Today, many manufacturing process requires that spaces to be designed to control particulate and
microbial contamination while maintaining clean room facility with reasonable installation and operating
costs. Clean room facilities are typically used in manufacturing, packaging and research facilities associated
with these industries: Semiconductor, Pharmaceutical, Hospitals, Aerospace and Miscellaneous applications.
This project deals with “Design, Installation and Commissioning of Clean room and HVAC facility for Stem
cell technologies and Regenerative Medicine”. In this thesis, the system design thermal loads , filtration level
and cleanness, pressures produced in the constructed building by varying normal brick wall ,brick wall with
attached panels are calculated..Clean rooms are designed as per ISO14644-4 guidelines to maintain proper air
flow in order to used proper cleanness. The HVAC facility shall be achieved by using the equipments like Air
cooled condensing unit, Air handling units and etc..As a First step towards the project, the system design load
calculations will be done. Air Quantity calculation, Supply/Return air Diffusers, Return Air Risers and Terminal
filters selection, Temperature, RH, Lighting and Fan requirements are as per attached design data sheets. The
classes of cleanliness, filtration and other requirements are to be as per the room list, layout drawings .The
minimum fresh air quantities shall be as per the basis of design above while the exhaust air quantities shall be
as based on the quantities of the leakages and pressures to be maintained in the rooms and Also the leakage
rates considered through the doors to be through the doors to be through a normal single leaf door or double
leaf door for the suggested pressure differentials to be suitably considered.
This is the 1st part of our "All about cleanrooms". This presentation will take you through the history of cleanrooms, types and applications of cleanrooms.
This document discusses environmental control and air handling systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It covers factors like temperature, humidity, air movement and contamination that can impact product quality. Uncontrolled environments can lead to product degradation or contamination. Cross-contamination can be minimized through personnel procedures, adequate facilities, cleaning and protection of products. Proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are important to control airborne particles and microbes and maintain room conditions. Monitoring of HVAC systems includes testing for particulates, filter integrity, air changes and microbiological levels.
The document provides an overview of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It begins with definitions of HVAC and its components. It then discusses the history of HVAC, with Willis Carrier inventing modern air conditioning in 1902. Applications of HVAC include shopping malls, hotels, hospitals and pharmaceutical industries. The document also covers clean rooms, airlocks, HVAC qualification processes including design, installation, operation and performance qualification tests.
Thermax Limited provides consulting services for efficient steam systems, including piping design, equipment selection, and design of condensate recovery and waste heat recovery systems. They offer utilities audits to analyze steam, compressed air, cooling, and power systems with the goal of optimizing costs. Their expertise includes selection and sizing of equipment such as pressure reducing stations, traps, and insulation. High-pressure condensate recovery systems can provide fuel savings of 15-20% by recovering heat from flash steam and condensate.
The document discusses HVAC operation and maintenance. It explains that HVAC systems provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Proper HVAC O&M practices are needed to maintain high performance over the lifetime of the building. Key aspects of HVAC O&M include regular maintenance according to schedules, cleaning of filters and components, and ensuring control systems operate correctly. Proper design, documentation in operations manuals, and adherence to maintenance schedules are important for high quality HVAC O&M.
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and their importance in manufacturing quality pharmaceutical products. It addresses how HVAC systems control factors like temperature, humidity, air particles, and microbes. Contamination can originate from the environment, operators, or equipment and cross-contamination needs to be minimized. Proper HVAC design, maintenance, and procedures are critical to maintaining clean manufacturing conditions. The document also defines humidity measurement and different HVAC system types like central air conditioning. Dehumidification is important for operations in humid climates. In conclusion, air handling systems are critical systems that must be properly designed and treated as such.
This document discusses different standards for classifying cleanrooms according to airborne particle concentrations. It describes the obsolete Federal Standard 209 classification system used in the US which categorizes cleanrooms from Class 1 to Class 10,000 based on particle counts per cubic foot. It then outlines the ISO 14644 international cleanroom standards which use particle counts per cubic meter and have classifications from ISO 1 to ISO 9. The document provides tables comparing particle concentration limits between the two systems. It also discusses pharmaceutical cleanroom classifications used in the European Union and US which are based on maximum permitted particle counts for different operations.
HVAC System (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Maliha Mehr
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes the basic components and processes of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. For heating, it discusses central heating systems using hot water or steam, and electric heating. For ventilation, it covers natural ventilation using windows and mechanical ventilation using fans. For air conditioning, it explains the basic operations of removing heat from indoor air and transferring it outside using a refrigerant in a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, and blower. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key components, processes, and general effects of HVAC systems.
This is the 1st part of our "All about cleanrooms". This presentation will take you through the history of cleanrooms, types and applications of cleanrooms.
This document discusses environmental control and air handling systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It covers factors like temperature, humidity, air movement and contamination that can impact product quality. Uncontrolled environments can lead to product degradation or contamination. Cross-contamination can be minimized through personnel procedures, adequate facilities, cleaning and protection of products. Proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are important to control airborne particles and microbes and maintain room conditions. Monitoring of HVAC systems includes testing for particulates, filter integrity, air changes and microbiological levels.
The document provides an overview of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It begins with definitions of HVAC and its components. It then discusses the history of HVAC, with Willis Carrier inventing modern air conditioning in 1902. Applications of HVAC include shopping malls, hotels, hospitals and pharmaceutical industries. The document also covers clean rooms, airlocks, HVAC qualification processes including design, installation, operation and performance qualification tests.
Thermax Limited provides consulting services for efficient steam systems, including piping design, equipment selection, and design of condensate recovery and waste heat recovery systems. They offer utilities audits to analyze steam, compressed air, cooling, and power systems with the goal of optimizing costs. Their expertise includes selection and sizing of equipment such as pressure reducing stations, traps, and insulation. High-pressure condensate recovery systems can provide fuel savings of 15-20% by recovering heat from flash steam and condensate.
The document discusses HVAC operation and maintenance. It explains that HVAC systems provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Proper HVAC O&M practices are needed to maintain high performance over the lifetime of the building. Key aspects of HVAC O&M include regular maintenance according to schedules, cleaning of filters and components, and ensuring control systems operate correctly. Proper design, documentation in operations manuals, and adherence to maintenance schedules are important for high quality HVAC O&M.
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and their importance in manufacturing quality pharmaceutical products. It addresses how HVAC systems control factors like temperature, humidity, air particles, and microbes. Contamination can originate from the environment, operators, or equipment and cross-contamination needs to be minimized. Proper HVAC design, maintenance, and procedures are critical to maintaining clean manufacturing conditions. The document also defines humidity measurement and different HVAC system types like central air conditioning. Dehumidification is important for operations in humid climates. In conclusion, air handling systems are critical systems that must be properly designed and treated as such.
This document discusses different standards for classifying cleanrooms according to airborne particle concentrations. It describes the obsolete Federal Standard 209 classification system used in the US which categorizes cleanrooms from Class 1 to Class 10,000 based on particle counts per cubic foot. It then outlines the ISO 14644 international cleanroom standards which use particle counts per cubic meter and have classifications from ISO 1 to ISO 9. The document provides tables comparing particle concentration limits between the two systems. It also discusses pharmaceutical cleanroom classifications used in the European Union and US which are based on maximum permitted particle counts for different operations.
HVAC System (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)Maliha Mehr
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes the basic components and processes of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. For heating, it discusses central heating systems using hot water or steam, and electric heating. For ventilation, it covers natural ventilation using windows and mechanical ventilation using fans. For air conditioning, it explains the basic operations of removing heat from indoor air and transferring it outside using a refrigerant in a compressor, condenser, evaporator coil, and blower. In summary, the document provides an overview of the key components, processes, and general effects of HVAC systems.
The document discusses cleanroom protocols and procedures. It defines cleanrooms and their importance for minimizing contamination, especially in semiconductor manufacturing. It outlines cleanroom classifications, air filtration systems, environmental controls, and guidelines for cleaning, materials selection, and user behavior. Strict adherence to cleanroom protocols by all users is emphasized as essential for maintaining the clean environment.
