1. Collect transaction data from purchase orders, invoices, checks, and other documents from the vendor/supplier files.
2. Analyze the first digit distributions using Benford's Law to identify anomalies.
3. Group transactions by amount into strata and calculate expected distributions within each stratum.
4. Compare actual first digit distributions to expected for each strata to identify outliers.
5. Investigate outliers and anomalies further to detect potential fraud patterns.
Seminar Presentation | Network Intrusion Detection using Supervised Machine L...Jowin John Chemban
By:
Jowin John Chemban (jowinchemban@gmail.com)
HGW16CS022 (2016-2020 Batch)
S7 B.Tech Computer Science Engineering
Holy Grace Academy of Engineering, Mala
Date : September 2019
Cyber crime is an activity done using computers and internet.
Cyber forensics is the science of collecting, examining, analyzing and reporting electronic evidence.
Seminar Presentation | Network Intrusion Detection using Supervised Machine L...Jowin John Chemban
By:
Jowin John Chemban (jowinchemban@gmail.com)
HGW16CS022 (2016-2020 Batch)
S7 B.Tech Computer Science Engineering
Holy Grace Academy of Engineering, Mala
Date : September 2019
Cyber crime is an activity done using computers and internet.
Cyber forensics is the science of collecting, examining, analyzing and reporting electronic evidence.
AlgoCharge offers a web-based fraud management system that assists in credit card fraud detection & prevention with Geo-based filters. The system provides various levels of fraud protection to enhance acceptance rate & reduce the risk of charge-backs.
This presenation shows how to deal with the problem of fraud detection with
1. Classic machine learning techniques. All supervised machine learning algorithms for classification will do, e.g. Random Forest, Logistic Regression, etc.
2. Techniques from the outlier detection or the anomaly detection approach, e.g. autoencoder and isolation forest
First presented by Kathrin Melcher (KNIME) at ODSC Europe in London in November 2019.
Build an Ensemble classifier that can detect credit card fraudulent
transactions.Implemented a classifier by use of machine learning algorithms, such as
Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, Artificial Neural Networks and Gradient Boosting
Classifier.
This lecture gives various definitions of Data Mining. It also gives why Data Mining is required. Various examples on Classification , Cluster and Association rules are given.
Credit Card Fraud Detection Using ML In DatabricksDatabricks
In the Credit Card Companies, illegitimate credit card usage is a serious problem which results in a need to accurately detect fraudulent transactions vs non-fraudulent transactions. All organizations can be hugely impacted by fraud and fraudulent activities, especially those in financial services. The threat can originate from internal or external, but the effects can be devastating – including loss of consumer confidence, incarceration for those involved, even up to downfall of a corporation. Despite regular fraud prevention measures, these are constantly being put to the test in an attempt to beat the system.
Fraud detection is a task of predicting whether a card has been used by the cardholder. One of the methods to recognize fraud card usage is to leverage Machine Learning (ML) models. In order to more dynamically detect fraudulent transactions, one can train ML models on a set of dataset including credit card transaction information as well as card and demographic information of the owner of the account. This will be our goal of the project while leveraging Databricks.
AlgoCharge offers a web-based fraud management system that assists in credit card fraud detection & prevention with Geo-based filters. The system provides various levels of fraud protection to enhance acceptance rate & reduce the risk of charge-backs.
This presenation shows how to deal with the problem of fraud detection with
1. Classic machine learning techniques. All supervised machine learning algorithms for classification will do, e.g. Random Forest, Logistic Regression, etc.
2. Techniques from the outlier detection or the anomaly detection approach, e.g. autoencoder and isolation forest
First presented by Kathrin Melcher (KNIME) at ODSC Europe in London in November 2019.
Build an Ensemble classifier that can detect credit card fraudulent
transactions.Implemented a classifier by use of machine learning algorithms, such as
Decision Trees, Logistic Regression, Artificial Neural Networks and Gradient Boosting
Classifier.
This lecture gives various definitions of Data Mining. It also gives why Data Mining is required. Various examples on Classification , Cluster and Association rules are given.
Credit Card Fraud Detection Using ML In DatabricksDatabricks
In the Credit Card Companies, illegitimate credit card usage is a serious problem which results in a need to accurately detect fraudulent transactions vs non-fraudulent transactions. All organizations can be hugely impacted by fraud and fraudulent activities, especially those in financial services. The threat can originate from internal or external, but the effects can be devastating – including loss of consumer confidence, incarceration for those involved, even up to downfall of a corporation. Despite regular fraud prevention measures, these are constantly being put to the test in an attempt to beat the system.
