Transportation has become an integral part of people’s everyday life. At certain times, in large countries like India, people are forced to travel more than 200 km from their work place to their place of residence. People with disabilities in lower extremities and hands have difficulties in travelling and cannot travel these long distances. They use devices such as wheel chair, crutches and artificial limbs for mobility. These however cannot be used for long distance outdoor transportation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design and fabricate ‘Foot operated system’ for armless people.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 6, Issue 12, Dec 2015, pp. 66-72, Article ID: IJMET_06_12_007
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=6&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING OF
“FOOT OPERATED STEERING” FOR
DISABLED PEOPLE
Mandar Soman, Sumit Sonekar, Saurabh Upadhye
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, MS
Prof. Pathan Farha Mubeen
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, MS
ABSTRACT
Transportation has become an integral part of people’s everyday life. At
certain times, in large countries like India, people are forced to travel more
than 200 km from their work place to their place of residence. People with
disabilities in lower extremities and hands have difficulties in travelling and
cannot travel these long distances. They use devices such as wheel chair,
crutches and artificial limbs for mobility. These however cannot be used for
long distance outdoor transportation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to
design and fabricate ‘Foot operated system’ for armless people.
The system will be using “Rack And Pinion” arrangement, which converts
rotary motion into linear motion. The system consists of wheels, internal
threaded cylinder, lead screw, linkages, rotating pinion and rack. This system
is compact and thus will be used for long distance transportation. The main
objective of the project is to design a foot operated system for handicapped
people and will be useful in military purpose. This system will be cost effective
and easy to operate.
Key words: Disabled People, Disability, Foot Operated System, Rack and
Pinion
Cite this Article: Mandar Soman, Sumit Sonekar, Saurabh Upadhye and Prof.
Pathan Farha Mubeen. Designing and Manufacturing of “Foot Operated
Steering” For Disabled People, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 6(12), 2015, pp. 66-72.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=6&IType=12

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1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days transportation has become great difficulty to and individual to reach the
destination on time. Everyone has their own vehicle and people with all body parts are
fortunate. But it is unfortunate for partially disable people with hands. Disability is the
repercussion of an impairment which can be mental, physical, emotional, vision,
sensory. Disabilities can occur in upper extremities as well as in lower extremities.
Thus these people become more dependants and lose their confidence. Due to this
effect, they stand a great disadvantage in using public as well as private transportation
facilities. A national level survey conducted in India by the Central Government of
India once in ten years revealed that, around 27 million people which are about 2.21%
of the Indians are differently able. Among them, around 14.98 million were men
while 11.84 million were women. Thus, the percentage of disabled people in rural
area was higher than those in urban areas. A total of 5.43 million people were
identified with disabilities in movement which was the highest among other
categories such as hearing, seeing etc. in terms of numbers of people affected.
Table 1 Population of people with disabilities by type of disability
Types Of Disability Males Females Persons
Mental retardation 8,70,708 6,34,916 15,05,624
In hearing 4,15,732 3,07,094 7,22,826
In seeing 26,77,544 23,93,463 50,71,007
In speech 26,38,516 23,93,947 50,32,463
In movement 11,22,896 8,75,639 19,98,535
Any other 33,70,374 20,66,230 54,36,604
Multiple disability 27,27,828 21,99,183 49,27,011
Multiple disability 11,62,604 9,53,883 21,16,487
Total 1,49,86,202 1,18,24,355 2,68,10,557
Table 2 Disabled population by sex and residence
Residence Males Females Persons
Urban 45,78,034 36,00,602 81,78,636
Rural 1,04,08,168 82,23,753 1,86,31,921
Total 1,49,86,202 1,18,24,355 2,68,10,557
1.2. Objectives
To design and manufacture vehicle which can be operated by disable people.
 To manufacture a car for long distance transport.
 To reduce the dependency on others to perform daily duties.
 To develop a system at affordable cost.
1.3. Problem Statement
To develop an automobile system which will help disabled people to drive vehicle
with the help of their foot.

3. Mandar Soman, Sumit Sonekar, Saurabh Upadhye and Prof. Pathan Farha Mubeen
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. A Low Cost Mobility Solution for Physically Challenged People;
“Pranchal Srivastava, Raj Kumar Pal”
The most common approach used in most powered wheelchairs is having two motors
for traction each driving a wheel on either side of the machine. Forward motion is
achieved by keeping the speeds of the motors identical in one direction and the other
direction for reverse motion. Turns are executed by making the speeds of the motors
different. The radius of turn depends on the speed difference. This system depicts
three novel approaches for cost effectiveness and efficient working, firstly having a
powered wheel chair drive with a gear mechanism which is used to generate proper
speed of the wheels on the either side with single power motor. The advantage of this
system is that it makes the system control easy and cheap. Secondly, utilization of
waste brake energy for battery charging which lead to reduced cost of powered wheel
in the long run.
2.2. Dual Steered Three Wheeler For Differently Able People; “Arun Raju
C , Anish Raman C , Veerappan K.R. Venkat Narayanan
The aim of this study is to design and fabricate a 3 wheeler with dual steering system
for people with locomotive disabilities .A greater steering effort is required in the case
of a four wheeler compared to a three wheeler. Hence, a three wheeler was selected
instead of a four wheeler. In this case, handle bar steering system and leg steering
system can be individually steered with hands and legs respectively, enabling its
utility people with disabilities in upper extremities. Sprocket chain system was used in
leg steering system. A 98cc Kinetic Honda Engine was used as the power source and
the engine was placed towards the rear end of the vehicle. Single Rated and double
rated suspension spring was used in the front and rear drive shaft respectively.
Sprocket chain system was used in leg steering system.
2.3. An Efficient Car Driving Controller System Design for Physically
Challenged People Using Arm Processor; “Katari Ramaiah, T.
Mallikarjun”
The aim of the technology is to help those handicapped who don’t have healthy hands
to run a vehicle by giving the voice commands. In this the driver need not use the
steering instead his head. This vehicle is only for those handicapped those who can
nod head well. Four switches are interfaced over the neck of the driver, and the
vehicle can be controlled by the head movement. Corresponding tactile switches are
activated according to the movement of the head, and towards the conclusion the
practical difficulties are described and the possible solutions are discussed.
3. METHODOLOGY
The system consists of an internally threaded pinion and one externally threaded lead
screw which are engaged like nut and bolt arrangement. C-clamp is used to transfer
the motion of lead screw. A rack is connected to C-clamp. The rack is engaged to first
pinion. This pinion is centrally aligned with second pinion. One more rack is
connected to this pinion to convert rotary motion into linear motion. The wheels are at
both ends of the rack.
Initially the pinion is rotated in clockwise direction by using left foot. Due to this
motion, the lead screw moves to the left side. C-clamp transfers the motion to the