This document provides information about a seminar on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). It defines HVAC and describes what it does to improve indoor air quality and regulate temperature and humidity. The document outlines the need for HVAC systems and discusses the basic components and processes involved, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and different installation types. It highlights advantages like energy conservation and air quality improvement, as well as disadvantages such as high initial costs. The document also lists applications of HVAC systems.
This document discusses clean rooms and aseptic areas. It defines clean rooms as rooms with controlled particulate and microbial contamination to reduce introduction of contaminants. It discusses sources of contamination including external sources like HVAC systems and internal sources like people, equipment and materials. It describes different air flow systems like conventional and laminar air flow. Key factors for clean room design and operation are outlined such as air filtration, temperature/humidity control, clothing, cleaning and monitoring.
The document discusses HVAC systems, their functions, and design considerations. Key points:
- HVAC systems control temperature, humidity, air filtration and pressure to provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
- Proper design considers factors like equipment location and sizing, energy efficiency, sound and vibration control.
- Central systems with backup are preferred over smaller individual units. Systems should be configured to tailor to specific space needs.
Complete hvac ppt by kk 354647.pptx 1234KRISHAN KUMAR
This document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It discusses the history and development of HVAC, including early innovations in refrigeration. The core components and functions of HVAC systems are described, such as furnaces, ducts, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Various types of HVAC installations and systems are covered, like central air, zoned heating, and radiant heat. Recent developments in HVAC technology and applications are also summarized along with the advantages and disadvantages of HVAC.
Cleanrooms require strict control of contaminants and careful maintenance of temperature, humidity, air pressure, and filtration to protect sensitive work in electronics manufacturing and pharmaceutical production. Key requirements for cleanrooms include filtering outside air of dust and particles, continuously recirculating and scrubbing interior air through additional filters, regulating climate control, using positive or negative air pressure techniques, and employing multi-stage airlocks to purge unfiltered air before personnel entry. Cleanroom standards help ensure contaminant-free environments for tasks like semiconductor chip-making and drug development that demand pristine conditions.
https://www.cedengineering.com/courses/description-of-useful-hvac-terms
This course contains a compilation of almost 1000 bits and pieces of HVAC terminology, definitions and/or descriptions that will help resolve ambiguities in common usage of terms in normal interactions of people, infrastructure and environment. The compilation is arranged in an alphabetical order for easy referencing. The detailed description can be traced in handbooks and the web sites. This course document is a constant work in progress and your feedback is always welcome in an effort to continually update it.
This online PDH course is aimed at mechanical, electrical, controls and HVAC engineers, architects, building designers, contractors, estimators, energy auditors and facility managers and other professionals who plan, design, construct, manage and use the building services infrastructure.
DISCUSSION ON UTILIZING AMMONIA FOR CAPTURING CO₂ AND PRODUCING FERTILIZERSiQHub
This document summarizes a 200,000 ton per annum ammonia-based desulfurization and carbon capture project. It discusses JET's ammonia-based technology for removing SOx and CO2 from flue gas and producing saleable fertilizer byproducts. A pilot test of the technology captured over 70% of CO2 and met emissions standards. The proposed full-scale project would capture 200,000 tons of CO2 per year from a coal-fired power plant in four phases completed by 2025.
This document provides a maintenance checklist for baghouses (fabric dust collectors) to help ensure proper operation and extended equipment life. It outlines 10 areas to inspect, including pressure drop, cleaning systems, hopper discharge, visible emissions, exhaust fans, filter media, and structural integrity. Proper start-up procedures to condition new filter bags and develop a dust cake are also described. Maintaining a routine inspection and maintenance program can positively impact a baghouse's performance.
This document discusses HVAC systems and cleanroom classification. It explains that HVAC systems are critical for maintaining appropriate environmental conditions to prevent contamination and cross-contamination in cleanrooms. HVAC systems can be designed as single-use or recirculating systems. The document outlines the basic components of HVAC systems and cleanroom classification standards. It emphasizes the importance of HVAC system design, personnel behavior, and regular performance checks to ensure cleanrooms meet classification specifications.
This document discusses how to calculate the airflow requirements for a room using an air changes per hour calculation. It provides the formula for calculating air changes per hour based on a room's supply airflow, volume, and time. It also includes a table of recommended air changes per hour for different room types. The document provides an example calculation and emphasizes the importance of ensuring a room has sufficient ventilation. It also discusses how to calculate a room's required CFM if the supply airflow is unknown based on the room's volume and required air changes.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems, including the different types of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses air conditioning chillers, air handling systems, fans and pumps, HVAC piping, instrumentation and controls, and the HVAC commissioning process. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants using minimal energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Key components include chillers, air handling units, fans, ducts, coils, filters and controls. Proper commissioning ensures systems are installed correctly and perform as intended.
One slider for qualification and validation of depyrogenation and sterilizati...Palash Das
This document provides a qualification and validation matrix for a sterilization tunnel. It outlines various tests to verify performance, including air velocity, filter leakage, differential pressure, airflow visualization, conveyor speed, non-viable particle count, heat distribution, and endotoxin challenge studies. For each test, it describes the purpose, acceptance criteria, test frequency, and methodology. The goal is to ensure the sterilization tunnel achieves proper depyrogenation and sterilization through regular performance testing.
Clean Room - A compendium according to approved guidelines.Md Mosaruf Hossan
The document provides an overview of cleanroom classifications according to ISO, US Federal Standard 209E, and European standards. It discusses particle sources and control methods like filtration, dilution with higher air changes, and isolation. PIC/S guidelines recommend grade A environments with precise air control for high-risk aseptic operations, and grade B-D cleanrooms for less critical stages. Microbial limits and air monitoring frequencies are specified depending on the cleanroom grade.
This document discusses HVAC and water systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing from a regulatory perspective. It covers GMP manufacturing environments and controlling contamination sources. HVAC systems must effectively control airborne contaminants through ventilation and filtration. Water systems must provide clean water for use in cleaning and as an excipient. Proper documentation of HVAC and water systems is critical to ensure compliance with GMP regulations. Failures of HVAC components or water quality issues can lead to contamination and product recalls.
Validation is the process of checking of the process, equipment and method whereas qualification is solely done for equipment and qualification of instrument helps in quality of pharmaceutical product.
The document provides an overview of clean rooms, including their purpose, key components, classification standards, and importance in the pharmaceutical industry. A clean room is a controlled environment designed and maintained to reduce contamination through strict control of particulate matter and other pollutants. Clean rooms are classified based on standards like ISO and use HEPA filters to purify air circulation. Proper clean room certification and validation is important for ensuring safety and quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing as required by cGMP guidelines.
This document provides an overview of cleanrooms, including their purpose of controlling airborne particle concentrations, classifications based on particle levels, sources of contamination, and design considerations. Cleanrooms aim to maintain cleanliness levels through isolation of contamination sources, filtration of air supplies, and regulating air flow, temperature, and humidity. Particle testing and certification ensure cleanrooms meet standards like ISO 14644-1.
The document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, including their key components and control methods. It describes the components of a typical HVAC system such as chillers, cooling towers, boilers, air handling units, VAV boxes, and ductwork. It also discusses the basic control concept of using sensors, controllers, and actuators to regulate temperature, humidity, airflow and other factors. Finally, the document provides an example diagram of an air handling unit control system showing common sensors, the building management system, and actuated devices.
This document provides an overview of HVAC system design for cleanroom facilities. It discusses the importance of indoor air quality in cleanrooms and outlines four fundamental rules for maintaining cleanroom environments. The document then describes key aspects of cleanroom HVAC system design, including filtration requirements, airflow patterns, temperature and humidity control, and monitoring systems. Maintaining proper pressurization, air exchange rates, and filtration are crucial for controlling airborne particle levels in cleanrooms.
This document provides an overview of HVAC design for cleanroom facilities. It discusses the importance of indoor air quality in cleanrooms and outlines the four fundamental rules that apply, including preventing contamination introduction, equipment generation of contaminants, accumulation of contaminants, and elimination of existing contaminants. The document then describes key elements of cleanroom design like architecture, HVAC systems, interaction technology, and monitoring systems. It also discusses filtration systems used in cleanrooms like HEPA and ULPA filters and the principles of filtration like impaction, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction.