Fraud detection is a task of predicting whether a card has been used by the cardholder. One of the methods to recognize fraud card usage is to leverage Machine Learning (ML) models. In order to more dynamically detect fraudulent transactions, one can train ML models on a set of dataset including credit card transaction information as well as card and demographic information of the owner of the account. This will be our goal of the project while leveraging Databricks.
Catch T&E and P-Card Fraudsters Using Data AnalyticsFraudBusters
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
White-Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter Subscribe Now at No Cost!
FraudResourceNet has made the premier Anti-Fraud newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter freely available to all. All this is required is to complete the registration form with your work email address!
The widely read newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter brings you expert strategies and actionable advice from the most prominent experts in the fraud-fighting business. Every two months you'll learn about the latest frauds, scams and schemes... and the newest and most effective fraud-fighting tools, techniques and technologies to put to work immediately to protect your organization.
When it comes to fraud, knowledge of the countless schemes, how they work and red flags to look for will help keep you, your organization and your clients safe.
At FraudResourceNet we understand this and take great pride in providing our FREE White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter -- filled with exclusive articles and tips to provide the knowledge you need.
Make sure you stay informed. Sign up for White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter and we’ll keep you up-to-date on special promos, training opportunities, and other news and offers from FraudResourceNet!
Signing up is easy and FREE. If you have not already subscribed to our newsletter, please sign up to get started!
Sign up for the White Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter (a $99 value ... now completely FREE)
Is Your Payroll Being Plundered - Detecting Payroll Fraud Using Data AnalyticsFraudBusters
Webinar series from FraudResourceNet LLC on Preventing and Detecting Fraud Using Data Analytics. Recordings of these Webinars are available for purchase from our Website fraudresourcenet.com
This Webinar focused on fraud detection using data analytic software (Excel, ACL, IDEA)
FraudResourceNet (FRN) is the only searchable portal of practical, expert fraud prevention, detection and audit information on the Web.
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
Recognizing and Preventing Fixed Asset and Inventory Fraud using Data AnalysisFraudBusters
Webinar series from FraudResourceNet LLC on Preventing and Detecting Fraud Using Data Analytics. Recordings of these Webinars are available for purchase from our Website fraudresourcenet.com
This Webinar focused on fraud detection using data analytic software (Excel, ACL, IDEA)
FraudResourceNet (FRN) is the only searchable portal of practical, expert fraud prevention, detection and audit information on the Web.
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
A data mining framework for fraud detection in telecom based on MapReduce (Pr...Mohammed Kharma
The outputs of this research is a design and implement a model using data mining to detect fraud cases targeting telecom environment where a huge volume of data should to be processed based on cloud computing infrastructure we will build using the most popular and powerful cloud computing framework MapReduce. We will use Data obtained from call details record (CDR) in billing repository and the result is subscriber subset that classified as fraudulent subscription in near online mode. This will help to reduce time in detecting fraud events and enhance revenue assurance team ability to identify fraudulent cases efficiently.
Vendor Master File Fraud Detection and Prevention Using Data Analytics FraudBusters
Webinar series from FraudResourceNet LLC on Preventing and Detecting Fraud.
Recordings of these Webinars are available for purchase from our Website fraudresourcenet.com
FraudResourceNet (FRN) is the only searchable portal of practical, expert fraud prevention, detection and audit information on the Web.
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
White-Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter Subscribe Now at No Cost!
FraudResourceNet has made the premier Anti-Fraud newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter freely available to all. All this is required is to complete the registration form with your work email address!
The widely read newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter brings you expert strategies and actionable advice from the most prominent experts in the fraud-fighting business. Every two months you'll learn about the latest frauds, scams and schemes... and the newest and most effective fraud-fighting tools, techniques and technologies to put to work immediately to protect your organization.
When it comes to fraud, knowledge of the countless schemes, how they work and red flags to look for will help keep you, your organization and your clients safe.
At FraudResourceNet we understand this and take great pride in providing our FREE White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter -- filled with exclusive articles and tips to provide the knowledge you need.
