In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement-controlled lateral load pattern which continuously increases through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate condition is reached. Lateral load may represent the range of base shear induced by earthquake loading, and its configuration may be proportional to the distribution of mass along building height, mode shapes, or another practical means.
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Part-I: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pro...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-I of a two part series.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE BUILDING BY USING ETABSila vamsi krishna
RESULT OF ANALYSIS:
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/results-of-etabs-on-high-rise-residential-buildings
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING BY USING STAAD PRO PPT link :
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-mutistoried-residential-building-by-using-staad-pro
FOR FULL REPORT:
vamsiila@gmail.com
Design & Analysis of High rise Building With & Without Floating Column Using ...IJSRD
At present buildings with floating column is a typical feature in the modern multistory construction in urban India. There are many projects in which floating columns are adopted, especially above the ground floor, where transfer girders are employed, so that more open space is available in the ground floor. As the load path in the floating columns is not continuous, they are more vulnerable to the seismic activity. Sometimes, to meet the requirements these type of aspects cannot be avoided though these are not found to be of safe. Hence, an attempt is taken to study the behavior of a G+15 multi storey building in which some storey’s are considered for commercial purpose and remaining storey’s are for residential purpose. This paper studies the comparison & seismic analysis of the multistory buildings with floating column and without floating column. Finally, analysis & results in the high rise building such as storey drifts, storey displacement, and Base shear were shown in this study. Design and Analysis was carried out by using Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) Software.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
Analysis and Design of Elevated Intez Water Tank based on Normal Frame Stagin...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is as important commodity as food and air for the existence of life. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If
there was no water there would be no life on earth. As water is very precious and due to the scarcity of drinking water in day-to-day life one
has to take care of every drop. Anelevated Intez water tank is used to store water for fire protection and potable drinking water within a
designated area or community over the daily requirement. Elevated Intez tanks allow the natural force of gravity to produce consistent water
pressure throughout the system. Elevated Intez water tanks are one of the most important structures in earthquake high regions. In major
cities and also in rural areas elevated or overhead water tanks forms an integral part of water supply scheme.
Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement-controlled lateral load pattern which continuously increases through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate condition is reached. Lateral load may represent the range of base shear induced by earthquake loading, and its configuration may be proportional to the distribution of mass along building height, mode shapes, or another practical means.
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Part-I: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pro...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-I of a two part series.
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF HIGH RISE BUILDING BY USING ETABSila vamsi krishna
RESULT OF ANALYSIS:
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/results-of-etabs-on-high-rise-residential-buildings
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BUILDING BY USING STAAD PRO PPT link :
https://www.slideshare.net/ilavamsikrishna/analysis-and-design-of-mutistoried-residential-building-by-using-staad-pro
FOR FULL REPORT:
vamsiila@gmail.com
Design & Analysis of High rise Building With & Without Floating Column Using ...IJSRD
At present buildings with floating column is a typical feature in the modern multistory construction in urban India. There are many projects in which floating columns are adopted, especially above the ground floor, where transfer girders are employed, so that more open space is available in the ground floor. As the load path in the floating columns is not continuous, they are more vulnerable to the seismic activity. Sometimes, to meet the requirements these type of aspects cannot be avoided though these are not found to be of safe. Hence, an attempt is taken to study the behavior of a G+15 multi storey building in which some storey’s are considered for commercial purpose and remaining storey’s are for residential purpose. This paper studies the comparison & seismic analysis of the multistory buildings with floating column and without floating column. Finally, analysis & results in the high rise building such as storey drifts, storey displacement, and Base shear were shown in this study. Design and Analysis was carried out by using Extended Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems (ETABS) Software.
Seismic Analysis of G 10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Wall...ijtsrd
Shear walls are specially designed structural members provided in the multi storey buildings to resist lateral forces. These walls have very high in plane strength and stiffness, which can resist large horizontal forces and can support gravity loads. There are lots of literatures available to design and analyse the shear wall. Ravi Kumar Vishwakarma | Vipin Kumar Tiwari "Seismic Analysis of G+10 Storey Building with Various Locations of Shear Walls using Etabs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43646.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/structural-engineering/43646/seismic-analysis-of-g10-storey-building-with-various-locations-of-shear-walls-using-etabs/ravi-kumar-vishwakarma
Analysis and Design of Elevated Intez Water Tank based on Normal Frame Stagin...Venkataraju Badanapuri
Water is as important commodity as food and air for the existence of life. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If
there was no water there would be no life on earth. As water is very precious and due to the scarcity of drinking water in day-to-day life one
has to take care of every drop. Anelevated Intez water tank is used to store water for fire protection and potable drinking water within a
designated area or community over the daily requirement. Elevated Intez tanks allow the natural force of gravity to produce consistent water
pressure throughout the system. Elevated Intez water tanks are one of the most important structures in earthquake high regions. In major
cities and also in rural areas elevated or overhead water tanks forms an integral part of water supply scheme.
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
A basic tutorial to learn the concepts of modelling RC building in an Analysis/Design package -- STAAD.Pro & ETABS are in focus here, but concepts are applicable for any package. Good for novice in structural designing, and also B.Tech / BE / BSc (Engg) / BS students wising to do 'design of multi-storied RC building' as their final year project.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
The presentation summarizes the project work done on "Seismic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank". Elevated water tanks are important structures that serve the function of supplying municipal water to the civil community. The stability of such structure is highly uncertain in the eve of earthquake. This project analyses the performance of such a structure in the eve of earthquake.
The project is done as a course requirement for undergraduate degree in May 2013. The degree in pursuit was "Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering" in National Institute of Technology in Tiruchirappalli (INDIA). The authors were in final year of the study during the making of the project.
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller,
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is crucial.
Part-II: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pr...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-II of a two part series.
SEISMIC ANALYASIS AND DESIGN OF PROPOSED ELEVATED INTZ TYPE WATER TANK AT SBP...ijiert bestjournal
Elevated water tanks are one of the most important lifeline structures in earthquake prone regions. The major cities a nd also in rural areas . The elevated water tank is an integral part of water supply scheme,these structure has large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures are especially vulnerable to horizontal forces due to earthquake. All over t he world,the elevated water tanks were collapsed or heavily damaged during the earthquake because of unsuitable design of supporting system or wrong selection of supporting system underestimated demand or strength. So it is very important to select proper supporting system and also need to study the response of elevated Intz water tank to dynamic forces by both equivalent static or dynamic method and to find out the design parameters for seismic analysis. It is also necessary to consider the sloshing effec t on container roof slab. This sloshing of water considerably different the parametric value used in design and economical in construction. This paper present the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tank for various seismic zones of India fo r various heights and capacity of elevated water tanks for different soil condition on earthquake forces.
Analysis and Design of Intz Water Tank by Using Staad Proijtsrd
The Intze principle is a name given to two engineering principles both named after the hydraulic engineer Otto Intze. In the one case the Intze principle relates to a type of water tower, in the other a type dam. Circular tanks with flat bottom as well as with domical bottom In the flat bottom the thickness and reinforcement is found to be heavy. In the domed bottom though the thickness and reinforcement in the dome is normal, the reinforcement in the ring beam is excessive. Therefore in the cases of large diameter tanks and economical alternative would be to reduce its diameter at its bottom by conical dome. Such a tank is known as Intze tank and is very commonly used. The main advantage of Intze tank is that the inward radial thrust of the conical bottom balances the outward radial thrust of the spherical bottom. Roshan Kumar Pakhale | Dr. Rajeev Singh Parihar | Dr. Abhay Kumar Jha "Analysis & Design of Intz Water Tank by Using Staad Pro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49569/analysis-and-design-of-intz-water-tank-by-using-staad-pro/roshan-kumar-pakhale
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
Modeling and Design of Bridge Super Structure and Sub StructureAIT Solutions
Workshop under the Capacity Building Programme of the Southern Road Connectivity Project / Expressway Connectivity Improvement Plan Project, March 2016
Analysis and design of pre engineered building using is 800:2007 and Internat...Pratik R. Atwal
Abstract: In this report, comparison is made between IS800:2007 & International standards. The entire range of preengineered building is studied while doing this comparison. A school building is designed using IS800:2007 & International standards by keeping the loading parameters similar, all the loads are applied accordance with Indian codes. An attempt is made to study the variation in tonnage as per IS800:2007 & International standards & possible reasons for variation in respective results.
Tower design using Dynamic analysis method is now became easier than ever with this simple and effective PDF manual. Starting from modeling, defining till computing results based on Dynamic Analysis you can build the tower of your dream.