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rack. Rack moves along with C-clamp. The first pinion which is engaged with rack
will start rotating in clockwise direction due to motion of rack. The second pinion also
rotates in same direction as the first. The second pinion again transfers motion to
another rack which has wheels at its both the ends and rack will move in right
direction. Due to the motion of rack, the wheels will move to right direction and
vehicle will take right turn. Similarly, when driver rotates pinion in anti-clockwise
direction the exact opposite mechanism will occur and vehicle will take left turn. This
system can be mounted in cars having automatic gear system because the clutch of the
vehicle is to be replaced by lead screw and pinion pair.
3.1. Steps
Figure 1 Steps for Methodology
3.2. Specifications
The materials used for manufacturing of different components are as follows
Table 3 Materials used for different components
SR NO. DESCRIPTION MATERIAL
1 Bearing Carbon Steel
2 Bearing Holder Steel
3 Axle Carbon Steel
4 Shaft Carbon Steel
5 Frame Mild Steel
6 Wheel Rubber
7 Rack And Pinion Carbon Steel Case Hardened
3.3. Side View and Top View of Model:
The designing is done in ‘Autocad’. Fig 1 and fig 2 shows side view and top view of
the model. The figures show two dimensional view of model. It shows all components
of system from different views.

5. Mandar Soman, Sumit Sonekar, Saurabh Upadhye and Prof. Pathan Farha Mubeen
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Figure 2 Side view And Top View of model
4. CALCULATIONS
Aim of the calculation is to calculate ‘module’ of pinion and the dimensions of
pinion. Calculation for both the pinion is same.
Known data:-
Numbers of teeth = Zp = 24
Strength of Gear = Sup = 600 N/mm2
Power = 50 w
b= 10 * m
Surface Finish Factor Ka= 2
Speed of Pinion = 50 rpm
BHN = 400
Factor of safety = 1.5
σbp= = = 200 N/mm2
Assuming 200
full depth involute,
Lewis factor = Y = 0.484 -
= 0.484 –
= 0.3644
Fb = σbp* b*m*Y
= 200*10*m*m*0.3644
=728.8833 * m2
Dp = m* Zp
= 24* m

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Q =
= 1.5
K = 0.16 [ ] 2
= 0.16 [400/100]2
=2.56
Surface wear Fw = Dp * b * Q * K
= 24 * m * 10 * m * 1.5 *2.56
=921.6* m2
V =
=
= 0.062 * m m/s
Ft =
=
= N
Kv =
=
Feff =
= *
=
Now,
Fb = Nf * Feff
728.883 *m2
= 1.5 *
On solving,
m = 1.4928
= 2
Gear Dimensions are:-
1. M = 2 mm
2. Zp = 24
3. b = 10*m
= 10*2

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=20 mm
4. Dp = m* Zp
= 24*2
=48 mm
5. ha = 1*m
=1*2
=2 mm
6. hf = 1.25 * m
= 1.25* 2
=2.5 mm
5. CONCLUSIONS
We can conclude that maximum speed of the car is 60 kilometers /hour. As the system
is bulky the fuel economy decreases, but this affect is negligible. The system is only
applicable to automatically driven cars and thus suitable for long distance transport.
REFERENCES
[1] Arun Raju C, Anish Raman C, Veerappan K.R.Venkat Narayanan; “Dual steered
three wheeler for differently able people”, European Scientific Journal May 2014
edition vol.10, no.15 Issn: 1857 – 7881 (print) e - Issn 1857- 7431.
[2] Arun Manohar Gurrama, P.S.V Ramana Rao, Raghuveer Dontikurtia; “Solar
powered wheel chair: Mobility for physically challenged”, International journal
on current engineering and technology, vol.2, no.1 (March 2012).
[3] Major General Vijay P Pawar and Dr George Judah, A Study on the
Rehabilitation Facilities Provided by the Government to People with Disabilities
& Its Awareness in the Society, International Journal of Management, Volume 5,
Issue 8, 2014, pp. 16 - 24.
[4] Dr. Anil Kumar Mishra (Ph.D.) and Neeti Mishra. A Review on Childhood
Disability and Its Direct and Indirect Cost to Families, International Journal of
Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(11), 2014, pp. 96-102.
[5] V. B. Bhandari; “Design of machine elements”, Reference book.