Make sure you stay informed. Sign up for White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter and we’ll keep you up-to-date on special promos, training opportunities, and other news and offers from FraudResourceNet!
Signing up is easy and FREE. If you have not already subscribed to our newsletter, please sign up to get started!
Sign up for the White Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter (a $99 value ... now completely FREE)
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
White-Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter Subscribe Now at No Cost!
FraudResourceNet has made the premier Anti-Fraud newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter freely available to all. All this is required is to complete the registration form with your work email address!
The widely read newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter brings you expert strategies and actionable advice from the most prominent experts in the fraud-fighting business. Every two months you'll learn about the latest frauds, scams and schemes... and the newest and most effective fraud-fighting tools, techniques and technologies to put to work immediately to protect your organization.
When it comes to fraud, knowledge of the countless schemes, how they work and red flags to look for will help keep you, your organization and your clients safe.
At FraudResourceNet we understand this and take great pride in providing our FREE White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter -- filled with exclusive articles and tips to provide the knowledge you need.
Make sure you stay informed. Sign up for White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter and we’ll keep you up-to-date on special promos, training opportunities, and other news and offers from FraudResourceNet!
Signing up is easy and FREE. If you have not already subscribed to our newsletter, please sign up to get started!
Sign up for the White Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter (a $99 value ... now completely FREE)
Think Like a Fraudster to Catch a FraudsterFraudBusters
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
White-Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter Subscribe Now at No Cost!
FraudResourceNet has made the premier Anti-Fraud newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter freely available to all. All this is required is to complete the registration form with your work email address!
The widely read newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter brings you expert strategies and actionable advice from the most prominent experts in the fraud-fighting business. Every two months you'll learn about the latest frauds, scams and schemes... and the newest and most effective fraud-fighting tools, techniques and technologies to put to work immediately to protect your organization.
When it comes to fraud, knowledge of the countless schemes, how they work and red flags to look for will help keep you, your organization and your clients safe.
At FraudResourceNet we understand this and take great pride in providing our FREE White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter -- filled with exclusive articles and tips to provide the knowledge you need.
Make sure you stay informed. Sign up for White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter and we’ll keep you up-to-date on special promos, training opportunities, and other news and offers from FraudResourceNet!
Signing up is easy and FREE. If you have not already subscribed to our newsletter, please sign up to get started!
Sign up for the White Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter (a $99 value ... now completely FREE)
Using Data Analytics to Find and Deter Procure to Pay FraudFraudBusters
FRN combines the high quality, authoritative anti-fraud and audit content from the leading providers, AuditNet ® LLC and White-Collar Crime 101 LLC/FraudAware.
The two entities designed FRN as the “go-to”, easy-to-use source of “how-to” fraud prevention, detection, audit and investigation templates, guidelines, policies, training programs (recorded no CPE and live with CPE) and articles from leading subject matter experts.
FRN is a continuously expanding and improving resource, offering auditors, fraud examiners, controllers, investigators and accountants a content-rich source of cutting-edge anti-fraud tools and techniques they will want to refer to again and again.
White-Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter Subscribe Now at No Cost!
FraudResourceNet has made the premier Anti-Fraud newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter freely available to all. All this is required is to complete the registration form with your work email address!
The widely read newsletter, White-Collar Crime Fighter brings you expert strategies and actionable advice from the most prominent experts in the fraud-fighting business. Every two months you'll learn about the latest frauds, scams and schemes... and the newest and most effective fraud-fighting tools, techniques and technologies to put to work immediately to protect your organization.
When it comes to fraud, knowledge of the countless schemes, how they work and red flags to look for will help keep you, your organization and your clients safe.
At FraudResourceNet we understand this and take great pride in providing our FREE White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter -- filled with exclusive articles and tips to provide the knowledge you need.
Make sure you stay informed. Sign up for White Collar Crime Fighter newsletter and we’ll keep you up-to-date on special promos, training opportunities, and other news and offers from FraudResourceNet!
Signing up is easy and FREE. If you have not already subscribed to our newsletter, please sign up to get started!
Sign up for the White Collar Crime Fighter Newsletter (a $99 value ... now completely FREE)
Using Data Mining Techniques to Analyze Crime PatternZakaria Zubi
Our proposed model will be able to extract crime patterns by using association rule mining and clustering to classify crime records on the basis of the values of crime attributes.