Engineering is fun and so does this PDF !
Seismic behavior of rc elevated water tankunder different types of staging pa...CADmantra Technologies
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
A basic tutorial to learn the concepts of modelling RC building in an Analysis/Design package -- STAAD.Pro & ETABS are in focus here, but concepts are applicable for any package. Good for novice in structural designing, and also B.Tech / BE / BSc (Engg) / BS students wising to do 'design of multi-storied RC building' as their final year project.
This publication provides a concise compilation of selected rules in the Eurocode 8, together with relevant Cyprus National Annex, that relate to the design of common forms of concrete building structure in the South Europe. It id offers a detail view of the design of steel framed buildings to the structural Eurocodes and includes a set of worked examples showing the design of structural elements with using software (CSI ETABS). It is intended to be of particular to the people who want to become acquainted with design to the Eurocodes. Rules from EN 1998-1-1 for global analysis, type of analysis and verification checks are presented. Detail design rules for steel composite beam, steel column, steel bracing and composite slab with steel sheeting from EN 1998-1-1, EN1993-1-1 and EN1994-1-1 are presented. This guide covers the design of orthodox members in steel frames. It does not cover design rules for regularities. Certain practical limitations are given to the scope.
The presentation summarizes the project work done on "Seismic Analysis of Elevated Water Tank". Elevated water tanks are important structures that serve the function of supplying municipal water to the civil community. The stability of such structure is highly uncertain in the eve of earthquake. This project analyses the performance of such a structure in the eve of earthquake.
The project is done as a course requirement for undergraduate degree in May 2013. The degree in pursuit was "Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering" in National Institute of Technology in Tiruchirappalli (INDIA). The authors were in final year of the study during the making of the project.
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller,
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Seismic analysis of multi storey reinforced concrete buildings frame”ankialok
The opinion that designing new buildings to be Earthquake resistant will cause substantial additional costs is still among the constructional professionals. In a country of moderate seismicity adequate seismic resistance of new buildings may be achieved at no or no significant additional cost however the expenditure needed to ensure adequate seismic resistance may depend strongly on the approach selected during the conceptual design phase and the relevant design method. Regarding the conceptual design phase early collaboration between the architect and civil engineering is crucial.
Part-II: Seismic Analysis/Design of Multi-storied RC Buildings using STAAD.Pr...Rahul Leslie
For novice, please continue from "Modelling Building Frame with STAAD.Pro & ETABS" (http://www.slideshare.net/rahulleslie/modelling-building-frame-with-staadpro-etabs-rahul-leslie).
This is a presentation covering almost all aspects of Seismic analysis & design of Multi-storied RC Structures using the Indian code IS:1893-2016 (New edition), with references to IS:13920-2015 (Code for ductile detailing) & IS:16700-2017 (code for design of tall buildings) where relevant; following for each aspect of the code, (1) The clause/formula (2) It's explanation/theory (3) How it is/can be implemented in the software packages of (i) STAAD.Pro and (ii) ETABS
This is the latest edition of the earlier slides based on IS:1893-2002 which this one supersedes. This is Part-II of a two part series.
SEISMIC ANALYASIS AND DESIGN OF PROPOSED ELEVATED INTZ TYPE WATER TANK AT SBP...ijiert bestjournal
Elevated water tanks are one of the most important lifeline structures in earthquake prone regions. The major cities a nd also in rural areas . The elevated water tank is an integral part of water supply scheme,these structure has large mass concentrated at the top of slender supporting structures are especially vulnerable to horizontal forces due to earthquake. All over t he world,the elevated water tanks were collapsed or heavily damaged during the earthquake because of unsuitable design of supporting system or wrong selection of supporting system underestimated demand or strength. So it is very important to select proper supporting system and also need to study the response of elevated Intz water tank to dynamic forces by both equivalent static or dynamic method and to find out the design parameters for seismic analysis. It is also necessary to consider the sloshing effec t on container roof slab. This sloshing of water considerably different the parametric value used in design and economical in construction. This paper present the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tank for various seismic zones of India fo r various heights and capacity of elevated water tanks for different soil condition on earthquake forces.
Analysis and Design of Intz Water Tank by Using Staad Proijtsrd
The Intze principle is a name given to two engineering principles both named after the hydraulic engineer Otto Intze. In the one case the Intze principle relates to a type of water tower, in the other a type dam. Circular tanks with flat bottom as well as with domical bottom In the flat bottom the thickness and reinforcement is found to be heavy. In the domed bottom though the thickness and reinforcement in the dome is normal, the reinforcement in the ring beam is excessive. Therefore in the cases of large diameter tanks and economical alternative would be to reduce its diameter at its bottom by conical dome. Such a tank is known as Intze tank and is very commonly used. The main advantage of Intze tank is that the inward radial thrust of the conical bottom balances the outward radial thrust of the spherical bottom. Roshan Kumar Pakhale | Dr. Rajeev Singh Parihar | Dr. Abhay Kumar Jha "Analysis & Design of Intz Water Tank by Using Staad Pro" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49569.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49569/analysis-and-design-of-intz-water-tank-by-using-staad-pro/roshan-kumar-pakhale
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
Modeling and Design of Bridge Super Structure and Sub StructureAIT Solutions
Workshop under the Capacity Building Programme of the Southern Road Connectivity Project / Expressway Connectivity Improvement Plan Project, March 2016
Analysis and design of pre engineered building using is 800:2007 and Internat...Pratik R. Atwal
Abstract: In this report, comparison is made between IS800:2007 & International standards. The entire range of preengineered building is studied while doing this comparison. A school building is designed using IS800:2007 & International standards by keeping the loading parameters similar, all the loads are applied accordance with Indian codes. An attempt is made to study the variation in tonnage as per IS800:2007 & International standards & possible reasons for variation in respective results.
Tower design using Dynamic analysis method is now became easier than ever with this simple and effective PDF manual. Starting from modeling, defining till computing results based on Dynamic Analysis you can build the tower of your dream.
Engineering is fun and so does this PDF !
SEISMIC EVALUATION OF MASONRY BUILDING A CASE STUDYIAEME Publication
Most of the construction in Kashmir Valley is still done in brick masonry, our research is intended to check out the earthquake resistance of on-going masonry building construction (mostly
important buildings like schools) and to point out flaws in design and construction that result in poor seismic performance of such structures.
Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Seismic Evaluation of Multi-storeyed Buildings On Plain Ground And Curve Slop...IJSRD
Most of the hilly regions of India are highly seismic. Buildings on hill slopes differ in a way from other buildings. The soft storeies are typical feature in modern constructions specially in seismic areas which has been experience by the previous studies and past earthquakes. Due to verious type of structures on sloped ground structures are comes under irregularity and asymmetricity. Structures on slope leads to seismic cases.The damages to the structures are determined and acceptable safety can be provided. The linear-elastic analysis is not adequate in highly seismic areas. Thus for the design of building in seimic areas and sloped areas inelastic procedure is used. In the present dissertation work, 3D analytical model of eleven storeyed buildings on plain and curved ground have been generated. Models are analyze using ‘‘ETABSâ€Âto get the behavior of structure due to change in column height in ground story due to curved sloped ground. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of infill, concrete shear wall and concrete core wall during earthquake, seismic analysis using both elastic and inelastic method of analyses i.e., linear static (equivalent static method), linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing equivalent static method, response spectrum method. Storey drifts are within the permissible limit given for linear static and linear dynamic method. Again contrary to common practice, the presence of masonry infills, concrete shear and concrete core wall may affect the overall behavior of structure while subjected to earthquake forces.
Seismic Retrofitting of a RC Building by Adding Steel Plate Shear WallsIOSR Journals
This paper deals with the step-by-step retrofitting of buildings by using steel plate shear walls
(SPSWs) with the aid of SAP2000 programme. One type of reinforced concrete building is selected for
evaluation. This building represents the most used forms of residential buildings in the Sudan, in terms of
geometric form, and dimensions. This paper uses the equivalent static method provided in the regulations
proposed by the Egyptian Society for Earthquake Engineering. One typical model was selected from the existing
residual buildings in Khartoum city, as a case study. The proposed methodology that has been used to evaluate
the seismic resistance of chosen building is done through the design of the structural elements of the buildings
before and after adding the seismic forces. The retrofitting of building was done by using steel plate shear walls
with thicknesses of 5mm, 7mm and 10mm. From the results obtained, it was found that the use of two additional
SPSWs with 7 mm thickness placed at the internal frame of the existing system, resulted in a reduction of
bending moments in the columns and beams. The increase of thickness has a clear effect on the bending moment
of the columns, but has little effects on the bending moments of the beams.