The document discusses cleanroom protocols and procedures. It defines cleanrooms and their importance for minimizing contamination, especially in semiconductor manufacturing. It outlines cleanroom classifications, air filtration systems, environmental controls, and guidelines for cleaning, materials selection, and user behavior. Strict adherence to cleanroom protocols by all users is emphasized as essential for maintaining the clean environment.
This document provides information about a seminar on heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). It defines HVAC and describes what it does to improve indoor air quality and regulate temperature and humidity. The document outlines the need for HVAC systems and discusses the basic components and processes involved, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and different installation types. It highlights advantages like energy conservation and air quality improvement, as well as disadvantages such as high initial costs. The document also lists applications of HVAC systems.
This document discusses clean rooms and aseptic areas. It defines clean rooms as rooms with controlled particulate and microbial contamination to reduce introduction of contaminants. It discusses sources of contamination including external sources like HVAC systems and internal sources like people, equipment and materials. It describes different air flow systems like conventional and laminar air flow. Key factors for clean room design and operation are outlined such as air filtration, temperature/humidity control, clothing, cleaning and monitoring.
The document discusses HVAC systems, their functions, and design considerations. Key points:
- HVAC systems control temperature, humidity, air filtration and pressure to provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality.
- Proper design considers factors like equipment location and sizing, energy efficiency, sound and vibration control.
- Central systems with backup are preferred over smaller individual units. Systems should be configured to tailor to specific space needs.
Complete hvac ppt by kk 354647.pptx 1234KRISHAN KUMAR
This document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It discusses the history and development of HVAC, including early innovations in refrigeration. The core components and functions of HVAC systems are described, such as furnaces, ducts, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Various types of HVAC installations and systems are covered, like central air, zoned heating, and radiant heat. Recent developments in HVAC technology and applications are also summarized along with the advantages and disadvantages of HVAC.
Cleanrooms require strict control of contaminants and careful maintenance of temperature, humidity, air pressure, and filtration to protect sensitive work in electronics manufacturing and pharmaceutical production. Key requirements for cleanrooms include filtering outside air of dust and particles, continuously recirculating and scrubbing interior air through additional filters, regulating climate control, using positive or negative air pressure techniques, and employing multi-stage airlocks to purge unfiltered air before personnel entry. Cleanroom standards help ensure contaminant-free environments for tasks like semiconductor chip-making and drug development that demand pristine conditions.
https://www.cedengineering.com/courses/description-of-useful-hvac-terms
This course contains a compilation of almost 1000 bits and pieces of HVAC terminology, definitions and/or descriptions that will help resolve ambiguities in common usage of terms in normal interactions of people, infrastructure and environment. The compilation is arranged in an alphabetical order for easy referencing. The detailed description can be traced in handbooks and the web sites. This course document is a constant work in progress and your feedback is always welcome in an effort to continually update it.
This online PDH course is aimed at mechanical, electrical, controls and HVAC engineers, architects, building designers, contractors, estimators, energy auditors and facility managers and other professionals who plan, design, construct, manage and use the building services infrastructure.
DISCUSSION ON UTILIZING AMMONIA FOR CAPTURING CO₂ AND PRODUCING FERTILIZERSiQHub
This document summarizes a 200,000 ton per annum ammonia-based desulfurization and carbon capture project. It discusses JET's ammonia-based technology for removing SOx and CO2 from flue gas and producing saleable fertilizer byproducts. A pilot test of the technology captured over 70% of CO2 and met emissions standards. The proposed full-scale project would capture 200,000 tons of CO2 per year from a coal-fired power plant in four phases completed by 2025.
This document provides a maintenance checklist for baghouses (fabric dust collectors) to help ensure proper operation and extended equipment life. It outlines 10 areas to inspect, including pressure drop, cleaning systems, hopper discharge, visible emissions, exhaust fans, filter media, and structural integrity. Proper start-up procedures to condition new filter bags and develop a dust cake are also described. Maintaining a routine inspection and maintenance program can positively impact a baghouse's performance.
This document discusses HVAC systems and cleanroom classification. It explains that HVAC systems are critical for maintaining appropriate environmental conditions to prevent contamination and cross-contamination in cleanrooms. HVAC systems can be designed as single-use or recirculating systems. The document outlines the basic components of HVAC systems and cleanroom classification standards. It emphasizes the importance of HVAC system design, personnel behavior, and regular performance checks to ensure cleanrooms meet classification specifications.
This document discusses how to calculate the airflow requirements for a room using an air changes per hour calculation. It provides the formula for calculating air changes per hour based on a room's supply airflow, volume, and time. It also includes a table of recommended air changes per hour for different room types. The document provides an example calculation and emphasizes the importance of ensuring a room has sufficient ventilation. It also discusses how to calculate a room's required CFM if the supply airflow is unknown based on the room's volume and required air changes.
This document provides an overview of HVAC systems, including the different types of HVAC systems and their components. It discusses air conditioning chillers, air handling systems, fans and pumps, HVAC piping, instrumentation and controls, and the HVAC commissioning process. The primary purpose of HVAC systems is to provide healthy and comfortable interior conditions for occupants using minimal energy and reducing pollutant emissions. Key components include chillers, air handling units, fans, ducts, coils, filters and controls. Proper commissioning ensures systems are installed correctly and perform as intended.
One slider for qualification and validation of depyrogenation and sterilizati...Palash Das
This document provides a qualification and validation matrix for a sterilization tunnel. It outlines various tests to verify performance, including air velocity, filter leakage, differential pressure, airflow visualization, conveyor speed, non-viable particle count, heat distribution, and endotoxin challenge studies. For each test, it describes the purpose, acceptance criteria, test frequency, and methodology. The goal is to ensure the sterilization tunnel achieves proper depyrogenation and sterilization through regular performance testing.
Clean Room - A compendium according to approved guidelines.Md Mosaruf Hossan
The document provides an overview of cleanroom classifications according to ISO, US Federal Standard 209E, and European standards. It discusses particle sources and control methods like filtration, dilution with higher air changes, and isolation. PIC/S guidelines recommend grade A environments with precise air control for high-risk aseptic operations, and grade B-D cleanrooms for less critical stages. Microbial limits and air monitoring frequencies are specified depending on the cleanroom grade.
This document discusses HVAC and water systems in pharmaceutical manufacturing from a regulatory perspective. It covers GMP manufacturing environments and controlling contamination sources. HVAC systems must effectively control airborne contaminants through ventilation and filtration. Water systems must provide clean water for use in cleaning and as an excipient. Proper documentation of HVAC and water systems is critical to ensure compliance with GMP regulations. Failures of HVAC components or water quality issues can lead to contamination and product recalls.
Validation is the process of checking of the process, equipment and method whereas qualification is solely done for equipment and qualification of instrument helps in quality of pharmaceutical product.
The document provides an overview of clean rooms, including their purpose, key components, classification standards, and importance in the pharmaceutical industry. A clean room is a controlled environment designed and maintained to reduce contamination through strict control of particulate matter and other pollutants. Clean rooms are classified based on standards like ISO and use HEPA filters to purify air circulation. Proper clean room certification and validation is important for ensuring safety and quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing as required by cGMP guidelines.
This document provides an overview of cleanrooms, including their purpose of controlling airborne particle concentrations, classifications based on particle levels, sources of contamination, and design considerations. Cleanrooms aim to maintain cleanliness levels through isolation of contamination sources, filtration of air supplies, and regulating air flow, temperature, and humidity. Particle testing and certification ensure cleanrooms meet standards like ISO 14644-1.
The document discusses HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, including their key components and control methods. It describes the components of a typical HVAC system such as chillers, cooling towers, boilers, air handling units, VAV boxes, and ductwork. It also discusses the basic control concept of using sensors, controllers, and actuators to regulate temperature, humidity, airflow and other factors. Finally, the document provides an example diagram of an air handling unit control system showing common sensors, the building management system, and actuated devices.
This document provides an overview of HVAC system design for cleanroom facilities. It discusses the importance of indoor air quality in cleanrooms and outlines four fundamental rules for maintaining cleanroom environments. The document then describes key aspects of cleanroom HVAC system design, including filtration requirements, airflow patterns, temperature and humidity control, and monitoring systems. Maintaining proper pressurization, air exchange rates, and filtration are crucial for controlling airborne particle levels in cleanrooms.