Mike Powell, Director of IKM Emergent, a research programme looking at the use of information and knowledge in the international development sector, shares his notes on his presentation about the use of the semantic web in diplomacy.
Presentation on using Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping in social-ecological research. Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping is a procedure to involve stakeholders in research or management processes and a method to extract and analyze different kinds of knowledge about complex systems and their functioning.
here is the late ppt of my modern investment the description here is small unrecognizable risk discoveries of idiosyncratic risk
P.S another risk model
Yes systems engineering, you are a disciplineJoseph KAsser
Systems engineering is currently characterized by conflicting and contradictory opinions on its nature. The paper begins by describing the evolution of systems engineering in the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE)/ International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) and the difficulty in defining and differentiating systems engineering as a discipline. The paper then identifies and discusses six different and somewhat contradictory camps or perspectives of systems engineering. After identifying the cause of the contradictions the paper suggests one way to reconcile the camps is to dissolve the problem to distinguish between the activity known as systems engineering and the role of the systems engineer with a return to the old pre-NCOSE systems engineering paradigm. The paper then continues by testing the hypothesis and shows that systems engineering is a discipline that can be differentiated from other disciplines. However, it is not a traditional engineering discipline.
Social Media Week presentation "Writing the Book on Investor Relations and Social Media" delivered at KCSA Strategic Communications on February 16, 2012.
Forensics and Fraud: Red Flags and War StoriesDecosimoCPAs
Principal Mike Costello, CPA•ABV•CFF, ASA, CFE, Director of Litigation Support Sharon P. Hamrick, CPA•CFF, CFE and Senior Manager Pamela S. Mantone, CPA•CFF, CFE, FCPA, CITP, CGMA co-presented the topic "Forensics and Fraud: Red Flags and War Stories" at the 2013 TSCPA FSV Conference, during which they shared from their experiences the details of various fraud schemes and methods used to detect and investigate them. - See more at: http://decosimo.com/www/announcements/540.8136/forensic-accounting-fraud-specialists-share-expertise-tscpa#sthash.eEdR6hfE.dpuf
Assurance Principal Jennifer Goodman presented "What Was the FASB Thinking?," a discussion and examples of unusual accounting rules, at the 2013 Decosimo Accounting Forum hosted by the University of North Alabama on July 19.
Principal in Charge of Assurance Department at Decosimo Tom Eiseman presented "Back to the Future Part I & II - Plans for Private Company Reporting" at the 2013 Decosimo Accounting Forum hosted by the University of North Alabama on July 19.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Detecting Fraud Using Data Mining Techniques
1. DETECTING FRAUD
USING DATA MINING
TECHNIQUES
A Forensic Accountant’s Perspective
ADVISORY SERVICES
2. ► Designed specifically for auditors and investigators
► Read only access to data imported
► Creates log of all operations carried out and changes
► Import and export data into multitude of formats
► Read and process millions of records
ADVISORY SERVICES
3. Compares, joins, appends and connects different files from
different sources
Extracts specific transactions, identifies gaps or duplicates
Profiles data by summarizing, stratifying or aging the files
Creates useful file statistics automatically
Displays the data and results graphically
Identifies duplicates and detects gaps
Creates samples using different sampling methods
ADVISORY SERVICES
4. Traditional Sampling Data Mining
Random and Scattered Exceptions targeted
Highlights what "could happen" Incident-oriented
Conclusions are extrapolated Clear picture of what is happening
ADVISORY SERVICES
6. Planning
Requesting the data
Performing the transfer
Importing the data to the audit software
Insuring that the transfer is successful
ADVISORY SERVICES
7. Fixed Length
Variable Length
Proprietary formats
Print or text files
Relational data bases
Date fields
Relational data bases
Date fields
Record definitions or data dictionaries
ADVISORY SERVICES
8. - IDEA
- ACL
- Active Data for Excel
- Access
ADVISORY SERVICES
9. Step 1 – Understand the Business
Step 2 – Identify the possible frauds that could exist
Step 3 – Catalog possible fraud symptoms
Step 4 – Use technology to gather data about symptoms
Step 5 – Analyze the results
Step 6 – Investigate the symptoms
ADVISORY SERVICES
10. S te p 2 :
S te p 1 : S te p 3 :
Analytica tic a l
A n a ly
U n d e rsta n d th e
Id e n tify P o ssib le
F ra u d s th a t C o u ld
C a ta lo g P o ssib le
S te p s :
l B u sin e ss
E xist
F ra u d S ym p to m s
S te p 4 :
S te p 5 :
Technolog s : g y
T e c h n o lo
S te p
U se T e ch n o lo g y to
G a th e r D a ta A b o u t
A n a lyze
A u to m a te D e te ctio n
P ro ce d u re s
R e su lts
y S ym p to m s
In v e s tig a tiv e S te p 6 :
Investigativ :
S te p s
In ve stig a te
S ym p to m s
F o llo w U p
e
11.