EVALUATION OF NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURES IN THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCE...IAEME Publication
Application of performance based engineering concepts in seismic design is achieved only by introducing nonlinear analysis into seismic design methodology. Furthermore, the identification of sources of inelastic energy dissipation and quantification of the energy absorption capacity to reduce the elastic forces for seismic design call for nonlinear analysis. The nonlinear analysis can be done either by Nonlinear Static Procedure (NSP) or by Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP). The NDP requires considerable judgement and experience to perform whereas, the NSP, also called “Pushover Analysis,” uses simplified nonlinear techniques to estimate seismic structural deformations. Performance points and target displacements from the NSP were compared with the maximum roof displacements of NDA for the various ground motions intensities of probabilities of exceedance of 2% in 50 years and 10% in 50 years at Los Angeles and Seattle.
Performance of Flat Slab Structure Using Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
Performance Based Seismic Engineering is the modern approach to earthquake resistant design. It
is a limit-state based design approach extended to cover complex range of issues faced by structural engineers.
Flat slabs are becoming popular and gaining importance as they are economical as compared to beam-column
connections in conventional slab. Many existing flat slabs may not have been designed for seismic forces so it is
important to study their response under seismic conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. In this
paper we have discussed the results obtained by performing push over analysis on flat slabs by using most
common software SAP2000. A (G+7) frame having 5 bays is considered for analysis. It is observed that the
performance point of flat slab is more as compared to conventional building.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DESIGN AND DETAILING OF OFFICE BUILDING BY USING STRAPIAEME Publication
Objective: The main aim in this research is to analyze and de
STRAP. Methods: The design engages with load calculations manual analysis and software
analyzes the whole structure by following the Indian standards and designed based on limit state
approach. Which focuses mainly on stren
STRAP features the state of art user borders, visualization tools, powerful analysis and the design
supports with the advanced FEM and dynamic analysis capability, analysis and the design to the
visualization, Model generation and finally result confirmation, STRAP is the from professional’s
choice. Findings: In an earlier stage of analysis the dead load, live load and the other loads are to
be considered in STRAP. The materials were specified and
may also to find the deflection of the various structural members under that the given loading
combinations. The design of structure is to reliant upon that the minimum requirements as
suggested in IS Codes. The least a
were are covered by the way of using design loads which are to be considered for DL, IL & other
external loads. The structure can required to withstand STRAP was used to analyze and design
work on the structure being calculated the
and structure modeling. As per IS: 456
counteract the defined structural practices.
standard specifications specified in the standard code of practice IS: SP: 34 (Handbook on
concrete reinforcement and detailing). This satisfies all the necessary requirements specified in the
code of practice IS: 456:2000
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
performance evaluation of existing and new structures and is
nonlinear Static procedure where in monotonically increasing
loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable
to resist the further load .During the analysis, whatever the
strength of concrete and steel is adopted for analysis of
structure may not be the same when real structure is
constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
of plastic hinges and in general to procedure followed by the
analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
defined hinges and frame modeled as bare frame and frame
with slab modeled as rigid diaphragm and results compared
with experimental observations. Uncertain parameters
considered includes the strength of concrete, strength of steel
and cover to the reinforcement which are randomly generated
and incorporated into the analysis. The results are then
compared with experimental observations.
Seismic design of multistoreyed rc building using various codeseSAT Journals
the Reinforced Concrete(RC) structure. The necessity of designing the
structure as per codal provision is must for all kind of structure. In this
for study. The Linear static analysis was done using American, European and Indian Codes. The building is modeled and
analysed using ETABS software. All the required parameters for analysis was taken a
storey deflection, storey drift and base shear were compared. The displacement, storey shear and storey displacement obtained
from ACI code design is more when compared with other code’s analysis result.
Comparison of symmetric and asymmetric steel diagrid structures by non linear...eSAT Journals
Abstract Diagonalized grid structures – “diagrids” - have emerged as one of the most innovative and adaptable approaches to structuring buildings in this millennium. Diagrid is a particular form of space truss, it consists of perimeter grid made up of a series of triangulated truss system. Diagrid is formed by intersecting the diagonal and horizontal components. Construction of multi‐storey building is rapidly increasing throughout the world. Advance in construction technology, materials, structural systems, various analysis and design software have facilitated the growth of various kinds of buildings. Diagrid buildings are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally and aesthetically significant assemblies for tall buildings. Recently these diagrid structural systems have been widely used for tall buildings due to the structural efficiency and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. This paper presents a 12 storey steel diagrid structure which is 36m in height. Symmetric and asymmetric structural configurations of diagrid structures were modelled and analyzed using SAP 2000 by considering Dead load, Live load and Seismic Loads (IS 1893-Part-1, 2002). Then FEMA 356 hinges (auto hinges) are assigned to the same structure and Nonlinear Static (Pushover) analysis is carried out by using seismic load as the pushover load case to find out the performance points that is Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention of diagrid elements using static pushover curve. At the same time spectral displacement demand & spectral displacement capacity as well as spectral acceleration demand and spectral acceleration capacity is compared to know the adequacy of the design by using ATC capacity spectrum method. Keywords: Diagrid, Pushover analysis, Spectral displacement demand, Spectral displacement capacity, Spectral acceleration demand, Spectral acceleration capacity
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
Comparative study of Performance of RCC Multi-Storey Building for Koyna and B...IJERA Editor
The recent history of earthquakes have indicated that if the structures are not properly designed and constructed with required quality may cause great damage to structures. This fact has resulted in to ensure safety against earthquake forces of tall structures hence, there is need to determine seismic responses of such building for designing earthquake resistant structures by carrying seismic analysis of structure. In the present work dynamic analysis of G+12 RC multi-storied framed building considering for Koyna and Bhuj earthquake is carried out by response spectrum analysis and time history analysis and responses of such building are comparatively studied with the help of SAP2000 software. Two time histories (i.e. koyna and Bhuj) have been used to develop different acceptable criteria (base shear, storey displacement, storey drift). From the results it is recommended that time history analysis should be performed as it predicts the structural response more accurately than the response spectrum analysis. Pushover Analysis is also performed for the same building and from results it is found that building is seismically safe.
Review paper on seismic responses of multistored rcc building with mass irreg...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From past earthquakes it is proved that many of structure are totally or partially damaged due to earthquake. So, it is necessary to determine seismic responses of such buildings. There are different techniques of seismic analysis of structure. Time history analysis is one of the important techniques for structural seismic analysis generally the evaluated structural response is non-linear in nature. For such type of analysis, a representative earthquake time history is required. In this project work seismic analysis of RCC buildings with mass irregularity at different floor level are carried out. Here for analysis different time histories have been used. This paper highlights the effect of mass irregularity on different floor in RCC buildings with time history and analysis is done by using ETABS software.
Keywords: Seismic Analysis, Time History Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Shear, Story Displacement.
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
EFFECT OF SHEAR WALL AREA ON SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF MULTI STORIED BUILDINGS WITH...Ijripublishers Ijri
The advances in three-dimensional structural analysis and computing resources have allowed the efficient
and safe design of increasingly taller structures. These structures are the consequence of increasing urban
densification and economic viability. The trend towards progressively taller structures has demanded a shift
from the traditional strength based design approach of buildings to a focus on constraining the overall motion
of the structure. Structural engineers have responded to this challenge of lateral control with a myriad
of systems that achieve motion control while adhering to the overall architectural vision.
Reinforced Concrete (RC) wall-frame buildings are widely recommended for urban construction in areas
with high seismic hazard. Presence of structural walls imparts a large stiffness to the lateral-force resisting
system of the building. Proper detailing of walls can also lead to ductile behavior of such structures during
strong earthquake shaking. One of the major parameters influencing the seismic behavior of wall-frame
buildings is the wall-area ratio. Thus shear wall area ratio is set as a key parameter which needs to be investigated
in this analytical study.