This document provides an overview of HVAC design for cleanroom facilities. It discusses the importance of indoor air quality in cleanrooms and outlines the four fundamental rules that apply, including preventing contamination introduction, equipment generation of contaminants, accumulation of contaminants, and elimination of existing contaminants. The document then describes key elements of cleanroom design like architecture, HVAC systems, interaction technology, and monitoring systems. It also discusses filtration systems used in cleanrooms like HEPA and ULPA filters and the principles of filtration like impaction, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic attraction.
Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy. Design and Operations of Clean Room| Pharmacy.
1) Hospital ventilation systems are important to prevent the spread of diseases by controlling air quality, temperature, humidity and airflow.
2) Older conventional ventilation systems had limitations, while new mechanical systems require more space, energy and maintenance.
3) A properly designed system can clean air and create clean zones, while a poorly designed one can spread infections via airborne contaminants from various sources within the HVAC system.
This document discusses the design and operation of clean rooms. It defines clean rooms and aseptic areas as spaces with controlled particulate and microbial contamination to reduce product contamination. The main sources of contamination are the atmosphere, operators, working surfaces, equipment, and raw materials. Clean rooms are classified based on particle counts, with Class 100 allowing fewer than 100 particles per cubic foot above 0.5 microns. Proper air flow design via conventional, unidirectional laminar, or isolator systems controls contamination. High-efficiency particulate air and ultra-low particulate air filters are used to filter air entering the clean room.
This document discusses the layout and design of buildings and equipment for parenteral manufacturing facilities. It covers various topics like plant layout, types of layout, area planning with different zones of environmental control, design of filling areas, wall and floor treatments, classification of clean rooms, air flow patterns, and types of equipment used. The key aspects addressed are maintaining aseptic conditions, minimizing contamination, and ensuring smooth material flow.
This document provides information about cleanrooms. It defines a cleanroom as an environment with strictly controlled levels of environmental pollutants like dust, microbes, and chemicals. Cleanrooms are important in manufacturing areas that are sensitive to contamination, like microelectronics, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology. The document discusses cleanroom classifications according to particle levels, airflow principles, personnel contamination control measures, and a brief history of the development of modern cleanrooms.
Source of contamination. Classification of clean rooms. Air flow systems: conventional flow,
unidirectional flow, laminar air flow units. Air filtration mechanisms. Fibrous filters and HEPA
filters. Temperature and humidity control. Building design, construction and use, humidity
control. Personnel, protective clothing, cleaning and disinfection, commissioning tests of clean
and aseptic rooms. Routine monitoring tests. The operation of clean and aseptic rooms. Key
factors in clean room operations.
Source of contamination, Air flow system: conventional, Unidirectional, laminar air flow unit, Air filtration, mechanisms: Fibrous and HEPA filters, Temperature and humidity control, Building design, construction and use, personnel, Protective clothing, cleaning, and disinfecting, commissioning test of clean and aseptic rooms, routine monitoring tests, The operation of clean aseptic room, Key factors in clean room operations.
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in health care facilities. It covers the history of HVAC in hospitals and the importance of controlling air quality and airflow patterns to prevent infection transmission. Proper HVAC design criteria for health care facilities include higher air filtration, controlled ventilation and pressure between rooms, consideration of temperature and humidity needs for different areas. Key areas that require special HVAC design attention are operating rooms, isolation rooms, and intensive care units.
Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in an enclosed space to control air quality by removing contaminants and introducing outside fresh air. It is needed to maintain oxygen levels, remove carbon dioxide, control humidity, prevent heat buildup, and dilute odors and other contaminants. Ventilation can be natural through wind and stack effects, or mechanical using fans. Standards recommend minimum air change rates to ensure adequate indoor air quality and occupant comfort. Factors like air temperature, humidity, airflow patterns, and rates must be properly controlled.
This document provides information about cleanrooms, their classification, design, and testing. It defines cleanrooms and classifications based on maximum allowable particle concentrations. ISO classification ranges from 1 to 9, with lower numbers indicating cleaner rooms. Design considerations include personnel and material flows, air flow patterns to minimize contamination, construction materials for cleanability, and HVAC systems for air filtration and pressure differentials between zones. Parameters like particle levels, air changes, temperature and humidity are monitored regularly to maintain cleanroom quality.
Natural ventilation, Artificial ventilation, Air conditioningSusmitaMulayPatil
The document discusses building ventilation and air conditioning. It defines ventilation as supplying fresh air into a room and removing stale air. Ventilation is necessary to remove harmful particles, odors, and gases. There are two types of ventilation - natural/passive using windows and doors, and mechanical using fans. Air conditioning involves controlling temperature, humidity, and air distribution for occupant comfort and industrial processes. The principles of comfort air conditioning include maintaining temperatures between 20-23°C, controlling air velocity and humidity levels, and accounting for seasonal differences.
This document provides an introduction to pharmaceutical clean rooms. It discusses the purpose of clean rooms which is to promote successful cleanroom operations and ensure safety. Clean rooms are classified according to international standards based on the number of permitted particles per cubic meter of air. Sources of contamination are discussed as well as methods for contamination control including personnel control, environmental control, and atmospheric monitoring. The conclusion states that the main purpose of a clean room is to prevent contamination of products and ensure quality according to good manufacturing practices.
DESIGN OF EXHAUST DUCTING SYSTEM FOR THE MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an exhaust ducting system for a multi-story building. It begins with an introduction to HVAC systems and how they work to provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Ventilation is described as the process of introducing outdoor air and distributing it within a building to dilute and remove indoor pollutants. The document then discusses the need for an effective ventilation system in multi-story buildings to maintain air quality and comfort. It describes using Revit software to create a 3D model of an exhaust ducting system to remove heat, humidity, and odors from the building.
Applying design and construction standards to successfully build a cleanroom ...alone160162
Cleanrooms require strict standards to minimize particle contamination. The document outlines the key steps in cleanroom design and construction according to ISO standards. It discusses developing a utility matrix, designing HVAC and air filtration systems to control pressure differentials and particle levels, and implementing clean construction practices in multiple stages to maintain cleanroom integrity during building. Adhering to standards increases costs but is necessary to successfully deliver a cleanroom meeting classification and operational needs.
Contamination Control in Cleanrooms_Dr.A. AmsavelDr. Amsavel A
Basic’s of Contamination
Sources of Contamination
Environment Specification
Elements of Cleanroom Design and Qualification
Definitions
Control of Contaminations
People, Cleaning, Environment & Material
Operation, Monitoring and Control
Documents and Records
This document provides an overview of GMP manufacturing environments. It discusses how manufacturing environments impact product quality and outlines factors like personnel, equipment, and premises that contribute to quality. The presentation covers cleanroom classifications, levels of protection, sources of contamination, and parameters that define manufacturing environments like air cleanliness, temperature, and pressure. It emphasizes that the environment is critical for preventing contamination and cross-contamination. Cleanroom class depends on the manufacturing process and corresponding levels of protection must be defined based on critical parameters from the air handling system and additional measures.
Air condition requirement in hospitalsHeena Kousar
Air conditioning in hospitals is essential for three main reasons:
1) It provides a comfortable environment that allows for faster patient recovery and allows doctors to work more effectively.
2) It helps control the spread of airborne bacteria and viruses by diluting contaminants and removing them via filtration. Specialized HEPA filters are used to filter out 99.97% of particles.
3) Different hospital areas have specific temperature and humidity requirements that air conditioning can precisely regulate, such as operating rooms and burn units. Proper air conditioning is vital for infection control and indoor air quality in healthcare facilities.
Similar to Design, Installation and Commissioning Of Clean Room and Hvac Facility for Stem Cell Technologies and Regenerative Medicine (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Design, Installation and Commissioning Of Clean Room and Hvac Facility for Stem Cell Technologies and Regenerative Medicine
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 8, Issue 4 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 01-12
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Design, Installation and Commissioning Of Clean Room and
Hvac Facility for Stem Cell Technologies and Regenerative
Medicine
Y.Venkata Bharath, P.Lakshmi Reddy
1 ( Mechanical Engineerig,G.Pulla Reddy Engineerig College (Autonomous) /J Ntu Anantapur , India)
2 (Mechanical Engineerig,G.Pulla Reddy Engineerig College (Autonomous) /J Ntu Anantapur , India )
Abstract: Today, many manufacturing process requires that spaces to be designed to control particulate and
microbial contamination while maintaining clean room facility with reasonable installation and operating
costs. Clean room facilities are typically used in manufacturing, packaging and research facilities associated
with these industries: Semiconductor, Pharmaceutical, Hospitals, Aerospace and Miscellaneous applications.