12. Duplicate payments tests
Benford’s Law analysis
Rounded amount invoices
Invoices just below approval levels
Abnormal invoice volume activity
Rapid increase
High variance
Vendors with sequential invoice Numbers or where
numbers and dates are inconsistent
Merge vendor and employee files
Relative Size Factor
ADVISORY SERVICES
13. Benford’s Law predicts the digit patterns in “naturally
occurring” sets of data.
The law is named after Frank Benford, a physicist at the
GE Research Laboratories in the 1930’s
He tested his theory by tabulating the first digits for
approximately 20,000 observations
He used integral calculus to formulate the expected digit
frequencies in lists of numbers
His results shows clear bias towards the low digits, but the
later digits become less pronounced
The scale invariance theorem, by Pinkham, asserts that a
set of numbers conforming to Benford’s Law, when
multiplied by a nonzero constant, still conforms
ADVISORY SERVICES
14. The numbers should represent the sizes of similar
phenomena.
There should be not built-in maximum or minimum
values.
The data should not consist of assigned numbers.
.
There should be more small items than large items.
Data sets should have four or more digits for a good fit.
As a data set increases in size, it becomes more
feasible to get the expected digit frequencies.
ADVISORY SERVICES
15. The populations of towns and cities in Europe? YES
The daily and weekly number of shares bought and sold for an
individual company listed on the NYSE? YES
The five-digit postal zip codes used in the U.S.? NO
.
The street numbers for every house in the U.S? YES
The dollar amounts of each air ticket sold or refunded by American
Airlines for a year? NO
The invoiced amount of each bill issued by DirectTV? NO
The extended inventory values of a Wal-Mart warehouse with more
than 20,000 line items? YES
ADVISORY SERVICES
16. First Digit Second Digit
Digit Frequency Frequency
0 - 11.97%
1 30.10% 11.39%
2 17.61% 10.88%
3 12.49% 10.43%
4 9.69% 10.03%
5 7.92% 9.67%
6 6.70% 9.34%
7 5.80% 9.04%
8 5.12% 8.76%
9 4.58% 8.50%
$1,546.20 – First digit is 1, second digit is 5, third digit is 4
$55.95 – First digit is 5 second digit is 5, third digit is 9
ADVISORY SERVICES
18. First-digits
Second-digits
First-two-digits
First-three-digits
Number duplication
Last-two-digits
Rounded numbers
1. If the data set is under 10,000 observations, the first-three-digits test
should not be performed
2. The last-two-digits test is only useful to look for signs of estimation
ADVISORY SERVICES
19. 1. For fraudulent data, the Round Numbers test is the most consistent
2. For error finding and payback, the two most successful tests are Same
invoice number, Same dollar amount, Different vendor numbers and
Relative Size Factor
ADVISORY SERVICES
26. DECOSIMO FORENSIC ACCOUNTING
Computer Consultants, Inc.
