part
of the box shape of the dryer. Each Bosso is (260.4 x 24.5 x 2.0) cm in size that could be adjusted by 65.1cm at a
time, to give a minimum length of 61.5cm and maximum length of 260.4cm depending on the desired length
required. A Bosso is made up of four yammas, each of size (61.5 x 24.5 x 2.0) cm. Each Yamma has two maiks and
an air vent of 10.0cm in diameter. The four yammas are coupled together with the aid of zaci which are pieces of
iron each of length 7cm long, and 20 kwas, ten at the top and ten at the bottom. Each kwa is a bolt about 2.5cm long
slotted into two maiks and tied with a nut at the other end to keep the yammas firmly held together.
Plastic Cover
Bosso
Kwa
260.0cm
Shako
Mawo
23.0cm
Shanu
Shiwe
130.0cm
61.5cm
Yamma Gbaiko
Figure 1, The sketch of the Solar Food Dryer
Shakos are the other two opposite ends of the dryer that gives it a box shape, each shako is (134.0 x 24.5 x
2.0) cm. It is none adjustable. This implies that when the two Bossos and two Shakos are coupled together, a box
shape solar dryer is formed which could be (260.4 × 130.0 x 23.0) cm3
or (184.5× 130.0 x 23.0) cm3
or (123.0×
130.0 x 23.0)cm3
and (61.5×130.0) cm3
in size, depending on the adjustment. The dryer has 10 Mawos, which are
the legs. Each Mawo is (38.0 x 4.0 x 4.0) cm. The solar dryer has a total of 12 Shanus, each Shanu is (123.0 x 4.0 x
4.0) cm in size, each Shanu is supported to the two Bossos by two slotted nails at the two ends. The Shanus provides
the support for the bottom cover, the solar collector and drying chamber. Since the whole dryer has four segments
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integrated together as one, at each boundary between two segments there is one Shiwe. Each Shiwe is (123.0 x 8.0 x
2.0) cm in size, and is supported to the two Bossos by four slotted nails, two at the opposite ends. Shanu provide the
base in which two different bottom covers and two different solar collectors overlap to seal any gap that heat could
possibly escape from the bottom of the dryer. There are total of three Shiwes in the whole dryer, located at the three
boundaries between the segments. The dryer also has three Gbaiko’s, each Gbaiko is and iron rod of length 137.2
cm and 1.0cm thick. It has threads at the two ends which nuts are used. Gbaikos are located close to the boundaries
between the segments, Gbaikos helps to straighten any bend at the boundary/joint between segments to ensure that
Bossos remain straight with the aid of nuts at it two ends, as shown in figure 1. The bottom covers and solar
collectors are held very firmly on the Shiwes and Shanus which are the base support, with the aid of Kpi. There are
total number of 8 Kpis, and the average size of each Kpi (54.0 x 2.5 x 2.5) cm. Each Kpi is supported by three screw
to the Bosso. The four plastic covers are supported to the dryer by four slotted frames, each frame is (123.2 x 61.5)
cm in size. The frames are constructed such that they fit and overlap very well into the dryer’s frame to ensure that
heat does not escape from the sides. The pictorial view of the dryer is shown in figure 2.
Inlet air vent
260.0cm
Solar collector and
dryer’s chamber
23.0cm Outlet air vent
130.0cm
Figure 2. The Pictorial view of Solar Food Dryer. As seen in figure
figure 3, it shows how Kwa clearly looks. It shows how the bolt was slotted into the maiks and tied with a nut at the
other end.
Figure 3. Bosso showing how Kwa looks, Clearly. Kwa
Likewise, Figure 4, shows how Zaci and Maik were used in the construction, and how the four Yammas
were coupled together
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Figure 4. The use of Zaki and Maik in the construction, and how the four Yammas were coupled together
IV. CONCLUSION
A new model of a box type adjustable and collapsible natural convection solar food dryer, capable of taking
14,688 pieces equivalent to 16.52kg of fresh groundnut with maximum moisture content of 35%, at maximum
capacity of 3.39m2
, and 3,672 pieces equivalent to 4.06kg of groundnut at minimum capacity of 0.8475m2
, was
successfully designed and constructed using locally available materials.
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