This project deals with “Design, Installation and Commissioning of Clean room and HVAC facility for Stem
cell technologies and Regenerative Medicine”. In this thesis, the system design thermal loads , filtration level
and cleanness, pressures produced in the constructed building by varying normal brick wall ,brick wall with
attached panels are calculated..Clean rooms are designed as per ISO14644-4 guidelines to maintain proper air
flow in order to used proper cleanness. The HVAC facility shall be achieved by using the equipments like Air
cooled condensing unit, Air handling units and etc..As a First step towards the project, the system design load
calculations will be done. Air Quantity calculation, Supply/Return air Diffusers, Return Air Risers and Terminal
filters selection, Temperature, RH, Lighting and Fan requirements are as per attached design data sheets. The
classes of cleanliness, filtration and other requirements are to be as per the room list, layout drawings .The
minimum fresh air quantities shall be as per the basis of design above while the exhaust air quantities shall be
as based on the quantities of the leakages and pressures to be maintained in the rooms and Also the leakage
rates considered through the doors to be through the doors to be through a normal single leaf door or double
leaf door for the suggested pressure differentials to be suitably considered.
Keywords: Clean rooms, HVAC facility, Filters, Pressures , Panels ,Temperature, Air flow rates.
I. Introduction
A Clean Room is a controlled environment where products are manufactured. It is a room in which the
concentration of airborne particles is controlled to specified limits. Eliminating sub-micron airborne
contamination is really a process of control. These contaminants are generated by people, process, facilities and
equipment. They must be continually removed from the air. The level to which these particles need to be
removed depends upon the standards required.
The HVAC facility necessity for atmospheric conditions in India is varying in different places of the
country. In the summer season atmospheric conditions are quite un comfortable in most parts of the country and
winter conditions are uncomfortable in few places of the country .So air conditioning is essential for the comfort
of humans, equipment and facilities are staying in hospital. In this thesis, the system design thermal loads ,
filtration level and cleanness, pressures produced in the constructed building by varying normal brick wall ,brick
wall with attached panels are calculated.
The main purpose of clean room and hvac facilities are to supply sufficient amount of air, which should
maintain correct temperature, humidity, air purity, air movement and noise level. Occupant’s feels quite comfort
in a selected enclosure by maintaining all the factors correctly. The high capacity requirements suggest the
selection of air handling units and require high efficiency filters.
This project work has been intended to suggest a suitable clean room facility and comfort air
conditioning design for the various public areas and rooms of a proposed Nims hospital at Hyderabad. In this
hospital 6th
floor contains 12- Clean rooms which have to be cleaned and conditioned and 7-Air lock rooms, 8-
Nurse observation rooms, 2-Corridors, 14-Other rooms,8- Wash rooms which have to be conditioned.
The centralized air conditioning system is suggested for that hospital considering summer and winter conditions
at Hyderabad.
II. Cleanroom Facility
Clean rooms are defined as specially constructed, environmentally controlled enclosed spaces with
respect to airborne particulates, temperature, humidity, air pressure, airflow patterns, air motion, vibration,
noise, viable (living) organisms, and lighting. Particulate control includes:
2. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
Particulate and microbial contamination
Particulate concentration and dispersion
“Federal Standard 209E” defines a clean room as a room in which the concentration of airborne particles is
controlled to specified limits.
“British Standard 5295” defines a clean room as a room with control of particulate contamination,
constructed and used in such a way as to minimize the introduction, generation and retention of particles inside
the room and in which the temperature, humidity, airflow patterns, air motion and pressure are controlled.
2.1 Clean Room Classification:
The industry differentiates between the cleanliness of rooms by referring to class numbers. Federal
Standard 209E, “Airborne Particulate Cleanliness Classes in Clean Rooms and Clean Zones”, September 11,
1992, categorize clean rooms in six general classes, depending on the particle count (particles per cubic foot)
and size in microns ( m). The first three classes allow noparticles exceeding 0.5 microns (m), and the last three
allowing some particles up to 5.0 microns. Interpreting the table above, a class 100,000 clean room limits the
concentration of airborne particles equal to or greater than 0.5 microns to 1 00,000 particles in a cubic foot of
air.
ISO/TC209 clean room class ratings are slowly replacing the Federal Standard 209E ratings.
ISO/TC209 is based on metric measurements whereas Federal Standard 209E that is based on imperial
measurements. The classes, according to ISO/TC209 14644-1, are in terms of class levels 3, 4, 5…of airborne
particulate cleanliness. A Class 5 means that less than 3,520 particles (0.5 microns in size) are present per cubic
meter, which equals 100 particles per cubic foot. A Class 6 indicates less than 35,200 particles per cubic meter.
The higher the class number, the more are the particles present.
Federal standard 209E ISO
1 3
10 4
100 5
1000 6
10000 7
100000 8
2.2 Sources Of Contamination: The source of the contamination is categorized as external sources and internal
sources
CLEAN
ROOM
CLASS
CLASS LIMITS “NOT TO EXCEED” PARTICLES PER CU FT FOR PARTICALS
SIZES SHOWN
1 0.1m 0.2m 0.3m 0.5m 5m
10 35 7.5 3 1 -
100 350 75 30 10 -
1000 - 750 300 100 -
10000 - - - 1000 7
100000 - - - 10000 70
1000000 - - - 100000 700
3. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
A. External Sources - For any given space, there exists the external influence of gross atmospheric
contamination. External contamination is brought in primarily through the air conditioning system through
makeup air. Also, external contamination can infiltrate through building doors, windows, cracks, and wall
penetrations for pipes, cables and ducts. The external contamination is controlled primarily by
1. High efficiency filtration,
2. Space pressurization and
3. Sealing of space penetrations
B.Internal Sources- The potentially largest source is from people in the clean room, plus shedding of surfaces,
process equipment and the process itself. People in the workspace generate particles in the form of skin flakes,
lint, cosmetics, and respiratory emissions. Industry generates particles from combustion processes, chemical
vapors, soldering fumes, and cleaning agents. Other sources of internal contamination are generatedthrough the
activity in combustion, chemical, and manufacturing processes. The size of these particles ranges from 0.001 to
several hundred microns. Particles larger than 5 microns tend to settle quickly unless air blown. The greatest
concern is that the actual particle deposits on the product. Control is primarily through airflow design. Although
airflow design is critical, it alone does not guarantee that clean room conditions will be met. Construction
finishes; personnel and garments; materials and equipments are sources of particulate contamination that must be
controlled. Important control precautions include:
1. Walls, floors, ceiling tiles, lighting fixtures, doors, and windows construction materials that must
be carefully selected to meet clean room standards.
2. People must wear garments to minimize the release of particles into the space. The type of
garments depends on the level of cleanliness required by a process. Smocks, coveralls, gloves,
and head and shoe covers are clothing accessories commonly used in clean spaces
3. Materials and equipment must be cleaned before entering the clean room.
4. Room entrances such as air locks and pass-through are used to maintain pressure differentials and
reduce contaminants.
5. Air showers are used to remove contaminants from personnel before entering the clean space.
2.3. Controlling Cantaminatian With A Clean Room:
Clean room contamination is controlled by six major means:
(1) Facility design
(2) Equipment used in the room
(3) Procedures employed
(4) Personnel activity
(5) Environment control
(6) Maintenance
2.4 Panels:
ASTM standards are followed strictly in the making of our pre-painted, galvanized steel panels.
There is special gasket for air tightness between the frame and fixed panels. Hot dip galvanized steel
is used for making inner panel for double skin panels. To achieve uniformity, access doors are made
with similar material.
III. Hvac Facility
HVAC design for health care facilities is all about providing a safer environment for patients and staff.