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF EXISTING RC BUILDING UNDER REVISED SEISMIC ZONE CLASSIFIC...IAEME Publication
Existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings constructed before two decades typically have the design details which are considered to be highly inadequate under the present revised seismic code of practice. Many of these structures have suffered significant structural damage during recent
earthquakes. Significant research effort has been devoted to the development of behavioral models and modeling techniques to predict the behavior of these buildings. However there are no models that have been shown to predict observed response with a high level of accuracy and precision. In
this paper, a seven storey RC building is considered to investigate the structural seismic response.
structural and modal analysis of an engine block by varying materialsIjripublishers Ijri
The largest part of the engine is cylinder block. The upper section of the cylinder block consists of cylinders and pistons. Crankcase is supported by the crankshaft and it is placed in the lower section. Aluminum cylinder blocks are lighter than the cast-iron cylinder blocks of the same size. Cylinder block, pistons, cylinder head, crankshaft and connecting rods are the major elements of the engine. IC engine cooling uses either a liquid or gas to remove the unnecessary heat from an internal combustion engine. For special purpose and small engines, air cooling makes for a lightweight and relatively simple system, if we use the materials with better waste heat dissipation it will help in achieving better efficiencies and long life of the engine.
http://www.ijriset.com/pdf/mech/VOLUME%203/IJRI-ME-03-033/IJRI-ME-03-033%20STRUCTURAL%20AND%20MODAL%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20AN%20ENGINE%20BLOCK%20BY%20VARYING%20MATERIALS.html#
http://www.ijriset.com/pdf/mech/VOLUME%203/IJRI-ME-03-033/IJRI-ME-03-033%20STRUCTURAL%20AND%20MODAL%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20AN%20ENGINE%20BLOCK%20BY%20VARYING%20MATERIALS.pdf
life prediction analysis of tweel for the replacement of traditional wheelsIjripublishers Ijri
This thesis work is to provide advance level solution for the 4 wheeler wheels to provide unpuncherd and self-shock observed wheels.US defense recently lance honey comb tweels for the military vehicles, this project motto is to evaluate different types of tweels (shaped rims and tyres) to provide best shape and geometry for the tweels for two wheelers. Data collection will be done and literature survey will be done on wheels constriction, wheel materials to understand methodology for new research. Different tweel models will be prepared with the variation in tweel geometry then export into Ansys to conduct analysis work. Fatigue analysis will be done to evaluate total life for different tweels with variation of materials to suggest optimum shape for wheel.
simulation and analysis of 4 stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel e...Ijripublishers Ijri
A zero dimensional model has been used as a model to investigate the combustion performance of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled by high speed diesel. The numerical simulation was performed at different speeds and compression ratios. The pressure, temperature diagrams vs crank angle are plotted. The simulation model includes sub models for various frictional pressure losses, fuel inflow rate with crank angle.
A solution procedure is developed for solving the available equations using numerical methods. An appropriate C++ code is written for brake power, friction power, indicated power, brake thermal efficiency are simulated. Experiment was conducted on available four stroke diesel engine and the model is validated.
KEYWORDS: Simulation model, combustion performance, zero dimensional model, numerical simulation, indicated power, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, friction power.
investigation on thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine app...Ijripublishers Ijri
he present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties.
Ijricit 01-008 confidentiality strategy deduction of user-uploaded pictures o...Ijripublishers Ijri
With the growing quantity of pictures users distribute from node to node social networks, retaining confidentiality has turn out to be a foremost predicament, as declared by a latest wave of made known occurrences wherever users unintentionally shared individual profile. In radiance of these occurrences made necessitate of tools to assist users organize access to their distributed data is evident. In the direction of speak to this requirement, we suggest an Adaptive Privacy Policy forecast (A3P) scheme to facilitate users compile confidentiality settings for their pictures. We observe the responsibility of communal context, picture content, and metadata as possible sign of users’ confidentiality preference. We recommend a two-level structure which according to the user’s obtainable times past on the site, establishs the most excellent obtainable confidentiality policy for the user’s pictures being uploaded. Our solution relies on an image classification framework for image categories which may be associated with similar policies, and on a policy prediction algorithm to automatically generate a policy for each newly uploaded image, also according to users’ social features. Over time, the generated policies will follow the evolution of users’ privacy attitude. We provide the results of our extensive evaluation over 5,000 policies, which demonstrate the effectiveness of our system, with prediction accuracies over 90 percent.
public truthfulness assessment for shared active cloud data storage with grou...Ijripublishers Ijri
The arrival of the cloud computing constructs cloud storage outsourcing turns out to be a mounting drift, which encourages the protected isolated data inspection an burning subject that materialize in the investigation writing. Newly a quantity of investigation regard as the trouble of protected and proficient public data truthfulness inspection for shared active data. Though, these methods are still not protected against the consent of cloud storage space server and invalidated group users through user invalidation in realistic cloud storage space method. Thus here in this paper, we Identify the conspiracy assault in the obtainable method and offer an well-organized public truthfulness inspection method with protected group user invalidation based on vector assurance and verifier-local invalidation group signature. We propose a tangible plan based on the our method explanation. Our method chains the public examination and well-organized user revocation and also some nice properties, such as confidently, efficiency, countability and traceability of secure group user invalidation. Finally, the security and experimental analysis show that,compared with its appropriate methods our scheme is also safe and well-organized.
Ijricit 01-006 a secluded approval on clould storage proceedingsIjripublishers Ijri
In available practically proven Data clustering practices for eradicating same copies of replicated data, Data de-replication is one of significant mechanisms, and has been extensively practiced in cloud storage to diminish the quantity of storage space and accumulate bandwidth. To guard the privacy of responsive data though sustaining de-replication, the convergent encryption technique has been anticipated to encrypt the data before redirecting. For an improvised shielding of data safety, this paper formulates the primary effort to formally speak to the problem of approved data de-replication. Diverse from conventional de-replication systems, the discrepancy privileges of users are auxiliary considered in replica verification besides the data itself. In this we introduce several novel de-replication structural methods in sustaining approved replica test in hybrid cloud architecture. Safety examination demonstrates that our system is protected in terms of the description particular in the anticipated security model. As an evidence of perception, we execute a model of our anticipated approved replica check method and perform test-bed research using our model. We demonstrate that our anticipated approved replica check method acquire minimal overhead evaluated to standard procedures.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
Ijri ece-01-02 image enhancement aided denoising using dual tree complex wave...Ijripublishers Ijri
This paper presents a novel way to reduce noise introduced or exacerbated by image enhancement methods, in particular algorithms based on the random spray sampling technique, but not only. According to the nature of sprays, output images of spray-based methods tend to exhibit noise with unknown statistical distribution. To avoid inappropriate assumptions on the statistical characteristics of noise, a different one is made. In fact, the non-enhanced image is considered to be either free of noise or affected by non-perceivable levels of noise. Taking advantage of the higher sensitivity of the human visual system to changes in brightness, the analysis can be limited to the luma channel of both the non-enhanced and enhanced image. Also, given the importance of directional content in human vision, the analysis is performed through the dual-tree complex wavelet transform , lanczos interpolator and edge preserving smoothing filters. Unlike the discrete wavelet transform, the DTWCT allows for distinction of data directionality in the transform space. For each level of the transform, the standard deviation of the non-enhanced image coefficients is computed across the six orientations of the DTWCT, then it is normalized.
Keywords: dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTWCT), lanczos interpolator, edge preserving smoothing filters.
Ijri ece-01-01 joint data hiding and compression based on saliency and smvqIjripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
Ijri te-03-011 performance testing of vortex tubes with variable parametersIjripublishers Ijri
Conventional refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration systems which are costly; noisy, harmful gases released from a machine based on application of this type of system and it is required more maintenance. So, we need to go for unconventional refrigeration systems like vortex tube refrigeration system, which produce less vibrations and which require less maintenance and which are noiseless. It is required for our mechanical engineers to look for enhancing the performance of such vortex tubes. So as a part of my project work, I have chosen various sizes of vortex tubes and test their performances for finding out optimum performance. We will be testing the performance of vortex tubes with different ‘l/d’ ratios and different cold fractions, with different pressures and different nozzle sizes.
a prediction of thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine appl...Ijripublishers Ijri
The present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties
Ijri te-03-013 modeling and thermal analysis of air-conditioner evaporatorIjripublishers Ijri
Air conditioning evaporator works by absorb heat from the area (medium) that need to be cooled. It does that by maintaining the evaporator coil at low temperature and pressure than the surrounding air. Since, the AC evaporator coil contains refrigerant that absorbs heat from the surrounding air, the refrigerant temperature must be lower than the air.
In our project we have modeling an air-cooled evaporator for a home 1.5ton air conditioner. Presently the material used for coils is copper and the material used for fins is copper or aluminum. A 3D model of the evaporator is done in parametric software Pro/Engineer.
To validate the temperatures and other thermal quantities like flux and gradient, thermal analysis is done on the evaporator coil by applying properties copper and suitable material like aluminum. And also we are varying inside cooling fluid Hydrocarbon (HC) and Hydro chloroflouro carbon (HCFC).The best material for the evaporator of our design can be checked by comparing the results.
Thermal analysis is done in ANSYS.
Ijri te-03-012 design and optimization of water cool condenser for central ai...Ijripublishers Ijri
Water-cooled chiller systems have typically been designed around entering condenser water temperatures of 85°F with a Optimization of Water - Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations The warm water leaving the chilled water coils is pumped to the evaporator of the chiller, where the unwanted heat from the building is transferred by the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant. The compressor of the chiller then compresses the refrigerant to a higher pressure, adding the heat of compression in the process. The high pressure refrigerant then moves to the economical condenser water flow of 3.0 USGPM/ton and a 10°F denser, where the unwanted heat is rerange. In recent years, there has been considerable debate on the merits of designing around lower condenser water flow rates with a higher range in order to improve system lifecycle costs. However, two other parameters must also be considered in any analysis - approach and design wet bulb. The question to be answered is: What nominal condenser water flow rate and approach is best from a first cost standpoint as well as from a full load energy standpoint at any given wet bulb.
Ijri me-02-031 predictive analysis of gate and runner system for plastic inje...Ijripublishers Ijri
The aim of the project work is to specify optimum design of runner and gate systems to enhance the production rate for plastic part manufacturing. Literature survey will be done on runner and gate system to understand simulation or analysis approach. Data collection will be done to brief about runner and gate system importance, design method and variations. Plastic flow analysis will be done on digital prototype of a specimen by various runner and gate profiles and also done by changing materials. The optimum profiles for the runner and gate system will be suggested by comparing flow results with specific materials and profiles.
The dispersed mobile-health concern in cloud computing significantly make easy protected and well-organized patient
treatment for medical discussion by distributional individual health data amongst the health concern contributors. This
scheme should fetch about the confront of maintening both the data privacy and patient’s individuality confidentiality
concurrently. Many conventional access control and unidentified verification methods cannot be directly exploited. To
resolve the trouble proposed a district approved accessible confidential model (AACM) is recognized. Patients can give
permission to physicians by setting an permission tree sustaining bendable threshold predicates. Then related to that,
by formulating a novel procedure of attribute based nominated authenticator signature, a patient self-driven multi-stage
confidentiality safeguard supportive verification scheme (PSCSV) understanding three levels of protection and confidentiality
necessity in distributed mobile-health concern cloud computing system is anticipated. The directly approved
physicians, the obliquely approved physicians and the illegitimate persons in medical consultation can correspondingly
decode the personal health data and/or authenticate patient individualities by gratifying the admittance tree with their
own attribute sets.
Ijricit 01-004 progressive and translucent user individualityIjripublishers Ijri
password, unambiguous logouts and procedures of user session expiration using typical timeouts. upcoming biometric
mechanism permit alternates user-id and password with biometric information throughout session administration,
however that mechanism still a single authentication is considered adequate, and the individuality of a end-user is
deemed unchallengeable throughout the whole session. In Addition, the duration of the session time-out may effect on
the utilizability of the service and consequential consumer approval. In this paper we deals with guaranteed substitutes
obtainable by considering biometrics in the administration of sessions.
Thus we propose protected protocol is emphasized for continuous verification through perpetual user authentication.
This protocol emphasizes about adaptive timeouts in terms of the excellency, occurrence and type of biometric data
transparently obtained from the end-user. Illustration of operational behavior of the protocol is done through Matlab
simulations by base paper author, whereas model-based quantitative investigation is been carried out to review the
capability of the protocol to distinct security attack practiced by diverse kinds of attackers. In conclusion, the contemporary
prototype for PCs and Android smartphones is discussed.
Ijricit 01-002 enhanced replica detection in short time for large data setsIjripublishers Ijri
Similarity check of real world entities is a necessary factor in these days which is named as Data Replica Detection.
Time is an critical factor today in tracking Data Replica Detection for large data sets, without having impact over quality
of Dataset. In this we primarily introduce two Data Replica Detection algorithms , where in these contribute enhanced
procedural standards in finding Data Replication at limited execution periods.This contribute better improvised state
of time than conventional techniques . We propose two Data Replica Detection algorithms namely progressive sorted
neighborhood method (PSNM), which performs best on small and almost clean datasets, and progressive blocking (PB),
which performs best on large and very grimy datasets. Both enhance the efficiency of duplicate detection even on very
large datasets.
Ijricit 01-001 pipt - path backscatter mechanism for unveiling real location ...Ijripublishers Ijri
There is a necessity to think over IP traceback technique that help us to track or predict IP address details of malicious
attackers and reveal their actual locations. In spite of lot of research over IP traceback solutions, still there is a necessity
to find an optimal solution that could be implemented at the level of Internet. Real identity of spoofers couldn’t be
revealed by conventional techniques used until today. Through this paper we emphasize primarily on traceback of passive
IP (PIPT) that avoid the procedural risks involved in implementing IP traceback solutions. Path Backscatter (Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMP) error messages) is probed by PIPT. Spoofing traffic fires these Backscatter, in order to
find the details of spoofer’s topological physical identity and bypasses procedural risks.
Impacts of normal mode and complication mode over Router topological structure are visualized. Nodal info tracker
over parameter i.e Bandwidth, digital sign, source IP, Dest IP and attack status on three network parameters. Spoofing
has been performed on IP addresses, packet data and bandwidth .These three parameter i.e IP addresses, packet data,
bandwidth status and topological nature are been demonstrated through technical stimulation. From the study made
we are able to assure optimized technique of traceback system through PIPT, in order to face the challenges of deployment
at internet level.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSIS
1. 44
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING
STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSIS
P.Swetha1
, K. Mythili2
, G.Venkat Ratnam3
1 Research Scholar, Department Of Civil Engineering, Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy, Hyderabad, India
2 Associate Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy, Hyderabad, India
3 Associate Professor,Department Of Civil Engineering, Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy, Hyderabad, India
*Corresponding Author:
P.swetha,
Research Scholar, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India
Published: october 28, 2014
Review Type: peer reviewed
Volume: I, Issue :II
Citation:P.Swetha,(2014)DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF
MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LIN-
EAR ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Earthquakes in general occur due to intense tec-
tonic activity of earth . In recent times there is a
marked increase in the frequency of occurrence of
earthquakes all over the world .the intensity and lo-
cation of the earthquake is unpredictable even as
on date . structures designed to withstand gravity
loads alone cannot be expected to resist the dam-
ages caused due to seismic effects . structures de-
signed for gravity loads are normally well below the
elastic limiting stage and lie within the service loads
. it is neither practical nor economically viable to de-
sign structures to remain within elastic limits dur-
ing earthquakes . the design approach adopted in
the Indian code IS 1893(Part1): 2002 Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures is to en-
sure that structures possess at least a minimum
strength to withstand minor earthquakes which oc-
cur frequently , without damage ; resist moderate
earthquakes without significant structural damage
through some non-structural damage may occur ;
and aims that structures withstand major earth-
quakes without collapse .
India has experienced many large earthquakes in
the last two decades resulting in heavy loss of life
and property . In fact , more than 50% area in the
country is considered vulnerable to earthquake dis-
asters .Hence there is an urgent need for seismic
evaluation and retrofitting of deficient buildings.
The retrofitting is more so desirable as most of the
majestic structures are designed to resist gravity
loads alone .
A systematic procedure is to be followed while as-
sessing the vulnerability of existing buildings . De-
tailed survey of the buildings under the interest is
to be undertaken. The basic information collected
in the survey should include review of the build-
ing configuration , soil profile and the period of
construction . This is done with the help of quick
checks and evaluation statements .
Abstract
The main objective of the research work presented in this thesis is to provide a systematic procedure to as-
sess the behavior of a structure symmetrical and unsymmetrical
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displace-
ment and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
The present structure is studied using the evaluation procedures provided in ATC-40 and FEMA-356 docu-
ments and IS 1893:2002.
From the above studies it has been observed that nonlinear pushover analysis provides a good estimate of
in elastic deformation demands and also reveals weakness that may remain hidden in an elastic analysis.
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
1401-1402
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
However , a detailed evaluation is necessary in or-
der to identify the deficiencies associated with the
structural components with regard to the expected
behavior of the building. The code compliance of the
building can be ascertained only when the available
member capacities are compared with the respec-
tive demands due to the earthquake .the demand
in structural members are determined for the seis-
mic forces estimated as per IS 1893-2002 through
linear static analysis . The member capacities are
determined using the procedures prescribed in IS
456-2000 .The deficient members are identified and
the Demand to Capacity Ratio(DCR) exceeds unity
indicating the need for retrofitting in order to estab-
lish compliance with prevailing codes.
NEED FOR THE INVESTIGATION
Low to medium height reinforced concrete frame
buildings with masonry infill are common in ur-
ban India . All these buildings in general designed
to resist gravity loads and hence can’t be expected
to resist the latest seismic provisions . Earthquake
causes shaking of the ground in unspecified direc-
tions . The horizontal shaking along X and Y direc-
tions remain a matter of concern . Structures de-
signed for gravity loads , in general may not be able
to safely sustain the effects of horizontal shaking
due to earthquakes . Hence it is necessary to en-
sure the strength of the structure against horizontal
earthquake effects
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The primary objective of this work is to study the
seismic response of RC framed building. The ef-
fect of earthquake force on building in a symmetric
and un symmetric building under maximum earth
quake zone ,with the help of push over analysis has
been investigated.
In the present study the main objective is the
investigate the impact of steel bracings in improving
the seismic capacity of RC buildings.
The main objective of undertaking the present study
are as follows :
1)To analyze a RC framed building both symmetric
and un symmetric using pushover analysis proce-
dure , with ETABS v 9.7 for ascertaining the seis-
mic load carrying .
2)To compute the seismic response of building in
terms of base shear , spectral acceleration, spectral
displacement and roof displacements.
3)To study the effect of the steel bracings as a meth-
od of retrofitting .
4)The increasing in base shear .
5)The reduction in amplitude of maximum displace-
ments.
The study is propose to made with ETABS package
on a symmetric and non-symmetric RCC buildings
of five story height , the introduction of steel brac-
ings may be consider as one method of retrofitting.
In the conventional retrofitting technologies adopt-
ed to strength the RCC buildings to begin with the
pushover analysis is carried out on RCC buildings
there after depending on the deficiencies, the retro-
fitting technologies are adopted in the present study
the capacity of the building is increased by the use
of steel braces provided to connect the columns
and beams at the beam columns junction below the
roof. a study is made to access the additional shear
capacity of the building as well as the additional
stiffness for both buildings with both symmetric
and un symmetric plans
SUMMARY
In this chapter, the importance of earthquake and
the post disaster effects of it and some light has been
thrown on the earthquake design philosophy to be
adopted in the construction and the various impor-
tant seismic codes of India. The scope and objective
is also been discussed. Based on the objective of the
present study, research papers were collected and
studied thoroughly. The review of research papers
is discussed in the next chapter named as literature
review.
TERMINOLOGY
The following are the definitions which are most
commonly used in pushover analysis
Performance Point
It is the point where the capacity spectrum inter-
sects the appropriate demand spectrum (capacity
equals demand ). To have desired performance ,
every structure has to be designed for this level of
forces
Representing capacity spectrum , demand spec-
trum , performance point
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Building Performance Levels
Building performance is a combination of the per-
formance of both structures and non-structural
components . Different buildings performance level,
used to described the performance of building in
pushover analysis are described below
Operational Level (OL):
Building meeting this performances level are ex-
pected to sustain no permanent drift and the struc-
ture substantially retains original strengths and
stiffness .major cracking of facades, partition and
ceilings as well as structural elements are seen . All
the system important to normal operation are func-
tional . Non-structural components are expected to
sustain negligible damage .
Immediate Occupancy Level (IO) :
Building meeting this performances level are ex-
pected to sustain no permanent drift and the struc-
ture substantially retains original strengths and
stiffness . Minor cracking of facades , partition and
ceilings as well as structure elements are seen . El-
evators can be restarted . Fire protection is operable
. Non- structural components such as equipments
and contents stays generally secure , But may not
be operative due to mechanical failure or lack of
utilities.
Life Safety Level (LS):
This level is indicated when some residual strength
and stiffness is left in all stories .Gravity load bear-
ing elements function, no out-of-plane failure of
walls or tripping of parapets occurs . There may
some permanent drift , damage to partitions and
the building may be beyond economical repair .
Among the non-structural components falling haz-
ards mitigated but many architectural , mechanical
and electrical system get damaged
Collapse Prevention Level (CP):
Building meeting this performance level are ex-
cepted to have little residual stiffness and strength
,but load bearing columns and walls function . The
building is expected to sustain large permanent
drifts , some exit blocked , infill and un-braced
parapet failure .Extensive damage to occur to non-
structural component . At this level of performance
, the building remains near collapse state
Building Performance Level’s
A typical force deformation curve
GENERAL
The existing buildings can become seismically de-
ficient since seismic design code requirements are
commonly upgraded and advancement in engineer-
ing knowledge . Future , Indian buildings built over
past two decades are seismically deficient because
of lack of awareness regarding seismic behavior of
structure , The widespread damage especially to
RC buildings during earthquakes exposed the con-
struction practices being adopted around the world
, and generated a great demand for seismic evalu-
ation and retrofitting of existing building stocks
Thus , it leads to the necessary of non-linear static
pushover analysis .
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popu-
lar tool for seismic performance evaluation of ex-
isting and new structures . The expectation is that
the push over analysis will provide adequate system
and its components
The purpose of the study is to summarize the ba-
sic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be
based , assess the accuracy of the pushover predic-
tions, identify conditions under which the pushover
will provide adequate information and perhaps more
importantly , identify causes in which the pushover
predictions will be inadequate or even misleading
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
PRESENT STUDY
INTRODUCTION
In the present study a rectangular building of G+4
stored symmetrical building and unsymmetrical
building with same height are considered, push
over analysis of the buildings is taken up with and
without steel bracings using the package ETABS.
Description And Plan For Symmetrical Building
In the present work, a G+4 storied reinforced con-
crete frame building situated in maximum earth
quack Zone V, is taken for the purpose of study. The
plan area of building is 1200x900mm with 300mm
as height of each typical story. It consists of 4 bays
in X-direction and 4 bays in Y-direction. The total
height of the building is 1500mm. The building is
considered as a Special Moment resisting frame.
The plan of building is shown in while the isometric
view of the buildings Structure with brace and with-
out braces
symmetrical building plan and section in ETABS V
9.7
As the structure is regular and relatively simple the
identification of the differences in results can be
known in easy and can be discuss in depth.
The Structure without braces and Structure with
braces are having same frame properties i.e., same
beam and column properties the only thing that dif-
fer is that the Structure is acquainted with braces
on the top of the slab connected to beams and col-
umns.
Description And Plan For Unsymmetrical Build-
ing
In this present work a G+4 stored rein forced con-
crete frame building situated in maximum earth
quake Zone V, is taken for the purpose of study .
The plan area of building is 1600x1800 mm with
300mm as height of each typical storey. It consists
of 5 bays in X-direction and 7 bays in Y-direction.
The total height of the building is 1500mm. The
building is considered as un symmetrical in plan
as a Special Moment resisting frame. The plan of
building is shown in while the isometric view of the
buildings Structure with brace and with out braces
UN symmetrical building plan and section in ETABS
V9.7
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF THE BUILDING
storey G+4
Slab thickness 125mm
Beam dimensions 230 mm x 450 mm
Column dimensions 230mm x 450 mm
Exterior wall 230 mm
Interior wall 150 mm
Structural dimensions of building
General Data Collection
The building is a G+4 storey building located in
zone V. Tables 5.2, Table 5.3, Table 5.4 present a
summary of the building parameters .The details of
the building are given below.
Variable Type Reference
Type of soil Medium soil IS 1893:2002
Type of founda-
tion
Isolated footing ----
Seismic zone V IS 1893:2002
Geo technical and Geo logical data
Introduction To Load Patterns
Nonlinear static analysis, or pushover analysis,
could be performed directly by a computer program
which can model nonlinear behaviour of lateral load
resisting members of a structure. However, the com-
putational scheme and the assumptions involved in
modelling nonlinear member behaviour could be dif-
ferent that there may be variations in the pushover
results obtained from different software. Therefore,
the underlying principles of any software utilized for
pushover analysis should be well understood to in-
terpret the results of pushover analysis.
5. 48
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Pushover Analysis Using Etabs V9.7:
The following steps are included in the pushover
analysis. Steps 1 to 4 are to create the computer
model, step 5 runs the analysis, and steps 6 to 10
review the pushover analysis results.
Geometry of symmetric structure
Reinforcement area in the beams and columns ana-
lysed by linear response spectrum
Create the basic computer model (without the
pushover data) as shown in fig 5.6 . The graphical
interface of ETABS v9.7makes this quick and easy
task. Assigned sectional properties & applies all the
gravity loads (i.e. Dead load and Live load) on the
structure respectively.
• In order to know the reinforcement area in the
Beam and Columns the Response Spectra linear
Analysis was done for the zone II with Soil Type-2
and the Building was designed as per IS 456
• Define properties and acceptance criteria for the
pushover hinges. The program includes several
built-in default hinge properties that are based on
average values from ATC-40(3) for concrete members
and average values from FEMA-356(2) for concrete
members. In this analysis, M3 hinges have been de-
fined at both the column ends and M3 hinges have
been defined at both the ends of all the beams.
• Locate the pushover hinges on the model by se-
lecting all the frame members and assigning them
one or more hinge properties and hinge locations as
shown in Fig. 5.9
Frame Hinge Properties Data
Define hinges
Define the pushover load cases, Fig. 5.10, Fig. 5.11
and Fig. 5.12. In ETABS v9.7 more than one pusho-
ver load case can be run in the same analysis. Also
a pushover load case can start from the final condi-
tions of another pushover load case that was previ-
ously run in the same analysis. Typically the first
pushover load case was used to apply gravity load
and then subsequent lateral pushover load cases
were specified to start from the final conditions of
the gravity pushover. Pushover load cases can be
force controlled, that is, pushed to a certain defined
force level, or they can be displacement controlled,
that is, pushed to a specified displacement. Typical-
ly a gravity load pushover is force controlled and lat-
eral pushovers are displacement controlled. In this
case a Gravity load combination of 1.5DL+1.5LL has
been used. This combination has been defined as
GRAV. The lateral loads, have been applied by giv-
ing the displacement to the model to be analysed to
a case called PUSH.
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Static load case
Run analysis windows for the practical building
Pushover curve for the symmetric structure
steel bracings
Pushover curve for the symmetric structure with
steel bracings
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Pushover curve for the un symmetric structure
with steel bracings
Capacity spectrum for symmetrical structure
Capacity spectrum for un symmetrical structure
Capacity spectrum for symmetrical structure with
steel bracings
Capacity spectrum for un symmetrical structure
with steel bracings
• The pushover displaced shape and sequence of
hinge information on a step-by-step basis was ob-
tained and is shown in the Fig. 6.1 to 6.4 for the
Structure without steel bracings and in the Fig. 6.5
to 6.8 for the Structure with steel bracings. Output
for the pushover analysis can be printed in a tabu-
lar form for the entire model or for selected elements
of the model. The types of output available in this
form include joint displacements at each step of the
pushover, frame member forces at each step of the
pushover, and hinge force, displacement and state
at each step of the pushover.
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
SUMMARY
This chapter completely takes care of the case study
of a Structure under consideration and the various
building data surveys done to gather the informa-
tion for modeling of the structure, after carrying
out the pushover analysis , the pushover curves
for both the buildings with and without steel brac-
ings are obtained, based on the performance points
obtained the significant contribution by the use of
steel bracings is noted and found a great achieve-
ment to the field of retrofitting And also illustrates
the step by step procedure followed for the static
non-linear analysis.
DISCUSSION ON RESULTS
GENERAL
The structures has been modelled and the Pushover
analysis of the structures has been carried out ac-
cordingly with the ETABS v9.7
DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF PUSHOVER ANAL-
YSIS FOR THE SYMMETRICAL STRUCTURE
WITHOUT STEEL BRACINGS AND WITH STEEL
BRACINGS
Observations under Pushover Curve
The Structures has been given in a Pushover curve
for the Structures was graphically generated for
both the symmetric and un symmetric Building i.e.
Structure without steel bracings and Structure With
steel bracings as shown in the Fig. 5.14 and Fig.
5.16 respectively, It has been observe from the Fig.
5.14 and Fig. 5.15 that the base shear was mono-
lithically increasing with the Displacement. And for
the Drift the Maximum Base Shear was observed to
be 796.22 kN and 1560.99 kN respectively.
Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 show the step by
step details for the change in base shear, and the
number of elements falling in different performance
levels like immediate occupancy, life safety and col-
lapse prevention as the roof Displacement changes.
It has been clearly observed from the Table 6.1 for
the symmetric Structure without steel bracings
that the hinges were in the elastic region (i.e. A to
B) up to a displacement of 19.31mm and further
increase in the displacement leads to formation of
56 hinge with this the structure enters into non-
linear stage (i.e. B to IO). The structure remains in
this “Immediate Occupancy” performance level till
the displacement reached 44.3 mm with the Base
shear of 642.7kN at this stage it was observed that
there were around 70 element hinges in this Perfor-
mance Level and further increase in the displace-
ment increases the number of hinge formation in
other Performance Levels. the structure enter the
performance level of “Life Safety” With the formation
of 10 hinges at the displacement of about 73.66 mm
and the building remained in this Life safety’ Per-
formance Level for the entire Drift. It was observed
that the number of element hinges in the ‘life safety’
Performance Level started with the formation of two
Hinges with the Displacement of 106.18 mm and re-
mained in the ‘life safety’ Performance Level for the
entire drift with 400 element hinges in it having the
Displacement and Base shear as 77.622 mm and
796.22 kN respectively.
pushover table for symmetrical structure without
steel bracings
It has been clearly observed from the Table 6.2 that
the for the symmetric Structure with Steel bracings
it started with the Immediate Occupancy stage (i.e.
B to IO) with the formation of 20 element hinges
in this Performance Level.The structure remains
in this “Immediate Occupancy” performance level
till the displacement reached 26.377 mm with the
Base shear of 707.054 kN at this stage it was ob-
served that there were around 280 element hinges
in this Performance Level and further increase in
the displacement makes the structure enters other
Performance Level’s. the structure enter the per-
formance level of “Life Safety” With the formation
of 108 hinges at the displacement of about 80.512
mm and the building remained in this Life safety’
Performance Level for the entire Drift. It was ob-
served that the number of element hinges in the ‘life
safety’ Performance Level started with the formation
of 2 Hinges with the Displacement of 111.372 mm
and remained in the ‘life safety’ Performance Level
for the entire drift with 40 element hinges in it hav-
ing the Displacement and Base shear as 53.316 mm
and 2496.04 kN respectively.
Pushover Curve table for the symmetric structure
with steel bracings
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Observations under Capacity spectrum curve
The Fig. 5.18 and Fig. 5.20 shows the capacity
spectrum curve for a drift, obtained the intersection
of pushover curve with response spectrum curve.
Firstly both these curves are converted in terms of
spectral acceleration and spectral displacement i.e.
in the ADRS format, and then they are superim-
posed to give the performance point of the structure.
The green colour curve seen in the Fig. 5.18 and
Fig. 5.20 is the pushover curve for the symmetric
Structure without steel bracings and the symmetric
Structure with steel bracings respectively and the
curve in yellow color is the response spectrum curve
in terms of spectral acceleration and spectral dis-
placement.
At the performance point for the symmetric Struc-
ture without steel bracings the base shear is 796.22
KN at a displacement of 77.622 mm, we can observe
that the hinges are still in the state of “Immediate
Occupancy” Performance level. Hence, the struc-
ture is still safe at this performance point for design
based earthquake for the Zone V. Table 6.3 shows
the demand, capacity details in terms of single de-
mand spectrum ADRS (variable Damping) and ca-
pacity spectrum at various steps during the pusho-
ver analysis for Drift. The effective time period at
the performance point is 0.978 sec and the effective
Damping was 0.185 which can be seen between the
steps 2nd and 3rd (refer Fig. 5.18 and Table 6.3).
Capacity Spectrum Curve table for the symmetric
Structure without steel bracings
At the performance point for the symmetric Struc-
ture with steel bracings the base shear is 1560.99
kN at a displacement of 70.237mm, which was ob-
tained between steps 1st and 2nd (refer Table 6.4),
we can observe that the hinges are still in the state of
“Immediate Occupancy” Performance level. Hence,
the structure is still safe at this performance point
for design based earthquake for the Zone V. Table
6.4 shows the demand, capacity details in terms of
single demand spectrum ADRS (variable Damping)
and capacity spectrum at various steps during the
pushover analysis for Drift. The effective time period
at the performance point is 0.639 and the effective
Damping was0.077. which can be seen between the
steps 2nd and 3rd (refer Fig. 5.20 and Table 6.4).
DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF PUSHOVER ANAL-
YSIS . FOR THE UN SYMMETRIC STRUCTURE
WITHOUT STEEL BRACINGS AND THE UN SYM-
METRIC STRUCTURE WITH STEEL BRACINGS
Observations under Pushover curve
The Modelled un symmetrical Structures has been
given a initial Drift . The Pushover curve for the un
symmetrical Structures was graphically generated
for both the Building i.e. un symmetrical Structure
without steel bracings and Structure With steel
bracings as shown in the Fig. 5.15 and Fig5.17
respectively. It has been observe from the Fig5.15
and Fig. 5.17 that the base shear was monolithi-
cally increasing with the Displacement. And for the
.Drift the Maximum Base Shear was observed to be
1561.499 kN and2496.045 kN respectively.
Table 6.5 and Table 6.6 show the step by step de-
tails for the change in base shear, and the number
of elements falling in different performance levels
like immediate occupancy, life safety and collapse
prevention as the roof Displacement changes.
When the un symmetrical Structure without steel
bracings was given a Drift the further Deformation
Performance of the Building was graphically repre-
sented in the Fig. 5.15. It has been clearly observed
from the Table 6.5 that from the Step 7th the build-
ing enter in the ‘Collapse Prevention’ Performance
Level (i.e. from LS to CP) with the formation of 114
element hinges in it with the Base shear and Dis-
placement as 710.770 kN and 19.50mm respec-
tively and further increase in the Displacement at
about 44.04mm the building entered in the ‘Resid-
ual Strength zone’ with the Base Shear as 1288.160
kN and there are 31 element hinges in this Resid-
ual strength zone. It has been observed that the
Base shear has increased down from 1288.16kN to
1515.75KN in the Total Failure Zone and the no of
element hinges in this zone are 13 with Displace-
ment of about 99.34mm this was observed. The
Building was Totally Elapsed at the Displacement
of about 99.34mm so there is no need for assessing
the . Drift of the building.
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Pushover curve table for un symmetrical structure
without steel bracings
When the un symmetrical Structure with steel
bracings was given a Drift the further Deformation
Performance of the Building was graphically repre-
sented in the Fig. 5.17. It has been clearly observed
from the Table 6.6 that the building enter in the
‘Collapse Prevention’ Performance Level (i.e. from LS
to CP) with the formation of 31 element hinges in it
with the Base shear and Displacement as 1288.162
kN and 44.04mm respectively and further increase
in the Displacement at about 71.77mm the build-
ing entered in the ‘Residual Strength zone’ with the
Base Shear as 1542.697 kN and there are 27 ele-
ment hinges in this Residual strength zone .At .the
building has entered the ‘Total Failure Zone’ with
Base shear, Displacement and number of element
hinges as 16207.036kN, 99.34mm and 4 respec-
tively. It has been observed that the Base shear has
increased from 1561.499kN to 2496.045kN .and no
of element hinges in this zone are with Displace-
ment of about 77.919mm. The Building was Total-
ly Elapsed at the Displacement is decreased from
77.919 to 53.316.
Pushover Curve table for the un symmetrical Struc-
ture with steel bracings
Observations under Capacity spectrum curve
The Fig. 5.19 and Fig. 5.21 shows the capacity spec-
trum curve, obtained the intersection of pushover
curve with response spectrum curve.
At the performance point for the un symmetric
Structure without steel bracings the base shear is
1245.475 kN at a displacement of 26 mm, which
was obtained between steps 1st and 2nd (refer Ta-
ble 6.7), we can observe that the hinges are still in
the state of “Immediate Occupancy” Performance
level. Hence, the structure is still safe at this per-
formance point for design based earthquake for
the Zone V Table 6.7 shows the demand, capacity
details in terms of single demand spectrum ADRS
(variable Damping) and capacity spectrum at vari-
ous steps during the pushover analysis. The effec-
tive time period at the performance point is 1.030sec
and the effective Damping was 0.201 which can be
seen between the steps 1st and 2nd (refer Fig 5.19
and Table 6.7).
Capacity Spectrum Curve table for the un symmet-
ric Structure without steel bracings.
At the performance point for the un symmetric Struc-
ture with steel bracings the base shear is 2496.045
kN at a displacement of 53.316 mm, which was ob-
tained between steps 1st and 2nd (refer Table 6.8),
we can observe that the hinges are still in the state of
“Immediate Occupancy” Performance level. Hence,
the structure is still safe at this performance point
for design based earthquake for the Zone V. Table
6.8 shows the demand, capacity details in terms of
single demand spectrum ADRS (variable Damping)
and capacity spectrum at various steps during the
pushover analysis. The effective time period at the
performance point is 0.599 and the effective Damp-
ing was 0.077 which can be seen between the steps
2th and 3th (refer Fig. 5.21 Table 6.8).
Capacity Spectrum Curve table for the un symmet-
ric Structure with steel bracings
HINGE PATTERNS FOR SYMMETRIC STRUCTURE
WITHOUT STEEL BRACINGS AND UN SYMMETRIC
STRUCTURE WITH STEEL BRACINGS
Fig. 6.1 to 6.4represent the sequence of formation
of hinges from the initial stage i.e. from the elastic
stage to the total collapse stage for the symmetric
Structure without Steel bracings and the symmetric
Structure with steel bracings respectively. These are
color coded and are represented by respective color
at different pushover steps. These hinges are essen-
tial to closely study the behavior of the structure.
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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
hing pattern for symmetrical without steel bracings
hing pattern for symmetrical with steel bracings
hing pattern for un symmetrical without steel brac-
ings
hingpattern for un symmetrical with steel bracings
Performance of different structures under the
zones V
The Capacity Spectrum Curves for The symmetric
Structure without Steel bracings under maximum
Earthquake Zones V. The performance point of the
building in terms of Base shear, Roof Displacement,
Spectral Acceleration, Spectral Displacement, ef-
fective Time Period, and Effective Damping of the
structure.
The symmetric Structure without Steel bracings
and The Structure With Steel bracings were first
analysis by the Non Linear Static analysis and were
Designed accordingly to the Indian IS 456-2000.
Pushover Analysis on these building was performed
accordingly under the different Zone’s. The Perfor-
mance point of the Structures was tabulated in the
Table 6.9 and Table 6.10 accordingly to the change
in the Earthquake Zones
Summary
This chapter copes with the numerical study and
presentation of results of pushover analysis method
for the current buildings under study and the re-
sults are tabulated and are represented in the form
of graphs. The results were studied and based on
the study, the conclusions were drawn. The con-
clusions for the present study are given in the next
chapter.
CONCLUSIONS
After having perform the pushover analysis on two
different buildings with and without steel bracings
following conclusions are drawn
• In symmetrical building based an the per-
formance point obtained from pushover curve (fig no
page no )and the same building with steel bracings
(fig no page no) the value of base share is found in-
creased by % and the amplitude and displacement
found by reduced %
• In un symmetrical building based on the
performance point obtained from pushover curve
(fig no page no )and the same building with steel
bracings (fig no page no) the value of base share is
12. 55
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
found increased by % and the amplitude and dis-
placement found by reduced %
• Based on the above study it is felt that introduc-
tion of steel bracings is one proven method of struc-
tural retro fitting
SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY
• In the present study, the pushover analysis has
been carried out for the G+4 storey buildings. This
study can further be extended for tall buildings.
• In the present study, the conceptual design i.e.,
the sizes of beams and columns are kept common.
Work can be done to optimize the sizes of various
frame elements using pushover analysis.
• Further studies can be done to compare the accu-
racy of non-linear pushover analysis and non-linear
time history analysis taking the displacement as a
common parameter.
• Laboratory tests on the structures should be car-
ried out to backup the numerical results so that
these results can be more informative and valuable.
• More studies are required to carried out before
generalized conclusions can be drawn
• A retrofitting of frames with weak storey and un
symmetrical elevations are also needed to be stud-
ied.
SUMMARY
This chapter, details the discussions drawn based
on the present work and the scope for the further
study and Investigation based on the present study
was discussed.
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author
P.SWETHA
Research Scholar, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India
MRS. K. MYTHILI
Associate Professor, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India
MR. G.VENKAT RATNAM
Associate Professor, Department of CIVIL Engineering,
Aurora's Scientific Technological & Research Academy,
Hyderabad, India