Payment History
EXHIBIT No. 3
Difference Date
Invoice Invoice Voucher Vendor Invoice Check Cleared
Number Number Number Number Vendor Name Date Amount Number Bank
40008544 10921 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 3/15/2008 $1,495.00 172808 3/18/2008
40102926 94,382 11752 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 4/15/2008 $3,850.00 176683 4/20/2008
40203702 100,776 12983 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 5/20/2008 $4,500.00 179261 5/22/2008
40300531 96,829 13182 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 6/1/2008 $6,500.00 181708 6/10/2008
40402424 101,893 13638 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 7/1/2008 $8,500.00 187025 7/24/2008
40500332 97,908 13806 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 8/6/2008 $8,500.00 188868 8/12/2008
40601247 100,915 14163 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 9/15/2008 $9,500.00 193668 9/16/2008
40701963 100,716 14478 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 10/20/2008 $9,500.00 197621 10/27/2008
40800036 98,073 14664 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 11/1/2008 $8,825.00 199969 11/7/2008
40900892 100,856 14951 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 12/1/2008 $8,825.00 203053 12/11/2008
40803762 (97,130) 14873 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 12/2/2008 $9,080.00 201901 12/4/2008
41002604 198,842 15286 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 1/1/2009 $9,500.00 207486 1/26/2009
41106182 103,578 15703 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 2/1/2009 $9,500.00 212211 3/8/2009
41205440 99,258 15913 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 3/1/2009 $9,500.00 215828 4/1/2009
50303352 9,097,912 16782 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 3/8/2009 $8,440.00 225166 6/28/2009
50105441 (197,911) 16263 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 4/1/2009 $9,500.00 220013 5/10/2009
50301195 195,754 16680 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 5/1/2009 $9,500.00 223815 6/18/2009
50302272 1,077 16727 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 6/1/2009 $9,500.00 224479 6/18/2009
50302271 (1) 16727 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 6/10/2009 $8,160.00 224479 6/18/2009
50303353 1,082 16782 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 6/22/2009 $9,545.00 225167 6/28/2009
50303354 1 16782 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 6/23/2009 $8,520.00 225165 6/28/2009
50303351 (3) 16782 54382 COMPUTER CONSULTANTS, INC. 6/23/2009 $9,500.00 225168 6/28/2009
Total Checks Issued to Computer Consultants $174,895.00
27. Test Vendor Num Invoice Num Invoice Date Invoice Amount
1 Exact Exact Exact Exact
Fields Needed:
2 Different Exact Exact Exact
Vendor/ supplier number 3 Exact Similar Exact Exact
Invoice number 4 Exact Exact Similar Exact
Invoice date 5 Exact Exact Exact Similar
Invoice amount 6 Exact Similar Exact Similar
7 Exact Similar Similar Exact
8 Exact Exact Similar Similar
9 Different Exact Similar Exact
Similar Invoice Numbers – If exact match after stripping out zeros,
alphabetic and punctuation
Similar Invoice Dates – If dates are within a certain period
Similar Amounts – Difference within +/- 3%, one amount is exactly
twice the other and amounts start with the first four digits
ADVISORY SERVICES
28. Fields Needed:
Vendor/ supplier number
Invoice number
Invoice date Exact Matching
Invoice Invoice
Invoice amount Test Vendor Num Num Invoice Date Amount
A Exact Exact Exact Exact
B Exact Exact - Exact
C Exact Exact Exact -
D Exact - Exact Exact
E Exact Different Exact Exact
F Different Exact Exact Exact
"Fuzzy" Match
G Exact Fuzzy - Similar Letters and digits only
H Exact Fuzzy - Exact Letters only
I Exact Fuzzy - Exact Digits only
J Exact Fuzzy - Exact Contain similar characters
K Exact - Exact Fuzzy Within "blank" percentage
ADVISORY SERVICES
31. John Smith Manufacturing, Inc.
Approval Levels
December 31, 2009
Decosimo Forensic Accounting - Exhibit 22
INV_NUM NET_AMT VEND_NUM VEND_NAME CK_NUM CK_NET SESSION PAY_NUM INV_DATE
Approval Limit $ 10,000
D42908 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 55787 $ 9,836.48 55787 125074 1/11/2009
D42909 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 59456 $ 9,836.48 56370 131975 2/12/2009
D42910 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 58269 $ 9,836.48 56370 131975 3/13/2009
D42911 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 55537 $ 9,836.48 59070 554469 4/14/2009
D42912 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 54540 $ 9,836.48 59153 163295 5/15/2009
D42913 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 56368 $ 9,836.48 58269 153921 6/16/2009
D42914 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 56415 $ 9,836.48 58269 153921 7/17/2009
D42915 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 56746 $ 9,836.48 55537 123131 8/18/2009
D42916 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 59070 $ 9,836.48 55537 123131 9/19/2009
D42917 $ 9,836.48 25679 VANGARD BC 59153 $ 9,836.48 54540 115281 10/20/2009
D43238-1 $ 9,946.66 25679 AMERICHEM 55787 $ 266,250.14 54540 115281 1/15/2009
7290963188 $ 9,895.74 34644 INVISTA SARL INC 58249 $2,459,481.91 58249 153491 8/9/2009
7290963787 $ 9,889.21 34644 INVISTA SARL INC 58249 $2,459,481.91 58249 153491 8/10/2009
184201 $ 9,900.00 558 BILL ACUFF & ASSOCIATES INC 57705 $ 22,326.00 57705 147993 7/9/2009
186928 $ 9,900.00 558 BILL ACUFF & ASSOCIATES INC 57705 $ 22,326.00 57705 147993 7/9/2009
SLSTX 0807 $ 9,985.64 2294 NEW YORK STATE SALES TAX 58283 $ 9,985.64 58283 552406 9/7/2009
SLSTX 0807 $ 9,985.64 2294 NEW YORK STATE SALES TAX 58311 $ 9,785.64 58311 552542 9/7/2009
031775-41 $ 9,922.93 226 CHEMICAL CO 57790 $ 638,822.55 57790 149135 5/15/2009
031819-41 $ 9,833.15 226 CHEMICAL CO 57790 $ 638,822.55 57790 149135 5/17/2009
4591840 $ 9,771.23 937 XPRESS GLOBAL SYSTEMS 54669 $ 153,859.49 54669 116592 12/14/2009
4691297 $ 9,922.03 937 XPRESS GLOBAL SYSTEMS 54669 $ 153,859.49 54669 116592 12/14/2009
ADVISORY SERVICES
32. Extract all round dollar amounts
Compare current year payroll file to terminated employees
Compare payroll data to human resource data
Extract employees without employee number or SS number
Extract employees without deductions or taxes withheld
Extract employees with payments after termination dates
Check for sequential or duplicate SS numbers
Duplicate mailing addresses paid in say period
Calculate % of overtime to gross pay
Compare current year to prior year payroll file to detect pay rate
changes
ADVISORY SERVICES
33. ► Incentive/Pressures – meet the deadline, make
the number, under the gun, make the deal
(sale), under pressure, afraid, problem, just
book it, lose my job, get fired
► Opportunity – cookie jar reserve, facilitation fee,
process fee, release expense, handover fee,
hush money, improper payment, cash only kick
back off the books
► Rationalization – everyone does it, it’s the
culture, trust me, they owe me, sounds justified,
fix it later, nobody will notice, just an error, she,
he told me to do it
ADVISORY SERVICES
34. Clearly define ownership of the vendor data
Review and engage access controls
Establish clear vendor setup procedures
Enforce new vendor approval practices
Determine when multiple vendor records will be allowed
Manage one-time vendor accounts separately
Apply consistent naming conventions
Enforce Data Validation including the free IRS TIN matching system
Remove employees from the master vendor file
Perform maintenance on a regular basis
Remove old/unused vendors
Retain the right records
Establish written, detailed procedures
ADVISORY SERVICES
35. Do not ignore a red flag – Studies of fraud cases
consistently show that red flags were present, but were
either not recognized or were recognized but not acted
upon by anyone.
Sometimes an error is just an error – Red flags should
lead to some kind of appropriate action, i.e. an
investigation by a measured & responsible person, but
sometimes an error is just an error and no fraud exists
ADVISORY SERVICES
36. Inc reas ing D ec reas ing
purc has es from purc has es from
fav ored v endor other v endors
1099s from
D ec reas ing
v endor c om pany
quality
to buy er relativ es
Inc reas ing pric es
A nalyt ical D ocum en ts and
S ym pt om s R eco rd s
Larger order
quantities
A ll trans ac tions
eith one buy erand
one v endor
B uy er does n't
relate w ell to
other buy ers or
v endors B eh avio ral
S ym pt om s
K ic k b a c k s In ternal C o nt ro ls
U s e of
unapprov ed
E m ploy ee w ork
v endors
habits c hange
Q uality B uy er building
c om plaints about Tips and Lyfestyle ex pens iv e hom e
purc has ed C om p lain ts S ym pt om s (bey ond
produc ts ex pec tations )
U ns uc c es s ful B uy er ow ning
v endor A nony m ous tips B uy er liv ing m ore ex pens iv e
c om plaints about buy ers or bey ond k now n autom ibiles
v endors s alary
37. RED FLAGS ASSOCIATED WITH
EXPENSE REIMBURSEMENT SCHEMES
► Failure of supervisors to adequately review expense reports
► T&E expenses exceeding budget or prior years’ totals
► T&E expenses significantly exceed those of other employees with
similar responsibilities
► Expense reports that lack support or are supported by photocopies
► Claims for reimbursement of old expenses
► Employees who pay higher dollar expenses in cash
► Expense reports which consistently total to round numbers
► Expense reports which consistently total at or just below the
organization’s reimbursement limit
► Expense reports that have been approved by a manager outside
the claimant’s department
ADVISORY SERVICES
38. RED FLAGS ASSOCIATED WITH
BILLING SCHEMES
► No segregation of duties in the purchasing function
► Sharpe rise in the amount of service-related expenses or
expenses in general
► Inventory shortages
► Absence of detail on vendor invoices
► Absence of detail on vendor master
► Recurring payments
► New or unknown vendors
► Duplicate payment to vendors
► Unexplained or temporary changes to vendor files
► Unfolded invoices
► Phone numbers which do not correspond with physical location
► Only PO Box for address or residential address
ADVISORY SERVICES
39. RED FLAGS ASSOCIATED WITH
CHECK TAMPERING SCHEMES
No segregation of duties in check preparation and check
delivery
Unusual or excessive entries to cash accounts
Excessive voided checks
Signatures not matching authorized signatures
Cash checking account shortages
Checks payable to cash or employee
Out of sequence or duplicate number checks
Canceled checks printed on inferior stock
Canceled checks with dual endorsements
Vendor complaints about non payment
Bank statements with manual corrections
ADVISORY SERVICES
40. PAYROLL SCHEMES RED FLAGS
► No segregation of duties in human resources and payroll
► Payroll expenses exceed budgeted or prior years’ totals
► Employees with the same personal information
► Employees lacking payroll information such as taxes or
insurance being withheld
► Unexplained increases in overtime, either in departments or
by employee
► A non-linear correlation between sales and commission
expenses
► Disproportionately large increase in employee
compensation
ADVISORY SERVICES
41. • Trust is placed in employees
• Employees have detailed knowledge of the accounting systems and their
weaknesses
• Management domination subverts normal internal controls
• Management adds pressure to “make the numbers”
• Expected moral behavior is not communicated to employees
• Unduly liberal accounting practices
• Ineffective or nonexistent internal auditing staff.
• Lack of effective internal controls.
• Poor accounting records.
• Related party transactions.
• Incomplete and out of date procedural documentation.
• Management sets a bad example.
ADVISORY SERVICES
42. • Cash flow does not match net • Decrease in the Asset Quality Index
income – Noncurrent Assets, exclusive of
• Receivables spike relative to sales – PPE, relative to total assets in given
Days’ Sales in Receivables year
• Management earning tied to • Exceptionally strong sales growth
performance from one year to next
• Significant increase in Gross • Low Total Accruals to Total Assets –
Margin Index Working Capital, less Cash, less
• High turnover of key management Current Taxes Payable, less Current
• Sales allowances, warranties and Portion of LTD, less AD and
other reserves out of line compared Amortization, divided by Total Assets
with others in industry
ADVISORY SERVICES
43. • Employee lifestyle changes • High employee turnover
• Significant personal debt and • Refusal to take vacation or
credit problems sick leave
• Behavioral changes • Lack of segregation of duties
in a high-risk (vulnerable)
• Defensive area
ADVISORY SERVICES
44. • Reluctance to provide information to • Weak internal control environment
auditors • Unexpected overdrafts or declines in
• Photocopied or missing documents cash balances
• Decisions dominated by an individual or • Accounting personnel are lax or
small group inexperienced
• Excessive number of year-end • High employee turnover rate
transactions • Compensation is out of proportion
• Management displays significant • Decentralization without adequate
disrespect for regulatory bodies monitoring
• Excessive number of or frequent • Frequent changes in external auditors
changes in checking accounts
ADVISORY SERVICES
45. • Excessive number of voids • Excessive or unjustified cash
• Presence of personal checks in transactions
petty cash • Large number of account write-offs
• Sudden activity in a dormant • Bank accounts not reconciled on a
account timely basis
• Taxpayer complaints that they are • Unauthorized bank accounts
receiving non-payment notices
• Discrepancies between bank • Abnormal number of expense items
deposits and postings or reimbursement to an employee
ADVISORY SERVICES