The basic difference between air conditioning for healthcare facility and that of other building types stem from:
1. The need to restrict air movement in and between the various departments (no cross movement).
2. The specific requirements for ventilation and filtration to dilute and reduce contamination in the form of odor,
airborne micro organisms and viruses, and hazardous chemical and radioactive substances. Ventilation
effectiveness is very important to maintain appropriate indoor air quality.
3. The different temperature and humidity requirements for various areas and the accurate control of
environmental conditions.
4. The design sophistication to minimize the risk of transmission of airborne pathogens and preserve a sterile
and healing environment for patients and staff.
These requirements demand very high quantities of outside air along with significant treatment of this
ventilation air, including cooling, dehumidifying, reheating, humidifying and filtration.
4. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
3.1 Infection Control
In a hospital environment, there tend to be high concentrations of harmful micro-organisms. From an
infection control perspective, the primary objective of hospital design is to place the patient at no risk for
infection while hospitalized. The special technical demands include hygiene, reliability, safety and energy-
related issues.
Infections, which may result from activities and procedures taking place within the facility, are a cause
for great concern. Three main routes responsible for infections are contact, droplet, and airborne transmission,
which are quite affected by room design and construction factors.
3.2 Contact Transmission
Contact transmission is the most important and frequent mode of transmission of infections
(nosocomial). It can be subdivided into direct-contact transmission and indirect-contact transmission.
a) Direct-contact transmission involves direct body to body contact for the transfer of micro-organisms from an
infected person to a susceptible host.
b) Indirect-contact transmission involves the contamination of an inanimate object (such as instruments or
dressings) by an infected person.
3.3 COOLING OR HEATING COILS:
Standard cooling and heating coils are made in galvanized steel frame with seamless copper tubes with
aluminum fins .Ms headers with threaded connection and copper return bends. They are arranged in a staggered
form in the direction of air flow .copper tubes are mechanically expanded into continuous corrugated aluminum
fins. coils are assembled in slide- in guides for easy removal for maintenance or replacement. for water coils
,air vents and drain plugs are the standard ones. Moisture eliminator can also be provided for the coils,
according to air velocities and conditions. Insulated drain pan and drain connections are provided for the cooling
coil section
5. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
3.4 FILTRATION (HEPA and ULPA Air Filters):
Filtration is an important aspect of clean rooms. Most filters are defined by their particle removal efficiency and
airflow rate. Clean rooms require very high efficiency filters and for class 100 and below, 100% HEPA filter
coverage is recommended. HEPA (High efficiency particulate arrestance) filtration is 40% more efficient than
the highest efficiency rated ASHRAE filter. Clean room air filtration technology centers around two types:
HIGH EFFICIENCY PARTICULATE AIR (HEPA):
HEPA filters are replaceable extended-media dry-type having a minimum particle collective efficiency of
99.97 to 99.997% for a 0.3 micron particle, and a maximum clean filter pressure drop of 2.54 cm (1") water
gauge when tested at rated air flow capacity. 0.3 micron is 1/75,000 of an inch or 1/300, the diameter of the
human hair.
ULTRA LOW PENETRATION AIR (ULPA):
Most ULPA filters are replaceable extended media dry filters that have a minimum particle collection efficiency
of 99.9997 % efficient for particles greater than or equal to0.12-micron in size. The high efficiency filters
belong to the 'interception' family of filters and are referred to as 'absolute' super interceptor. Absolute filters are
used only where an extremely high level of cleanliness or purity is required. Both HEPA & ULPA types fall in
this category.
3.5 AIRFLOW DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL
Depending on the degree of cleanliness required, it is common for air systems to deliver considerably more
air than would be needed solely to meet temperature and humidity design. Airborne particles can be organic
or inorganic. Most contamination control problems concern the total contamination within the air.Particles of
different sizes behave differently as air moves through a room. Selection of the airflow patterns is a major
step in clean room design. Because airflow is such an important aspect of particle control, the design of a
clean room requires careful consideration of air motion and airflow patterns. The general air patterns are:
Unidirectional: (sometimes referred as laminar flow) is an airflow pattern in which essentially the entire body
of air within a confined area moves with uniform velocity and in single direction with generally parallel
airstreams. Clean rooms; class 100 and below have unidirectional airflow pattern.
Non-unidirectional airflow is not unidirectional by having a varying velocity, multiple pass circulation or
nonparallel flow direction. Conventional flow clean rooms (class 1000 &10000) have non-unidirectional or
mixed air flow patterns.
Mixed patterns: combine some of each flow type.
6. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
IV. Equations
Load estimation:
1. Solar transmission through wall:
Q = A*U*EqTD
Where A = area of the wall (ft2
) , U = Transmission coefficient (Btu/hr/ft2
/ ̊ f)
EqTD = corrected equivalent temperature Difference
2. Transmission gain through partitions, ceiling, floor, glass:
Q = A*U*TD
TD = Temperature Difference from the surrounding and air conditioning space in ̊ f
Where A = area of the partitions, celling, floor, glass (ft2
), U = Transmission coefficient (Btu/hr/ft2
/ ̊ f)
3. Ventilation load:
Q = cfm*temp diff*1.08
4. People load:
Q = no of people* sensible heat factor
5. Lighting load:
Q = area of the room*1.25*3.4
6. Equipment load:
Q = electrical load*3.4
7. AHU motor load;
Q = motor electric load *3.4
Subtotal of the Sensible heat = solar transmissions through wall + transmissions through partitions, ceiling,
floor, glass+. Ventilation load+ People load+ Lighting load+ Equipment load+ AHU motor load
Safety load = 5% of the subtotal sensible heat load
Total sensible heat load = subtotal of the sensible heat + safety load
Latent heat :
1. ventilation load:
Q = cfm *specific humidity diff * bypass factor*0.67
2. People load:
Q = no of people * latent heat factor
Subtotal of latent heat = ventilation load + people load
Safety load = 5% of the sub total latent heat load
Total latent load = subtotal of latent load + safety load
Tota L Space Heat = Total sensible load + Total latent load
Sensible heat ratio =Total sensible heat / total space heat
Reheat = (((sensible heat ratio *total space heat) – total sensible heat)/ (1-sensible heat factor))*0.293/1000
Dehumidified cfm = ((total sensible heat + reheat)/((room dry bulb temp – apparatus dew point)*(1-bf)*1.08)
Return air quantity = Selected supply air quantity + infiltration air – ex-filtration- exhaust air
Bleed off Air Qty = Fresher air qty + return air qty-selected supply air qty
7. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
V. Load Calculation ResultsEQUIPEMENT.TAGNO.
RoomNo.
RoomDescription
Room
Dimens
ions
(meters
)
Roomarea(m2)
Roomvolume(m3)
ClassofCleanliness
Roompressurew.r.t.atm..(Pa)
Temparature(°C)
RelativeHumidity(%)
No.offreshairchanges/hr
No.ofairchanges
EquipmentHeatLoad(kw)
No.ofpersonnel
LightingLoad(watt/m²)
Airqty.basedonairchanges(CMH)
Coolingcap.(TR)
Re-Heat(kW)
Dehumid.Air(OR)BasedonVelocityairqty.(CMH)
Selectedsupplyairqty.(CMH)
In-filtrationairQty(CMH)
Ex-filtrationairQty(CMH)
EquipmentExhaustAirQty(CMH)
Returnairqty.(CMH)
Freshairqty.
(CMH)
BleedoffAirQty(CMH)
Hepa
Filters
DIFFUSERS
ReturnAir
Risers
length
width
FalseceilingHeight
TrueCeilingHeight
450x450x75(mm)@0.45m/s
300x300(mm)@450CMH(approx…)
600X100mm-864CMH(R1)@5m/s
Basedon25.48CMH/person
FreshAirbasedonAirchanges
A
H
U
-
1
1.1
E
N
T
R
A
N
C
E
3
.
9
5
3.95
2
.
7
3
.
5
15.
6
42.83
E
4
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
5
2
2
0
8
5
7
2
.
1
1
3
.
2
1
9
3
2
9
3
2
0
4
7
5
0
4
5
7
5
0
.
9
6
8
6
-
3
8
9
3
.
1
2
.
1
0
.
5
1.1.1 L
A
D
I
E
S
L
O
C
K
E
R
2
.
0
3
1.48
2
.
7
3
.
5
3.0 8.20
E
3
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
1
0
0
.
2
0
2
0
8
2
1
.
5
5
3
.
5
2
4
0
1
4
0
0
.
5
7
5
.
0
0
.
0
0
.
0
4
7
6
0
.
0
0
1
6
9
1
0
.
9
1.1.2
G
E
N
T
S
L
O
C
K
E
R
1
.
8
8
1.48
2
.
7
3
.
5
2.8 7.59
E
3
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
1
0
0
.
2
0
2
0
7
6
1
.
2
9
2
.
9
9
3
3
1
3
3
1
7
5
0 0
4
0
6
0
.
0
0
1
5
9
0
1
.
1
0
.
7
0
.
5
1.2 G
E
N
T
S
C
R
2
.
4
0
1.43
2
.
7
3
.
5
3.4 9.39
E
3
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
2
0
1
8
8
0
.
6
7
1
.
0
3
2
1
3
2
1
7
5
.
0
7
5
.
0
0
.
0
3
2
1
2
5
.
4
8
1
9
2
5
0
.
7
1.3
L
A
D
I
E
S
C
R
2
.
4
0
1.43
2
.
7
3
.
5
3.4 9.39
E
3
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
2
0
1
8
8
0
.
9
5
1
.
0
6
6
9
8
6
9
8
7
5
7
5
0
6
9
8
2
5
.
4
8
1
9
2
5
2
.
3
1
.
6
0
.
8
1.4 M
O
N
I
T
O
R
R
O
O
M
2
.
4
0
2.48
2
.
7
3
.
5
5.9 16.31
E
3
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
2
1
2
0
3
2
6
1
.
2
5
2
.
5
8
9
9
8
9
9
7
5
.
0
0
.
0
0
.
0
9
7
3
.
9
2
5
.
4
8
3
3
1
0
8
2
.
0
1.5
M
A
I
N
T
E
N
A
N
C
E
R
O
O
M
5
.
4
8
1.90
2
.
7
3
.
5
10.
4
28.55
E
0
.
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
1 1
2
0
5
7
1
1
.
4
9
2
.
1
1
1
3
0
1
1
3
0
1
7
5
0 0
1
3
7
6
2
5
.
4
8
5
7
1
3
2
4
.
3
2
.
9
1
.
6
1.6
V
I
S
I
T
O
R
S
R
O
O
3
.
2
0
1.40
2
.
7
3
.
5
4.5 12.30
E
1
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
5
1
2
0
2
4
6
1
.
2
4
1
.
2
8
1
0
7
6
1
0
7
6
0
7
5
0
1
0
0
1
2
5
.
4
8
2
5
-
5
0
3
.
6
2
.
4
1
.
2
1
.
7
0
2.90
2
.
7
3
.
5
4.9 13.53
0
.
0
0
.
0
8. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
M
1.7
M
A
T
R
O
O
M
3
.
9
0
1.70
2
.
7
3
.
5
6.6 18.20
E
1
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
1
0
2
0
3
6
4
1
.
8
7
4
.
5
7
6
7
9
6
7
9
0
7
5
0
6
0
4
0
.
0
0
3
6
-
3
9
2
.
3
1
.
5
0
.
7
1.8
P
O
S
T
C
H
A
N
G
E
C
O
R
R
I
D
O
R
1
.
3
8
5.48
2
.
7
3
.
5
7.5 10.00
E
1
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
1
.
5
0
3
.
5
2
5
2
6
5
2
6
1
5
0
7
5
0
6
0
1
0
.
0
0
2
0
9
5
1
.
8
1
.
2
0
.
7
1.9
A
I
R
L
O
C
K
1
.
9
0
1.48
2
.
7
3
.
5
2.8 7.69
E
3
0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
1
0
0
.
1
0
2
0
7
7
0
.
9
2
2
.
2
4
3
3
8
3
3
8
0
1
5
0
0
1
8
8
0
.
0
0
1
5
-
1
3
5
1
.
1
0
.
8
0
.
2
1.1
E
M
E
R
G
E
N
C
Y
E
X
I
T
4
.
4
5
2.35
2
.
7
3
.
5
10.
5
28.71
E
1
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
1
0
0
.
5
0
2
0
2
8
7
2
.
3
1
5
.
2
7
8
1
8
8
1
8
7
5
0 0
8
9
3
0
.
0
0
5
7
1
3
2
2
.
7
1
.
8
1
.
0
1.11
C
O
R
R
I
D
O
R
1
.
3
8
7.00
2
.
7
3
.
5
9.6 26.42
E
1
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
2
0
2
0
5
2
8
4
.
1
1
9
.
9
7
1
4
8
1
1
4
8
1
7
5
7
5
0
1
4
8
1
0
.
0
0
5
3
5
3
4
.
9
3
.
3
1
.
7
3
.
3
3
1.70
2
.
7
3
.
5
5.7 15.52
E
1
5
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
0
.
2
0
2
0
3
1
0
1.12
B
U
F
F
E
R
R
O
O
M
1
.
9
0
5.48
2
.
7
3
.
5
10.
4
28.55
E 0
2
5
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
2
0
1 1
2
0
5
7
1
2
.
2
2
4
.
7
3
7
8
1
7
8
1
7
5
0 0
8
5
6
2
5
.
4
8
5
7
1
3
2
2
.
6
1
.
7
1
.
0
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U
-
2
2.1
A
I
R
L
O
C
K
-
1
2
.
2
0
1.80
2
.
7
3
.
5
4.0 10.87
C
3
0
2
1
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
6
0
0
.
1
0
2
0
6
5
2
1
.
4
5
3
.
6
0
5
3
5
6
6
0
7
5
7
5
0
6
6
0
0
.
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
.
2
1
.
5
0
.
8
2.2
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
1
5
.
8
0
5.30
2
.
7
3
.
5
30.
7
84.38
B
1
5
2
1
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
.
0
6
0
1
2
2
2
0
5
0
6
3
9
.
1
1
1
1
.
8
1
5
4
8
9
6
1
5
9
7
5
0 0
6
2
3
4
5
0
.
9
6
1
6
9
2
4
4
2
0
.
5
1
3
.
7
7
.
2
3
.
5
0
1.90
2
.
7
3
.
5
6.7 18.25
9. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
A
H
U-
8
8
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
1
3.
8
9
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
5
.
3
4
1
.
9
1
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
2
5
7
2
.
5
9
3
.
4
8
1
7
4
3
1
7
4
3
.
4
8
0
7
5
0
1
6
6
8
5
0
.
9
6
8
4
9
5
.
8
3
.
9
1
.
9
8
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
8
9
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
0
.
1
2
7
.
7
3
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
8
3
2
1
.
4
3
1
.
9
2
8
9
4
8
9
3
.
9
6
7
5
0 0
9
6
9
2
5
.
4
8
5
5
1
3
0
3
.
0
2
.
0
1
.
1
8
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
A
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
3
.
5
6
.
6
9
.
6
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
2
8
7
1
.
7
8
4
.
3
1
6
4
2
6
4
1
.
8
1
0 0 0
6
4
2
0
.
0
0
1
9
1
9
2
.
1
1
.
4
0
.
7
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U-
9
9
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
2
3.
8
9
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
3
.
5
1
5
.
3
4
1
.
9
1
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
2
5
7
2
.
6
4
3
.
5
9
1
7
8
9
1
7
8
8
.
8
2
0
7
5
0
1
7
1
4
5
0
.
9
6
8
4
9
6
.
0
4
.
0
2
.
0
9
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
8
9
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
3
.
5
1
0
.
1
2
7
.
7
3
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
8
3
2
1
.
4
3
1
.
9
7
8
9
4
8
9
3
.
9
6
7
5
0 0
9
6
9
2
5
.
4
8
5
5
1
3
0
3
.
0
2
.
0
1
.
1
9
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
A
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
3
.
5
6
.
6
9
.
6
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
2
8
7
1
.
7
6
4
.
2
5
6
3
2
.
7
2
6
3
2
.
7
2
0 0 0
6
3
3
0
.
0
0
1
9
1
9
2
.
1
1
.
4
0
.
7
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U-
10
1
0
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
3
3.
7
0
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
4
.
5
3
9
.
9
2
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
1
9
7
2
.
5
6
3
.
3
1
1
7
5
1
.
7
3
1
7
5
1
.
7
3
0
7
5
0
1
6
7
7
5
0
.
9
6
8
0
5
5
.
8
3
.
9
1
.
9
1
0
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
7
0
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
9
.
6
2
6
.
4
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
7
9
2
1
.
5
5
2
.
1
8
1
0
0
4
.
1
6
1
0
0
4
.
1
6
7
5
0 0
1
0
7
9
2
5
.
4
8
5
3
1
2
8
3
.
3
2
.
2
1
.
2
1
0
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
6
.
6
9
.
6
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
2
8
7
1
.
6
6
4
.
0
1
5
9
6
.
4
8
5
9
6
.
4
8
0 0 0
5
9
6
0
.
0
0
1
9
1
9
2
.
0
1
.
3
0
.
7
10. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
A
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U-
11
1
1
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
M
-
4
3.
7
7
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
4
.
8
4
0
.
6
7
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
2
2
0
2
.
5
9
3
.
3
7
1
7
6
5
.
7
0
1
7
6
5
.
7
0
0
7
5
0
1
6
9
1
5
0
.
9
6
8
1
6
5
.
9
3
.
9
2
.
0
1
1
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
7
7
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
9
.
8
2
6
.
9
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
8
0
7
1
.
4
0
1
.
8
7
8
8
1
.
2
2
8
8
1
.
2
2
7
5
0 0
9
5
6
2
5
.
4
8
5
4
1
2
9
2
.
9
2
.
0
1
.
1
1
1
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
A
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
6
.
6
9
.
6
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
2
8
7
1
.
6
4
3
.
9
3
5
8
7
.
3
9
5
8
7
.
3
9
0 0 0
5
8
7
0
.
0
0
1
9
1
9
2
.
0
1
.
3
0
.
7
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U-
12
1
2
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
5
3.
7
4
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
4
.
7
4
0
.
2
9
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
2
0
9
2
.
5
8
3
.
4
7
1
7
5
9
.
9
1
1
7
5
9
.
9
1
0
7
5
0
1
6
8
5
5
0
.
9
6
8
1
6
5
.
9
3
.
9
2
.
0
1
2
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
7
4
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
4
3
.
5
9
.
7
2
6
.
6
6
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
8
0
0
1
.
7
9
3
.
2
4
1
1
8
0
.
6
7
1
1
8
0
.
6
7
7
5
0 0
1
2
5
6
2
5
.
4
8
5
3
1
2
8
3
.
9
2
.
6
1
.
5
1
2
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
A
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
6
.
6
1
8
.
1
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
5
4
3
1
.
6
4
3
.
9
3
5
8
7
.
3
9
5
8
7
.
3
9
0 0 0
5
8
7
0
.
0
0
3
6
3
6
2
.
0
1
.
3
0
.
7
A
H
U-
13
1
3
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
6
3.
8
9
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
5
.
3
4
1
.
9
1
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
2
5
7
2
.
6
4
1
.
2
0
1
7
8
8
.
8
2
1
7
8
8
.
8
2
0
7
5
0
1
7
1
4
5
0
.
9
6
8
4
9
6
.
0
4
.
0
2
.
0
1
3
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
7
4
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
9
.
7
2
6
.
6
6
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
8
0
0
1
.
7
9
3
.
2
2
1
1
7
8
.
8
9
1
1
7
8
.
8
9
7
5
0 0
1
2
5
4
2
5
.
4
8
5
3
1
2
8
3
.
9
2
.
6
1
.
5
1
3
.
3
W
A
S
H
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
4
3
.
5
6
.
6
1
8
.
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
5
4
3
1
.
7
3
4
.
1
9
6
2
3
.
6
2
3
.
0 0 0
6
2
4
0
.
0
0
3
6
3
6
2
.
1
1
.
4
0
.
7
11. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 11 | Page
A
R
E
A
5 1 0 8
8
8
8
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U-
14
1
4
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
7
3.
7
0
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
4
.
5
3
9
.
9
2
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
1
9
7
3
.
1
6
5
.
3
4
1
7
5
1
.
7
3
1
7
5
1
.
7
3
0
7
5
0
1
6
7
7
5
0
.
9
6
8
0
5
5
.
8
3
.
9
1
.
9
1
4
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
7
0
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
9
.
6
2
6
.
4
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
7
9
2
1
.
6
3
2
.
4
0
1
0
5
9
.
4
5
1
0
5
9
.
4
5
7
5
0 0
1
1
3
4
2
5
.
4
8
5
3
1
2
8
3
.
5
2
.
4
1
.
3
1
4
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
A
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
6
.
6
1
8
.
1
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
5
4
3
1
.
7
5
4
.
2
3
6
3
0
.
5
3
6
3
0
.
5
3
0 0 0
6
3
1
0
.
0
0
3
6
3
6
2
.
1
1
.
4
0
.
7
M
O
T
O
R
K
W
A
H
U-
15
1
5
.
1
C
L
E
A
N
R
O
O
M
-
8
3.
7
0
3
.
9
3
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
1
4
.
5
3
9
.
9
2
C
3
0
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
2 2
2
0
1
1
9
7
2
.
5
7
3
.
4
5
1
7
5
8
.
5
6
1
7
5
8
.
5
6
0
7
5
0
1
6
8
4
5
0
.
9
6
8
0
5
5
.
9
3
.
9
1
.
9
1
5
.
2
N
U
R
S
E
O
B
S
E
R
V
A
T
I
O
N
3.
7
0
2
.
6
0
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
9
.
6
2
6
.
4
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
1 1
2
0
7
9
2
1
.
3
8
1
.
8
8
8
7
6
.
4
6
8
7
6
.
4
6
7
5
0 0
9
5
1
2
5
.
4
8
5
3
1
2
8
2
.
9
1
.
9
1
.
1
1
5
.
3
W
A
S
H
A
R
E
A
1.
8
9
3
.
4
9
2
.
7
4
5
3
.
5
6
.
6
1
8
.
1
1
C
1
5
2
4
±
2
N
M
T
6
0
2
3
0
0.
2
0
2
0
a
5
4
3
1
.
7
5
4
.
2
3
6
3
0
.
5
3
6
3
0
.
5
3
0 0 0
6
3
1
0
.
0
0
3
6
3
6
2
.
1
1
.
4
0
.
7
VI. Conclusion
Now a days, many manufacturing process requires that space to be designed to control particulate and
microbial contamination while maintaining clean room facility with installation and operating cost. Present days
we are using filters and panels in addition for constructed building In this thesis, the system design thermal
loads, filtration level and cleanness, pressures produced in the constructing building by vary with the normal
brick wall, brick wall with attached panels are calculated. By observing the design of thermal loads in
normalbrick wall with panels is better than normal wall, because its heat transfer rate of normal wall is more. In
this thesis filtration level is good by using brick wall with panels ,because there is no dust particles form on the
wall with panel. In the design analysis the cooling load tonnage value of brick wall with panel is 97TR and
normal brick wall is 140TR.So that the cooling load and air flow is very good by using brick wall with panel.
Design of this system is used in NIMS hospital in Hyderabad.
12. Design, Installation And Commissioning Of Clean Room And Hvac Facility For Stem Cell
www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
6.1 Future Scope
From this thesis, we have concluded that using filter materials will be varying number of filters will be
reduced in the room and also air handling unit size will be decrease.
References
[1] A. Bhatia," A BASIC DESIGN GUIDE FOR CLEAN ROOM APPLICATIONS".
[2] Roy J.Dossat,"PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION SECOND EDITION".
[3] Shan K.Wang," HAND BOOOK OF AIR CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION".
[4] National Experts Organization, "STUDY MATERIAL ON EFFICIENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF A.C AND
REFRIGERATION EQIPMENT".
[5] Carrier air conditioning, “HAND BOOK OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN".
[6] OPERATION AND MAINTANENCE MANNUAL OF STAGE-1 A.C AND VENTILATION SYSTEM".
[7] OPERATION AND MAINTANENCE MANNUAL OF STAG-2 A.C AND VENTILATION SYSTEM".
[8] S.C.Arora and S.Domakundwar,"REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING".
[9] R.S.Kurmi and J.K.GUPTHA,"REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING".