This document evaluates the applicability of nonlinear static procedures (NSP), also known as pushover analysis, in seismic design of reinforced concrete buildings. It compares maximum displacements from NSP to those from nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) using ground motions with probabilities of exceedance of 2% and 10% in 50 years in Los Angeles and Seattle. Four reinforced concrete framed structures are designed and analyzed using NSP and NDA. The study finds that NSP is suitable for structures where higher mode effects are insignificant, especially for higher intensity ground motions. However, NSP cannot completely replace NDA as it fails to fully capture dynamic behavior. Seismic hazard mapping is also essential for meaningful evaluation using NSP in Indian conditions.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSISIjripublishers Ijri
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
STATIC LINEAR AND NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING ON SLOPING GR...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the static linear and non-linear pushover analysis of reinforced concrete buildings on sloping ground in different seismic zones and with different slope angles. The study aims to understand the effects of slope variation on the base shear, displacement, drifts and performance in terms of plastic hinge formation. Both linear and non-linear static analyses are performed using ETABS software. Isolated bearings are also used to reduce seismic effects, and their performance is evaluated. The analyses provide important insights into building behavior under earthquakes based on slope and design parameters.
Performance Based Design Presentation By Deepak BashettyDeepak Bashetty
This document provides an overview of a performance-based seismic analysis conducted on a reinforced concrete building. It describes the modeling approach used, which involved defining plastic hinges in beams and columns to capture nonlinear behavior. Both pushover analysis and time history analysis were performed. The pushover analysis generated a capacity curve and identified performance points for two performance levels under the design basis earthquake and maximum considered earthquake. Time history analysis involved applying 7 sets of ground motion records scaled to target displacements. Results from the nonlinear analyses were used to evaluate response parameters like base shear, roof displacement, and interstory drift ratios to assess the building's performance.
A comparative study on force based design and direct displacement based desig...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent times, many research works related to seismic resistant design of structures were done and various methods of seismic resistant design were predicted and this study explains about two major seismic design methods (i.e) Force Based Design(FBD) and Direct Displacement Based Design(DDBD) in which former is a conventional method while later one is a performance approach of design. Design and Analysis were done on two dimensional bare frames of four, eight and twelve stories based on following codes IS 456, IS 1893:2000, FEMA 356 and the two design approaches were studied. Analysis and design for this study was done using Structural Analysis Program software(SAP 2000). Both design approaches is validated using non linear time history analysis for 16 different ground motion of PGA =0.32g. Structural parameters like Drift Ratio, Ductility Demand and Base shear were compared within the frames of different stories and between design approaches. Keywords: Force Based Design (FBD), Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD), Base Shear, Ductility, Inter storey Drift, Reinforced Concrete Frames, FEMA.
Seismic Vulnerability of RC Building With and Without Soft Storey Effect Usi...IJMER
A soft storey is one which has less resistance to earthquake forces than the other storeys;
Buildings containing soft stories are extremely vulnerable to earthquake collapses, since one floor is
flexible compared to others. Vulnerability of buildings is important in causing risk to life hence special
consideration is necessary for such soft storey RC buildings. In the present study, analytical
investigation of a RC building by considering the effect of soft storey situated in seismic Zone-V of
India, in accordance with IS 1893-2002 (part-1), is taken as an example and the various analytical
approaches (linear static and nonlinear static analysis) are performed on the building to identify the
seismic demand and also pushover analysis is performed to determine the performance levels, and
Capacity spectrum of the considered, also Storey Shear is compared for 3 models by using Finite
Element Software Package ETAB’s 9.7.4 version.
Elastic response spectra are used to estimate the response of linear structures to earthquakes. They plot the peak response of oscillators with varying natural frequencies forced by the same ground motion. Site-specific spectra are developed using recorded ground motions for a site and account for local soil conditions, while code-based spectra provide a standardized approximation. Response spectra are useful for elastic design but have limitations for nonlinear or multi-mode systems.
This document describes a modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure developed to estimate seismic demands for buildings. The MPA procedure is based on structural dynamics theory and aims to provide accurate estimates while retaining the simplicity of current pushover analysis methods. The MPA procedure is first developed and validated for linearly elastic buildings by demonstrating it is equivalent to response spectrum analysis. It is then extended to inelastic buildings and compared to nonlinear response history analysis to evaluate its accuracy in estimating seismic demands.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI STORIED STRUCTURES USING STATIC NON LINEAR ANALYSISIjripublishers Ijri
In plan during the seismic excitation using nonlinear static analysis (pushover) have been performed on the
same structure. The literature pertaining to pushover analysis is reviewed. The pushover analysis adopted
in the present study is on similar lines with the procedure presented by Ashraf Habibullah and Stephen
Pyle using ETABS V 9.7 structural analysis software. The effect of earthquake force in a idealized G+4 story
building under maximum earthquake zone, with the help of pushover analysis has been investigated and
the results were compared in terms of base shear, displacement, spectral acceleration, spectral displacement
and effective damping and effective time period .to strengthen the symmetric and un symmetric RCC
framed buildings` steel braces are included by using retrofitting method.
STATIC LINEAR AND NON LINEAR (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS OF RC BUILDING ON SLOPING GR...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the static linear and non-linear pushover analysis of reinforced concrete buildings on sloping ground in different seismic zones and with different slope angles. The study aims to understand the effects of slope variation on the base shear, displacement, drifts and performance in terms of plastic hinge formation. Both linear and non-linear static analyses are performed using ETABS software. Isolated bearings are also used to reduce seismic effects, and their performance is evaluated. The analyses provide important insights into building behavior under earthquakes based on slope and design parameters.
Performance Based Design Presentation By Deepak BashettyDeepak Bashetty
This document provides an overview of a performance-based seismic analysis conducted on a reinforced concrete building. It describes the modeling approach used, which involved defining plastic hinges in beams and columns to capture nonlinear behavior. Both pushover analysis and time history analysis were performed. The pushover analysis generated a capacity curve and identified performance points for two performance levels under the design basis earthquake and maximum considered earthquake. Time history analysis involved applying 7 sets of ground motion records scaled to target displacements. Results from the nonlinear analyses were used to evaluate response parameters like base shear, roof displacement, and interstory drift ratios to assess the building's performance.
A comparative study on force based design and direct displacement based desig...eSAT Journals
Abstract In recent times, many research works related to seismic resistant design of structures were done and various methods of seismic resistant design were predicted and this study explains about two major seismic design methods (i.e) Force Based Design(FBD) and Direct Displacement Based Design(DDBD) in which former is a conventional method while later one is a performance approach of design. Design and Analysis were done on two dimensional bare frames of four, eight and twelve stories based on following codes IS 456, IS 1893:2000, FEMA 356 and the two design approaches were studied. Analysis and design for this study was done using Structural Analysis Program software(SAP 2000). Both design approaches is validated using non linear time history analysis for 16 different ground motion of PGA =0.32g. Structural parameters like Drift Ratio, Ductility Demand and Base shear were compared within the frames of different stories and between design approaches. Keywords: Force Based Design (FBD), Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD), Base Shear, Ductility, Inter storey Drift, Reinforced Concrete Frames, FEMA.
Seismic Vulnerability of RC Building With and Without Soft Storey Effect Usi...IJMER
A soft storey is one which has less resistance to earthquake forces than the other storeys;
Buildings containing soft stories are extremely vulnerable to earthquake collapses, since one floor is
flexible compared to others. Vulnerability of buildings is important in causing risk to life hence special
consideration is necessary for such soft storey RC buildings. In the present study, analytical
investigation of a RC building by considering the effect of soft storey situated in seismic Zone-V of
India, in accordance with IS 1893-2002 (part-1), is taken as an example and the various analytical
approaches (linear static and nonlinear static analysis) are performed on the building to identify the
seismic demand and also pushover analysis is performed to determine the performance levels, and
Capacity spectrum of the considered, also Storey Shear is compared for 3 models by using Finite
Element Software Package ETAB’s 9.7.4 version.
Elastic response spectra are used to estimate the response of linear structures to earthquakes. They plot the peak response of oscillators with varying natural frequencies forced by the same ground motion. Site-specific spectra are developed using recorded ground motions for a site and account for local soil conditions, while code-based spectra provide a standardized approximation. Response spectra are useful for elastic design but have limitations for nonlinear or multi-mode systems.
This document describes a modal pushover analysis (MPA) procedure developed to estimate seismic demands for buildings. The MPA procedure is based on structural dynamics theory and aims to provide accurate estimates while retaining the simplicity of current pushover analysis methods. The MPA procedure is first developed and validated for linearly elastic buildings by demonstrating it is equivalent to response spectrum analysis. It is then extended to inelastic buildings and compared to nonlinear response history analysis to evaluate its accuracy in estimating seismic demands.
Non linear static pushover analysis of irregular space frame structure with a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
This document discusses a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings through pushover analysis. Two 3-story buildings, one RCS and one RC, were modeled and analyzed. The pushover curves showed that while the base shear capacity was similar, the RCS building behaved linearly until maximum shear capacity and then failed in a soft story mechanism. The RC building formed plastic hinges first in beams and then progressively in columns from lower to upper stories until failure. The study found that RCS buildings may perform better seismically by maintaining strength and stiffness up to maximum load capacity.
This document discusses pushover analysis, which is an inelastic static analysis method used to evaluate seismic performance of structures. It begins by outlining the target performance levels dictated by codes, then provides an overview of current analysis methods and their limitations. Next, it describes the steps of a pushover analysis in detail, including defining member behavior, applying loads, specifying the load pattern, and incrementally forming plastic hinges. An example application to a 3-story frame structure is presented to demonstrate the process. The document concludes by emphasizing pushover analysis as a practical alternative to time history analysis for estimating seismic response.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
Investigation on performance based non linear pushover analysis of flat plate...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes an investigation into the performance of flat plate reinforced concrete buildings under nonlinear pushover analysis. The study evaluates bare frame structures with different percentages of masonry infill, as well as structures with soft stories or shear walls. Pushover analysis was performed on a 7-story model building to determine base shear, displacement, story drift, and hinge formation at different performance levels. Results show that infill and shear walls improve seismic performance by reducing displacement, and that placing soft stories higher in the structure increases strength and stability. Shear walls performed best and controlled hinge formation, indicating more uniform response.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Dynamics analysis of structures subjected to earthquake load 53037EditorIJAERD
This document discusses the dynamics analysis of structures subjected to earthquake loads. It analyzes a 20-story irregular concrete building using time history and response spectrum methods in seismic zone IV of India. The building is modeled in STAAD Pro software and subjected to actual earthquake recordings from Alaska. Results are compared between the two dynamic analysis methods to investigate structural performance and displacement responses. Key findings include greater displacement from time history analysis compared to response spectrum analysis.
Effect of Seismic Zone and Story Height on Response Reduction Factor for SMRF...P. Pravin Kumar Venkat Rao
This document discusses a study on the variation of response reduction factors for steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) designed according to Indian seismic code IS 1893(Part-1):2002. 12 SMRFs of varying heights (3, 5, and 7 stories) located in different seismic zones (II-V) were analyzed. Non-linear static pushover analysis was used to determine the overstrength, ductility reduction, and overall response reduction factors for each frame. The results showed that these factors varied based on the number of stories and seismic zone, which is significant for seismic codes that do not currently account for such variations.
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
The document evaluates the seismic performance of St. Augustine Church in Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines using nonlinear static analysis. It summarizes the church's history and construction materials. A structural model of the church is created in ETABS using material properties obtained from adobe brick testing. Nonlinear static analysis is performed to determine the church's performance at different seismic levels-immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Retrofitting options like shotcrete are presented and their costs estimated to seismically upgrade weak parts of the structure. The analysis shows that portions of the church risk collapse in a major earthquake and retrofitting is recommended to improve seismic resistance.
This document discusses static pushover analysis for seismic design performance assessment. It describes how to construct a pushover curve by defining a structural model and loads, and performing an analysis while controlling displacements. Two main methods are presented for using the pushover curve: the Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40) which constructs a capacity spectrum and determines a performance point, and the Displacement Coefficient Method (FEMA 273) which estimates a target displacement. The document also provides examples of modeling elements and their force-deformation properties for the pushover analysis.
This presentation describes about various software analysis concepts, like Thick Vs Thin Shell, Pushover Analysis,Non Linear Staged Construction Analysis,Linear Static,Time History, Non Linearity, Rigid Diaphragms, Semi- Rigid Diaphragm, Center of Rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Center of rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Pushover Analysis, Plastic Hinge, Theory of Elasticity, Sway/ Non Sway Condition, Westerguards Theory, Stiffness, Response Reduction Factor, Deformation, Modal Superposition, Modal Analysis, Approximate Analysis, Modeling Assumptions,
Performance based seismic analysis of rc building considering the effect of d...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with different structural systems using linear static and nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Four building models are considered: two irregularly shaped buildings (one with a diaphragm discontinuity and one with an E-shape) modeled as bare frames and with dual systems of flat slabs and shear walls. Results for base shear, story drift, point displacements, and pushover curves indicate that the dual systems perform better in resisting seismic loads compared to the bare frame systems, with less story drift and higher base shear capacity. The E-shaped building dual system shows better performance than the diaphragm discontinuity dual system. The study aims to understand the behavior of dual
This document discusses the evolution of seismic design approaches from force-based to displacement-based methods. Early force-based designs aimed to resist lateral forces estimated as fractions of weight but were later found to underestimate earthquake forces. Displacement-based design was developed to directly assess structural displacements rather than indirectly through forces. The document outlines the key concepts and procedures of displacement-based design in codes like Eurocode 8 and Model Code 2010, including using secant stiffness, estimating member deformations, and checking deformation capacities. It also presents new models developed from extensive testing for more accurately analyzing member stiffness, deformation demands, and deformation capacities.
This document evaluates the response reduction factor for industrial buildings with steel trusses supported by reinforced concrete columns. It begins with an introduction to seismic analysis and response reduction factors. It then reviews relevant literature on evaluating the factors that contribute to response reduction. The document outlines the aim to evaluate response reduction factors for single and multi-bay industrial buildings. It describes conducting nonlinear pushover analyses of models in SAP2000 to determine their force-displacement behaviors. Key factors like reserve strength, ductility, and redundancy that make up the overall response reduction factor are also defined. The document then works through an example problem of analyzing a specific building model to calculate its dead and live loads. The summary provides a high-level overview of the document's
IRJET- Comparison of Incremental Dynamic Analysis Curve with Pushover CurveIRJET Journal
This document compares the results of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and pushover analysis for G+3, G+6, and G+12 special moment resisting frame (SMRF) and ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) structures. IDA involves subjecting a structural model to scaled earthquake records to generate response curves, while pushover analysis applies monotonically increasing lateral loads. The document finds that IDA predicts higher maximum displacements and base shears compared to pushover analysis, with differences decreasing with building height. IDA results are considered more realistic since it accounts for earthquake frequency and duration effects not captured by static pushover analysis.
A Modal Pushover Analysis on Multi-Span Bridge to Estimate Inelastic Seismic ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the use of modal pushover analysis (MPA) to estimate the inelastic seismic response of a multi-span concrete bridge. MPA accounts for higher mode effects by performing separate pushover analyses for each mode using its respective modal load pattern. Peak modal responses are then combined using the square root of the sum of squares method. The study models a 13-span bridge and applies MPA and nonlinear time history analysis to compare responses. MPA is found to provide a good estimate of deck displacements and plastic hinge rotations, with differences generally within 10% compared to time history analysis results. MPA is concluded to improve accuracy over conventional pushover analysis for estimating seismic demands on long-
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes the results of a study that analyzed the effect of P-Delta on the deflection of steel high-rise structures considering global slenderness ratio. 40 different structural models were simulated with varying numbers of stories (7, 14, 20, 30) and bay dimensions to modify the slenderness. Both P-Delta analysis and linear static analysis were performed, and deflections were compared. P-Delta analysis resulted in significantly higher deflections than linear static analysis, especially as slenderness increased with taller buildings and smaller bays. Deflections at the top of each structure and for individual stories were evaluated. Results showed increasing deflections with P-Delta analysis as slenderness rose due to building height or
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using pushover analysis. RCS buildings combine RC columns for their stiffness and damping properties with steel beams for their lightweight construction. The study designs a 3-story RCS building and RC building without shear walls according to Egyptian building codes. Pushover analysis is used to generate base shear-displacement curves and evaluate member forces, yielding, and inter-story drift under increasing lateral loads to compare the seismic performance of the two building types.
Performance of Flat Slab Structure Using Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
Performance Based Seismic Engineering is the modern approach to earthquake resistant design. It
is a limit-state based design approach extended to cover complex range of issues faced by structural engineers.
Flat slabs are becoming popular and gaining importance as they are economical as compared to beam-column
connections in conventional slab. Many existing flat slabs may not have been designed for seismic forces so it is
important to study their response under seismic conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. In this
paper we have discussed the results obtained by performing push over analysis on flat slabs by using most
common software SAP2000. A (G+7) frame having 5 bays is considered for analysis. It is observed that the
performance point of flat slab is more as compared to conventional building.
Non linear static pushover analysis of irregular space frame structure with a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
This document discusses a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings through pushover analysis. Two 3-story buildings, one RCS and one RC, were modeled and analyzed. The pushover curves showed that while the base shear capacity was similar, the RCS building behaved linearly until maximum shear capacity and then failed in a soft story mechanism. The RC building formed plastic hinges first in beams and then progressively in columns from lower to upper stories until failure. The study found that RCS buildings may perform better seismically by maintaining strength and stiffness up to maximum load capacity.
This document discusses pushover analysis, which is an inelastic static analysis method used to evaluate seismic performance of structures. It begins by outlining the target performance levels dictated by codes, then provides an overview of current analysis methods and their limitations. Next, it describes the steps of a pushover analysis in detail, including defining member behavior, applying loads, specifying the load pattern, and incrementally forming plastic hinges. An example application to a 3-story frame structure is presented to demonstrate the process. The document concludes by emphasizing pushover analysis as a practical alternative to time history analysis for estimating seismic response.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Descriptive study of pushover analysis in rcc structures of rigid jointYousuf Dinar
ABSTRACT: Structures in mega cities, are under serious threat because of faulty and unskilled design and construction of structures. Sometimes structure designers are more concerned in constructing different load resistant members without knowing its necessity and its performance in the structure. Different configuration of construction may also lead to significant variation in capacity of the same structure. Nonlinear static pushover analysis provides a better view on the performance of the structures during seismic events. This comprehensive research evaluates as well as compares the performances of bare, different infill percentage level, different configuration of soft storey and Shear wall consisting building structures with each other and later depending upon the findings, suggests from which level of performance shear wall should be preferred over the infill structure and will eventually help engineers to decide where generally the soft storey could be constructed in the structures. Above all a better of effects of pushover analysis could be summarized from the findings. Masonry walls are represented by equivalent strut according to pushover concerned codes. For different loading conditions, the performances of structures are evaluated with the help of performance point, base shear, top displacement, storey drift and stages of number of hinges form.
Investigation on performance based non linear pushover analysis of flat plate...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes an investigation into the performance of flat plate reinforced concrete buildings under nonlinear pushover analysis. The study evaluates bare frame structures with different percentages of masonry infill, as well as structures with soft stories or shear walls. Pushover analysis was performed on a 7-story model building to determine base shear, displacement, story drift, and hinge formation at different performance levels. Results show that infill and shear walls improve seismic performance by reducing displacement, and that placing soft stories higher in the structure increases strength and stability. Shear walls performed best and controlled hinge formation, indicating more uniform response.
Performance Based Evaluation of Shear Walled RCC Building by Pushover AnalysisIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Dynamics analysis of structures subjected to earthquake load 53037EditorIJAERD
This document discusses the dynamics analysis of structures subjected to earthquake loads. It analyzes a 20-story irregular concrete building using time history and response spectrum methods in seismic zone IV of India. The building is modeled in STAAD Pro software and subjected to actual earthquake recordings from Alaska. Results are compared between the two dynamic analysis methods to investigate structural performance and displacement responses. Key findings include greater displacement from time history analysis compared to response spectrum analysis.
Effect of Seismic Zone and Story Height on Response Reduction Factor for SMRF...P. Pravin Kumar Venkat Rao
This document discusses a study on the variation of response reduction factors for steel moment resisting frames (SMRFs) designed according to Indian seismic code IS 1893(Part-1):2002. 12 SMRFs of varying heights (3, 5, and 7 stories) located in different seismic zones (II-V) were analyzed. Non-linear static pushover analysis was used to determine the overstrength, ductility reduction, and overall response reduction factors for each frame. The results showed that these factors varied based on the number of stories and seismic zone, which is significant for seismic codes that do not currently account for such variations.
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
PERFORMANCE BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICALLY IRREGULAR STRUCTURE UNDER VARIOUS SE...Ijripublishers Ijri
In the recent years a lot of attention has been given to the earthquake analysis of structure it is one of the most devastating
natural calamity and which causes severe damage not only to the properties but also to the lives. This is the
reason there has been a lot of focus on the structures to be earthquake resistant. Buildings get damaged mostly due
to the earthquake ground motions. In an earthquake, the building base experiences high frequency movements, which
results in the inertial force on the building and its components and this problem gets worse when a structure is irregular
in shape, size etc,. Therefore, there is a lot to work on the seismic behavior of the irregular building which might not
respond the way regular building does. It makes the irregular building quite more complex and unpredictable during
the course of an earthquake.
The document evaluates the seismic performance of St. Augustine Church in Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines using nonlinear static analysis. It summarizes the church's history and construction materials. A structural model of the church is created in ETABS using material properties obtained from adobe brick testing. Nonlinear static analysis is performed to determine the church's performance at different seismic levels-immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Retrofitting options like shotcrete are presented and their costs estimated to seismically upgrade weak parts of the structure. The analysis shows that portions of the church risk collapse in a major earthquake and retrofitting is recommended to improve seismic resistance.
This document discusses static pushover analysis for seismic design performance assessment. It describes how to construct a pushover curve by defining a structural model and loads, and performing an analysis while controlling displacements. Two main methods are presented for using the pushover curve: the Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40) which constructs a capacity spectrum and determines a performance point, and the Displacement Coefficient Method (FEMA 273) which estimates a target displacement. The document also provides examples of modeling elements and their force-deformation properties for the pushover analysis.
This presentation describes about various software analysis concepts, like Thick Vs Thin Shell, Pushover Analysis,Non Linear Staged Construction Analysis,Linear Static,Time History, Non Linearity, Rigid Diaphragms, Semi- Rigid Diaphragm, Center of Rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Center of rigidity, P Delta Displacements, Non Linearity of Material, Pushover Analysis, Plastic Hinge, Theory of Elasticity, Sway/ Non Sway Condition, Westerguards Theory, Stiffness, Response Reduction Factor, Deformation, Modal Superposition, Modal Analysis, Approximate Analysis, Modeling Assumptions,
Performance based seismic analysis of rc building considering the effect of d...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings with different structural systems using linear static and nonlinear static (pushover) analysis. Four building models are considered: two irregularly shaped buildings (one with a diaphragm discontinuity and one with an E-shape) modeled as bare frames and with dual systems of flat slabs and shear walls. Results for base shear, story drift, point displacements, and pushover curves indicate that the dual systems perform better in resisting seismic loads compared to the bare frame systems, with less story drift and higher base shear capacity. The E-shaped building dual system shows better performance than the diaphragm discontinuity dual system. The study aims to understand the behavior of dual
This document discusses the evolution of seismic design approaches from force-based to displacement-based methods. Early force-based designs aimed to resist lateral forces estimated as fractions of weight but were later found to underestimate earthquake forces. Displacement-based design was developed to directly assess structural displacements rather than indirectly through forces. The document outlines the key concepts and procedures of displacement-based design in codes like Eurocode 8 and Model Code 2010, including using secant stiffness, estimating member deformations, and checking deformation capacities. It also presents new models developed from extensive testing for more accurately analyzing member stiffness, deformation demands, and deformation capacities.
This document evaluates the response reduction factor for industrial buildings with steel trusses supported by reinforced concrete columns. It begins with an introduction to seismic analysis and response reduction factors. It then reviews relevant literature on evaluating the factors that contribute to response reduction. The document outlines the aim to evaluate response reduction factors for single and multi-bay industrial buildings. It describes conducting nonlinear pushover analyses of models in SAP2000 to determine their force-displacement behaviors. Key factors like reserve strength, ductility, and redundancy that make up the overall response reduction factor are also defined. The document then works through an example problem of analyzing a specific building model to calculate its dead and live loads. The summary provides a high-level overview of the document's
IRJET- Comparison of Incremental Dynamic Analysis Curve with Pushover CurveIRJET Journal
This document compares the results of incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and pushover analysis for G+3, G+6, and G+12 special moment resisting frame (SMRF) and ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) structures. IDA involves subjecting a structural model to scaled earthquake records to generate response curves, while pushover analysis applies monotonically increasing lateral loads. The document finds that IDA predicts higher maximum displacements and base shears compared to pushover analysis, with differences decreasing with building height. IDA results are considered more realistic since it accounts for earthquake frequency and duration effects not captured by static pushover analysis.
A Modal Pushover Analysis on Multi-Span Bridge to Estimate Inelastic Seismic ...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluates the use of modal pushover analysis (MPA) to estimate the inelastic seismic response of a multi-span concrete bridge. MPA accounts for higher mode effects by performing separate pushover analyses for each mode using its respective modal load pattern. Peak modal responses are then combined using the square root of the sum of squares method. The study models a 13-span bridge and applies MPA and nonlinear time history analysis to compare responses. MPA is found to provide a good estimate of deck displacements and plastic hinge rotations, with differences generally within 10% compared to time history analysis results. MPA is concluded to improve accuracy over conventional pushover analysis for estimating seismic demands on long-
Variation of deflection of steel high rise structure due to p- delta effect c...Yousuf Dinar
This document summarizes the results of a study that analyzed the effect of P-Delta on the deflection of steel high-rise structures considering global slenderness ratio. 40 different structural models were simulated with varying numbers of stories (7, 14, 20, 30) and bay dimensions to modify the slenderness. Both P-Delta analysis and linear static analysis were performed, and deflections were compared. P-Delta analysis resulted in significantly higher deflections than linear static analysis, especially as slenderness increased with taller buildings and smaller bays. Deflections at the top of each structure and for individual stories were evaluated. Results showed increasing deflections with P-Delta analysis as slenderness rose due to building height or
Seismic Performance Assessment of RCS Building By Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that assesses the seismic performance of reinforced concrete steel (RCS) frame buildings compared to ordinary reinforced concrete (RC) buildings using pushover analysis. RCS buildings combine RC columns for their stiffness and damping properties with steel beams for their lightweight construction. The study designs a 3-story RCS building and RC building without shear walls according to Egyptian building codes. Pushover analysis is used to generate base shear-displacement curves and evaluate member forces, yielding, and inter-story drift under increasing lateral loads to compare the seismic performance of the two building types.
Performance of Flat Slab Structure Using Pushover AnalysisIOSR Journals
Performance Based Seismic Engineering is the modern approach to earthquake resistant design. It
is a limit-state based design approach extended to cover complex range of issues faced by structural engineers.
Flat slabs are becoming popular and gaining importance as they are economical as compared to beam-column
connections in conventional slab. Many existing flat slabs may not have been designed for seismic forces so it is
important to study their response under seismic conditions and to evaluate seismic retrofit schemes. In this
paper we have discussed the results obtained by performing push over analysis on flat slabs by using most
common software SAP2000. A (G+7) frame having 5 bays is considered for analysis. It is observed that the
performance point of flat slab is more as compared to conventional building.
This document presents a method for nonlinear static (pushover) analysis of masonry buildings suitable for seismic assessment. The method models the building as an equivalent frame system with simplified constitutive laws for structural elements. Applications to up to 5-story structures show the method can calculate response and failure mechanisms. The effects of modeling assumptions and coupling elements are demonstrated. A procedure is outlined for seismic assessment of masonry buildings using displacement response spectra and a substitute structure approach.
Assessing Uncertainty of Pushover Analysis to Geometric ModelingIDES Editor
Pushover Analysis a popular tool for seismic
performance evaluation of existing and new structures and is
nonlinear Static procedure where in monotonically increasing
loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable
to resist the further load .During the analysis, whatever the
strength of concrete and steel is adopted for analysis of
structure may not be the same when real structure is
constructed and the pushover analysis results are very sensitive
to material model adopted, geometric model adopted, location
of plastic hinges and in general to procedure followed by the
analyzer. In this paper attempt has been made to assess
uncertainty in pushover analysis results by considering user
defined hinges and frame modeled as bare frame and frame
with slab modeled as rigid diaphragm and results compared
with experimental observations. Uncertain parameters
considered includes the strength of concrete, strength of steel
and cover to the reinforcement which are randomly generated
and incorporated into the analysis. The results are then
compared with experimental observations.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Comparison of symmetric and asymmetric steel diagrid structures by non linear...eSAT Journals
Abstract Diagonalized grid structures – “diagrids” - have emerged as one of the most innovative and adaptable approaches to structuring buildings in this millennium. Diagrid is a particular form of space truss, it consists of perimeter grid made up of a series of triangulated truss system. Diagrid is formed by intersecting the diagonal and horizontal components. Construction of multi‐storey building is rapidly increasing throughout the world. Advance in construction technology, materials, structural systems, various analysis and design software have facilitated the growth of various kinds of buildings. Diagrid buildings are emerging as structurally efficient as well as architecturally and aesthetically significant assemblies for tall buildings. Recently these diagrid structural systems have been widely used for tall buildings due to the structural efficiency and aesthetic potential provided by the unique geometric configuration of the system. This paper presents a 12 storey steel diagrid structure which is 36m in height. Symmetric and asymmetric structural configurations of diagrid structures were modelled and analyzed using SAP 2000 by considering Dead load, Live load and Seismic Loads (IS 1893-Part-1, 2002). Then FEMA 356 hinges (auto hinges) are assigned to the same structure and Nonlinear Static (Pushover) analysis is carried out by using seismic load as the pushover load case to find out the performance points that is Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention of diagrid elements using static pushover curve. At the same time spectral displacement demand & spectral displacement capacity as well as spectral acceleration demand and spectral acceleration capacity is compared to know the adequacy of the design by using ATC capacity spectrum method. Keywords: Diagrid, Pushover analysis, Spectral displacement demand, Spectral displacement capacity, Spectral acceleration demand, Spectral acceleration capacity
The document provides steps for performing non-linear static (pushover) analysis and non-linear dynamic (time history) analysis of structures using SAP 2000. It describes defining hinge properties, assigning hinges to frame elements, creating load cases for gravity, pushover and time history loads, setting analysis parameters, and reviewing results through deformed shapes, pushover curves and time history plots. The non-linear analyses methods can provide more accurate assessment of structural performance compared to linear analysis.
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Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement-controlled lateral load pattern which continuously increases through elastic and inelastic behavior until an ultimate condition is reached. Lateral load may represent the range of base shear induced by earthquake loading, and its configuration may be proportional to the distribution of mass along building height, mode shapes, or another practical means.
The static pushover analysis is becoming a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. The expectation is that the pushover analysis will provide adequate information on seismic demands imposed by the design ground motion on the structural system and its components. The purpose of the paper is to summarize the basic concepts on which the pushover analysis can be based, assess the accuracy of pushover predictions, identify conditions under which the pushover will provide adequate information and, perhaps more importantly, identify cases in which the pushover predictions will be inadequate or even misleading.
Seismic evelution of rc space frame with rectangular and equivalent square co...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic performance study on rc wall buildings from pushover analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document analyzes the seismic performance of irregular L-shaped reinforced concrete buildings of varying heights (4, 8, and 20 stories) located in seismic Zone III. Six models of each building are considered: a bare frame, frame with infill walls modeled as membranes, and frame with infill walls modeled as equivalent diagonal struts. Nonlinear time history and pushover analyses are performed using ETABS. The results show that modeling infill walls improves seismic performance by reducing top story displacement and increasing base shear capacity, with the equivalent strut model performing better than the membrane model. The influence of infill walls decreases with increasing building height.
Seismic Evolution of Soft Storeyed Buildings when Subjected to Real Time Eart...IRJET Journal
This document discusses seismic evaluation of soft-storey buildings and methods to strengthen them. It begins with an abstract stating that buildings are often designed without considering the structural effects of masonry infill walls. During earthquakes, buildings with open ground floors (soft-storeys) perform poorly as the ground floor columns cannot provide adequate shear resistance. The document then evaluates 8 building models with different lateral load resisting systems - bare frame, masonry infill, shear walls, bracing - using linear static, linear dynamic and nonlinear static (pushover) analysis methods. It provides the design data, load calculations, time period calculations, and equivalent static analysis as per Indian codes for the models. Distribution of lateral forces is also shown
Seismic Performance and Shear Wall Location Assessment of a RC Building- Eva...IRJET Journal
1. The document evaluates the seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings located on plain and sloping ground.
2. Non-linear static pushover analysis is conducted using SAP 2000 on a G+10 building model located on plain and sloping ground.
3. Results of the pushover analysis such as base shear, story displacement, story drift and story shear are compared between the plain and sloping ground models.
Seismic Evaluation of Multi-storeyed Buildings On Plain Ground And Curve Slop...IJSRD
Most of the hilly regions of India are highly seismic. Buildings on hill slopes differ in a way from other buildings. The soft storeies are typical feature in modern constructions specially in seismic areas which has been experience by the previous studies and past earthquakes. Due to verious type of structures on sloped ground structures are comes under irregularity and asymmetricity. Structures on slope leads to seismic cases.The damages to the structures are determined and acceptable safety can be provided. The linear-elastic analysis is not adequate in highly seismic areas. Thus for the design of building in seimic areas and sloped areas inelastic procedure is used. In the present dissertation work, 3D analytical model of eleven storeyed buildings on plain and curved ground have been generated. Models are analyze using ‘‘ETABSâ€Âto get the behavior of structure due to change in column height in ground story due to curved sloped ground. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of infill, concrete shear wall and concrete core wall during earthquake, seismic analysis using both elastic and inelastic method of analyses i.e., linear static (equivalent static method), linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing equivalent static method, response spectrum method. Storey drifts are within the permissible limit given for linear static and linear dynamic method. Again contrary to common practice, the presence of masonry infills, concrete shear and concrete core wall may affect the overall behavior of structure while subjected to earthquake forces.
A Review on Earthquake Vulnerability AssessmentIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of earthquake vulnerability assessment. It discusses fragility curves, which show the probability of exceeding certain damage levels as a function of ground motion intensity. Fragility curves are developed using incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), which involves performing nonlinear time history analyses while gradually increasing ground motion intensities. IDA provides structural response over a range of intensities from elastic to collapse. The document also reviews several studies on developing fragility curves for buildings using IDA and analyzing the seismic performance of base isolated structures through experimental testing.
Non-Linear Static (Pushover) Analysis of Irregular Building SystemsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the non-linear static (pushover) analysis of irregular building systems. It presents 6 building models of 13-story reinforced concrete buildings with different configurations of masonry infill walls and concrete shear walls to study their seismic performance. Non-linear static pushover analysis is performed using ETABS software to obtain the capacity curves and evaluate the performance of each model under seismic loading. The results show that the inclusion of masonry infill walls and concrete shear walls affects the seismic response of the irregular buildings, and that some configurations perform better than others.
IRJET- Comparative Study on Conventional Slab and Flat Slabs RCC Structure us...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a comparative study on the seismic performance of conventional slab reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and flat slab RCC structures using pushover analysis. It aims to compare the structures' behavior under parameters like base shear, story displacement, and story drift. The study finds that under equivalent pushover analysis, the conventional slab RCC structure performs better with lower base shear, story drift, and story displacement values compared to flat slab and flat plate RCC structures. Overall, the conventional slab structure is considered more seismically efficient. The document provides background on pushover analysis methodology and outlines the objectives to explore and compare the seismic behavior of different slab RCC structures through nonlinear static analysis.
IRJET- Seismic Evaluation of Symmetric and Asymmetric Buildings by Pushover a...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzes the seismic performance of symmetric and asymmetric buildings using pushover analysis and time history analysis. Three new reinforced concrete buildings of different shapes (C-shaped, L-shaped, and square) with 14 stories were modeled. The models included bare frame, soft-story, and infilled wall configurations. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and dynamic (time history and response spectrum) analyses were performed to evaluate lateral displacements, story drifts, base shear, and other response parameters. Results showed that irregularly shaped and bare frame buildings experienced greater displacements and drifts compared to symmetric buildings and buildings with infill walls. Buildings with infill walls also had higher base shear values
IRJET- Seismic Evolution of Soft Storeyed Structures When Exposed to Earth Qu...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on strengthening soft-story buildings to improve their seismic performance. Soft-story buildings, which have open or weaker first floors, perform poorly in earthquakes. The study models an 8-story reinforced concrete building under different structural configurations, including bare frame, infill masonry walls, shear walls, and bracing systems. Nonlinear static pushover analysis is used to evaluate the capacity and seismic response of each model. The results show that including infill walls, shear walls or bracing systems increases the building's lateral stiffness and decreases its fundamental natural period compared to the bare frame model. Strengthening the ground floor improves the seismic resistance of soft-story buildings.
Comparative study of Performance of RCC Multi-Storey Building for Koyna and B...IJERA Editor
The recent history of earthquakes have indicated that if the structures are not properly designed and constructed with required quality may cause great damage to structures. This fact has resulted in to ensure safety against earthquake forces of tall structures hence, there is need to determine seismic responses of such building for designing earthquake resistant structures by carrying seismic analysis of structure. In the present work dynamic analysis of G+12 RC multi-storied framed building considering for Koyna and Bhuj earthquake is carried out by response spectrum analysis and time history analysis and responses of such building are comparatively studied with the help of SAP2000 software. Two time histories (i.e. koyna and Bhuj) have been used to develop different acceptable criteria (base shear, storey displacement, storey drift). From the results it is recommended that time history analysis should be performed as it predicts the structural response more accurately than the response spectrum analysis. Pushover Analysis is also performed for the same building and from results it is found that building is seismically safe.
IRJET- Assessment of the Codal Provisions for Asymmetric BuildingsIRJET Journal
1) The document assesses the codal provisions for analyzing asymmetric buildings given in IS: 1893 (2000) using pushover analysis in SAP 2000 software.
2) It summarizes previous research on analyzing asymmetric buildings that found increased torsion, displacements, and member forces compared to symmetric buildings. Mass and stiffness eccentricity in asymmetric buildings causes increased seismic effects.
3) The study analyzes two 5-story building models - one symmetric and one asymmetric - to evaluate their seismic performance and improve the asymmetric building's torsional stability. Pushover analysis is used to conduct the evaluation.
Seismic performance of r c buildings on sloping grounds with different types ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Structure are highly susceptible to serve damages in earthquake scenario, so choosing an appropriate lateral force resisting
bracing systems will have a significant effect on performance of the structure. So this present study is aimed at evaluating and
comparing various types of eccentric steel bracings for 12 storey RC frame building resisting on sloping ground configurations.
For this 5 types of bracing systems like X-Bracing, Diagonal bracing, K- bracing, V-bracing and inverted V bracing are
considered on the outer periphery of the buildings with step back and set back – step back type configurations are modeled and
analyzed. The models are compared for different aspects within the structure, such as the maximum storey displacement, base
shear, storey drift and storey shear, the structure is analyzed for seismic zone V and medium soil condition as per IS 1893:2002
using ETABS software. Results conclude that on sloping ground due to irregularity on ground surface, the structures are more
vulnerable to earthquakes. Hence use of eccentric steel bracing is an effective and economical way to resist earthquake forces,
Inverted V type bracing performs well compared to other bracing types. By using inverted V type bracing in step back buildings
types maximum storey displacement of 70% and storey drift of 66% are obtained. Similarly for setback – step back configuration
maximum storey displacement of 74% and storey drift of 70% are obtained respectively.
Keywords: X-Bracing, Diagonal Bracing, K- Bracing, V-Bracing and Inverted V Bracing
Design of a High Rise Structure on an Oblique Ground Taking Earthquake Resist...ijtsrd
The study of straightforward 2 D frames with different floor heights and different numbers of bays using the widely used software programme STAAD Pro. The maximum axial force, maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, maximum tensile force, and maximum compressive stress created for the frames on plain ground and sloping ground were compared using a variety of graphs using the analytical findings. The graphs that were used to compare the two situations and the in depth analysis of the SHORT COLOUMN EFFECT Rejection was carried up. Additionally, a thorough examination of seismology was conducted, and the viability of the intended software tool was also examined. Numerous projects of this nature have been completed on this subject in the past, but the analysis was often done for static loads, such as dead load, live load, etc. To this, earthquake analysis or seismic analysis has to be included. Two identical kinds of constructions, one on level ground and the other on a sloping ground, were examined in order to develop technical expertise. The outcomes were then contrasted. Finally, a manually planned structure on sloping land would be evaluated for all feasible load combinations according to IS 456 and IS 1893 and IS 13920. Devanand Kumar | Mr. Raushan Kumar "Design of a High-Rise Structure on an Oblique Ground Taking Earthquake Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56235.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/56235/design-of-a-highrise-structure-on-an-oblique-ground-taking-earthquake-resistance/devanand-kumar
1) The study assessed the seismic performance of two irregular high-rise buildings with pre-existing torsion using incremental dynamic analysis. Shear walls were added to minimize torsion.
2) Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted on the original and modified buildings using scaled ground motions. Results were used to develop fragility curves showing probability of exceeding damage states.
3) At a peak ground acceleration of 0.35g, performance improved by 35% for one building and 70% for the other after adding shear walls to reduce torsion, indicating torsional irregularity negatively impacts seismic performance.
IRJET- Comparative Study & Seismic Anyalysis of Regular and Irregular Geometr...IRJET Journal
This study compares the seismic analysis of regular and irregular high-rise buildings in different seismic zones of India. Finite element software will be used to model and analyze a 10-story regular and irregular building subjected to different seismic zones. Results like deflections, axial forces, and moments will be compared to understand how seismic zone and building geometry affect structural response. The aim is to help improve earthquake-resistant design of high-rise buildings.
This document presents the results of a pushover analysis conducted on 9 structural models with varying plan irregularities. The models were analyzed using ETABS software to determine key parameters such as lateral displacement, story drift, base shear, and performance point. The results show that structures with complex geometries experience greater lateral displacement, story drift, and base shear compared to regular structures. Pushover curves indicate that irregular structures may not achieve desired performance levels at lower displacement thresholds. In conclusion, simple and regular building geometries perform better during earthquakes by attracting fewer seismic forces.
Design of High Rise Building on an Oblique Ground Considering Earth Quake Res...ijtsrd
Includes the investigation of basic 2 D casings of differing floor statures and shifting no of narrows utilizing a very famous programming instrument STAAD Pro. Utilizing the investigation results different diagrams were drawn between the most extreme hub power, greatest shear power, most extreme twisting second, greatest tractable power and most extreme compressive pressure being created for the casings on plane ground and slanting ground. The charts used to drawn correlation between the two cases and the itemized investigation of SHORT COLOUMN Impact disappointment was conveyed up. Notwithstanding that the itemized investigation of seismology was attempted whats more the plausibility of the product instrument to be utilized was likewise checked. Till date many such undertakings have been embraced on this very theme however the examination were for the most part accomplished for the static burdens for example dead burden, live burden and so on, yet to this the tremor examination or seismic investigation is to be fused. To make a specialized expertise, two comparable classes of constructions were investigated, first on plane ground and another on an inclining ground. Then, at that point, the outcomes were looked at. Finally the a design would be broke down and planned on slanting ground for all conceivable burden blends relating to IS 456, IS 1893 and IS 13920 physically. Vishal Adlak | Kapil Mandloi "Design of High-Rise Building on an Oblique Ground Considering Earth-Quake Resistant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47974.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47974/design-of-highrise-building-on-an-oblique-ground-considering-earthquake-resistant/vishal-adlak
Effect of soft storeys in earthquake resistant analysis of rc framed structureseSAT Journals
storey in which the stiffness is less than 70% of the storey above or less
than 80% of the combined stiffnesses of the three storeys above. It is the general practice in the multistoreyed buildings to
accommodate parking facilities for the vehicles of the occupants of the building. As we know that the soft storey in a building
structure causes stiffness irregularity in a structure, due to this the structure undergoes unequal storey drifts, formation of the
plastic hinges and then finally resulting into the collapse of the structure.This research work purely interacts with the effect of the
soft storeys in the analysis of RC framed structures as entitled above, and in this work the soft storeys positions has been provided
at different levels as shown in the analytical modelling. All the models are analyzed by using the ETABS software. The seismic
analysis performed consists of the Equivalent static analysis (ESA), response spectrum analysis (RSA), and the push over analysis
(PA). The seismic base shear forces, storey drifts, and the displacements has been compared with the three analysis methods as
listed above. With the aid of the push over analysis the values of the ductility and the response reduction factor have been
obtained. Apart from these, the performance point parameters such as spectral acceleration(Sa) , spectral displacement (Sd),
Base shear(V) and the roof displacement(D) has been also illustrated in this work and a detailed information of several stages of
the hinge formation (A,B,IO,LS,CP,C,D,E) has also been illustrated.. Keywords: Soft Storey, Stiffness, Storey Drift, Storey Displacement, Earthquake, RC Frames
Influence of Aspect Ratio & Plan Configurations on Seismic Performance of Mul...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the influence of aspect ratio and plan configurations on the seismic performance of multistory reinforced concrete buildings. Sixteen building models with varying horizontal aspect ratios (number of bays) and vertical aspect ratios (number of stories) were modeled and analyzed using response spectrum analysis to evaluate various seismic response parameters. The objective was to determine the best suitable building plan configuration and understand how increasing the height and bays impacts seismic response.
Pushover analysis of setback frame & step frame building with and without she...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the pushover analysis of setback frame and step frame buildings with and without shear walls using ETABS software. It presents 8 building models including a regular frame, 3 types of step frames with varying setback ratios, and 4 types of setback frames with varying ratios. Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis is performed using response spectrum analysis to understand the performance of irregular frames compared to regular frames in seismic zone III of India. Key response parameters like base shear, story displacement, and story drift are examined. The study aims to provide guidelines for seismic-resistant design of irregular structures.
Similar to EVALUATION OF NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURES IN THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
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DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. Dr. B. Damodhara Reddy and Th. Jagat Singh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 62 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: Dr. Damodhara Reddy, B. and Jagat Singh, T. Evaluation of
Nonlinear Static Procedures in the Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(8),
2015, pp. 61-99.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=8
_____________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
The seismic assessment and design of structures is required because of the occurrence
of earthquakes. The differential movements of the earth’s crust cause Earthquakes.
These movements result the ground shaking leading to significant damage in the form
of collapse of buildings and infrastructure systems. It can also cause landslides, when
soil slopes lose their cohesion, liquefaction in sand and destructive waves or
‘tsunamis’ in the maritime environments. The aforementioned actions have called for
the development of design and evaluation procedures in order to quantify the damage
to both structural elements and the entire structure, and also to reduce any loss of life.
Seismic evaluation is also important for designing retrofit schemes for the
strengthening and repair of existing structures.
2. NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
The Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure, also commonly known as nonlinear time history
analysis is the best way to assess the performance of structure subjected to earthquake
action. Nonlinear dynamic procedure utilizes the combination of ground motion
records with a detailed structural model and is the most rigorous method. The
complications and requirements for decisions in dynamic analysis are an order of
magnitude higher than for static analysis. Besides, a mathematical tool able to handle
all the necessary dynamic analyses often exceeds the capabilities of a design office
working under tight time constraints.
3. NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE OR PUSHOVER
ANALYSIS
The Nonlinear Static Procedure also called ‘Pushover Analysis,’ on the other hand,
uses simplified nonlinear techniques to estimate seismic structural deformations. The
genesis of Pushover Analysis can be traced back to the 70’s decade. However, the
emergence of performance-based design has brought the nonlinear static procedure to
the forefront. In last two decades, the majority of researches had taken up study on
pushover analysis focussing on the range of applicability and merit and demerits of
the method. Consistent efforts have been made so far to improve the method after
finding the various deficiencies and limitations.
4. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the nonlinear static procedures
to predict the performance of the reinforced concrete framed buildings in different seismic
zones and seismic hazards to meet the various performance requirements.
3. Evaluation of Nonlinear Static Procedures in the Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete
Buildings
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 63 editor@iaeme.com
5. SCOPE
The buildings used in the analysis are restricted to reinforced concrete moment
resisting frames. In order to achieve the objective, the following tasks were
undertaken.
1. A study on the pushover analysis with special emphasis on performance based
engineering was undertaken. Also the procedure of the analysis in SAP 2000 was
studied thoroughly.
2. A study on material nonlinearity with emphasis on the stress strain relationship of
confined concrete, moment curvature relationship and formation of plastic hinges was
undertaken.
3. A study on the Seismic Hazard Analysis was undertaken to identify the various
ground motions with different hazard levels.
4. A study on the nonlinear dynamic analysis was undertaken to perform nonlinear
dynamic analysis.
5. Four reinforced concrete framed structures, namely (i) three bay four-storied plane
frame, (ii) three bay six-storied plane frame, (iii) three bay ten-storied plane frame
and (iv) five-storied three dimensional frame were designed for seismic forces as per
the provisions of IS 1893(part 1): 2002 by equivalent static lateral force method.
These structures were then subjected to pushover analysis with (i) pattern load (ii)
acceleration load and (iii) load proportional to the first mode using SAP 2000 and
displacements of roofs were recorded. The Pattern Load for the ten-storied frame was
calculated using the provisions of FEMA 356. For other frames, design lateral forces
of different stories from the equivalent lateral force method were adopted as the
pattern load.
6. The same framed structures were subjected to nonlinear dynamic analysis under
various ground motions of various seismic hazards using SAP 2000 and the roof
displacements were recorded. The roof displacements of the two analyses were
compared to assess the applicability of nonlinear static procedures or pushover
analysis for seismic design of reinforced concrete framed buildings.
7. The storey drifts of the frames corresponding to the time of maximum displacement
when subjected to selected ground motions are found out and compared with the
storey drifts of the pushover analysis at the performance points for the corresponding
frames. The absolute values of the drifts as well as the shapes are studied to assess the
applicability of nonlinear static procedures.
6. SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS
Ground motions are mainly characterized by, the intensity, the frequency content and
the duration of the ground motion. Factors that are equally as important include the
energy release mechanisms in the vicinity of the hypocenter and along the fault
interfaces, the geology and any variations in geology along the energy transmission
paths, the epicentre distance, the focal depth, the magnitude and the local soil
conditions at the recording station.
7. US SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS
The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Maps display
earthquake ground motions for various probability levels across the United States and
are applied in seismic provisions of building codes. National probabilistic maps are
developed for ground motions with a 10% chance of exceedance in 50 years, a 10%
chance of exceedance in 100 years (which can also be expressed as a 5% chance of
exceedance in 50 years) and a 10% chance of exceedance in 250 years (which also
4. Dr. B. Damodhara Reddy and Th. Jagat Singh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 64 editor@iaeme.com
can be expressed as a 2% chance of exceedance in 50 years). These probabilities
correspond to motions that are expected to occur, on average, about once every 500,
1,000, and 2,500 years. In addition, local ground motions in regions with well-defined
earthquake sources, known as deterministic motions, were used to develop Maximum
Considered Earthquake (MCE) maps.
7.1. Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) Ground Motion Maps
The ground motion maps of MCE in ASCE 7-05 can be described as applications of
its site-specific ground motion hazard analysis procedure. This is achieved using
values of ground motion computed by the USGS National Seismic Hazard Mapping
Project for a grid of locations and/or polygons that covers the US. The lesser of a
probabilistic and a deterministic ground motion is calculated as the MCE ground
motion. Thus both types of ground motions are computed by the USGS, whereas
otherwise it would have only computed probabilistic ground motions. The USGS
combines research on potential sources of earthquakes (e.g., faults and locations of
past earthquakes), the potential magnitudes of earthquakes from these sources and
their frequencies of occurrence, and the potential ground motions generated by these
earthquakes. Uncertainty and randomness in each of these components is accounted
for in the computation via contemporary Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis
(PSHA). Hazard curves are the primary output of PSHA computations for locations
on a grid covering the US in the case of the USGS computation.
7.2. Basic Safety Earthquakes (BSE)
According to the provisions of FEMA 273, two levels of earthquake shaking hazard are
used to satisfy the Basic Safety Objectives (BSO). These are termed Basic Safety
Earthquake 1 (BSE-1) and Basic Safety Earthquake 2 (BSE-2). BSE-2 earthquake
ground shaking, also termed Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground shaking
is similar to that defined for the MCE in the 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions
(BSSC, 1997). In most areas of the United States, BSE-2 earthquake ground motion has
a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years (2%/50 year). In regions close to known
faults with significant slip rates and characteristic earthquakes with magnitudes in
excess of about 6.0, the BSE-2 ground shaking is limited by a conservative estimate
(150% of the median attenuation) of the shaking likely to be experienced as a result of
such a characteristic event. Ground shaking levels determined in this manner will
typically correspond to a probability of exceedance that is greater than 2% in 50 years.
The BSE-1 earthquake is defined as that ground shaking having a 10% probability of
exceedance in 50 years (10%/50 year). The motions need not exceed those used for new
buildings, defined as 2/3 of the BSE-2 motion.
Figure 1 Ground motion parameters for Los Angeles for site class B as per 2003 NEHRP
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Figure 2 Ground motion parameters for Seattle for site class B as per 2003 NEHRP design
code Design code
8. SELECTED GROUND MOTIONS FOR ANALYSIS
SAC Steel Project funded by FEMA with the formation of SAC joint venture by the
Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC), the Applied Technology
Council (ATC) and Consortium of Universities for Research in Earthquake
Engineering (CUREE) have developed earthquake ground motions in US through its
report submitted in 2000. In its draft report submitted in 1997, several suites of time
histories of probabilities of occurrence2% in 50 years, 10% in 50 years and 50 % in
50 years are given for the locations of Los Angeles, Seattle and Boston corresponding
to seismic zones of 2, 3 and 4 respectively. For this study, ground motion estimates
provided in two locations of Seattle and Los Angeles respectively are identified.
Suites of time histories at two probabilities of occurrence, 2% in 50 years and 10% in
50 years, in each of the two locations for rocky soil conditions are selected. Seven
suites are chosen from each of the probabilities. The IS 1893(Part 1): 2002 response
spectrum compatible time history is also used.
8.1. Los Angeles Ground Motions
Table 1 Details of Los Angeles ground motions of probability 2% in 50 years
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Figure 3a Scaled time history of Kobe earthquake (1995) with probability of 2% in 50 years
Figure 3b Scaled time history of Loma Priesta earthquake (1989) with probability of
exceedence 2% in 50 years
Figure 4 Scaled time history of Northridge -I earthquake (1995) with probability of
exceedence of 2% in 50 years
Figure 5 Scaled time history of Northridge -II earthquake (1995) with probability of
exceedence of 2% in 50 years
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Figure 6 Scaled time history of Tabas earthquake (1974) with probability of exceedence of
2% in 50 years
Figure 7 Scaled time history of Elysian Park, (simulated) with probability of exceedence of
2% in 50 years
Figure 8 Scaled time history of Palos Verdes, (simulated) with probability of exceedence of
2% in 50 years
Table 2a Details of Los Angeles ground motions of probability 10% in 50 years
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Figure 9 Scaled time history of Imperial Valley, 1940, El Centro with probability of
exceedence of 10% in 50 years
Figure 10 Scaled time history of Imperial Valley, 1979, Array #05 with probability of
exceedence of 10% in 50 years
Figure 11 Scaled time history of Imperial Valley, 1979, Array #06 with probability of
exceedence of 10% in 50 years
Figure 12 Scaled time history of Landers, 1992, Yermo with probability of exceedence of
10% in 50 years
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Figure 13 Scaled time history of Loma Priesta, 1989, Gilroy with probability of exceedence
of 10% in 50 years
Figure 14 Scaled time history of Northridge, 1994, Newhall with probability of exceedence
of 10% in 50 years
Figure 15 Scaled time history of North Palm Springs, 1986 with probability of exceedence of
10% in 50 years
8.2. Seattle Ground Motions
Figure 16 Scaled time history of Mendocino, 1992, with probability of exceedence of 2% in
50 years
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Table 2b Details of Seattle ground motions of probability 2% in 50 years
Figure17 Scaled time history of Erzincan, 1992, with probability of exceedence of 2% in 50
years
Figure 18 Scaled time history of Olympia, 1949, with probability of exceedence of 2% in 50
years.
Figure 19 Scaled time history of Seattle, 1965, with probability of exceedence of 2% in 50
years
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Figure 20 Scaled time history of Valpariso, 1985, with probability of exceedence of 2% in 50
years
Figure 21 Scaled time history of Deep Interplate (simulation), with probability of exceedence
of 2% in 50 years
Figure 22 Scaled time history of Miyagi-oki, 1978, with probability of exceedence of 2% in
50 years
Table 3 Details of Seattle ground motions of probability 10% in 50 year
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Figure 23: Scaled time history of Long Beach, Vernon CMD bldg.,probability of exceedence
of 10% in 50 years
Figure 24 Scaled time history of Morgan Hill, 1984, Gilroy, with probability of exceedence
of 10% in 50 years
Figure 25 Scaled time history of West Washington, Olympia, 1949, with probability of
exceedence of 10% in 50 years
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Figure 26 Scaled time history of West Washington, Seattle Army B., 1949, with probability
of exceedence of 10% in 50 years
Figure 27 Scaled time history of North Palm Springs, 1986, with probability of exceedence
of 10% in 50 years
Figure 28 Scaled time history of Puget Sound, Wa., Olympia, 1949, with probability of
exceedence of 10% in 50 years
Figure 29 Scaled time history of Llolleo, Chile 1985, with probability of exceedence of 10%
in 50 years
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8.3. IS-1893 Response Spectrum Compatible Ground Motion
Figure 30 IS 1893(Part 1): 2002 Response Spectrum Compatible Time History (Courtesy to
Prof. Manish Shrikhnade, Department of Earthquake Engineering, I. I. T, Roorkee,)
9. NONLINEAR STATIC AND DYNAMICS ANALYSESUSING
SAP 2000
Nonlinear Static Analysis or Pushover Analysis could be performed directly by a
computer program which can model nonlinear behaviour of lateral load resisting
members of a structure. However, the computational scheme and the assumptions
involved in modelling nonlinear member behaviour could be different that there may
be variations in the pushover results obtained from different software. Therefore, the
underlying principles of any software utilized for pushover analysis should be well
understood to interpret the results of pushover analysis.
In this study, pushover analyses were performed on reinforced concrete moment
resisting building frames by SAP 2000 using various lateral load patterns. Nonlinear
dynamic analyses were also performed on these structures. The roof displacements
from these two methods were compared to evaluate the pushover analysis.
10. NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE
Nonlinear Static Analysis or Pushover analysis can be performed as either force-
controlled or displacement controlled depending on the physical nature of the load and
the behaviour expected from the structure. Force-controlled option is useful when the
load is known (such as gravity loading) and the structure is expected to be able to support
the load. Displacement controlled procedure should be used when specified drifts are
sought (such as in seismic loading), where the magnitude of the applied load is not known
in advance, or when the structure can be expected to lose strength or become unstable.
A displacement-controlled pushover analysis is basically composed of the
following steps:
1. A two or three dimensional model that represents the overall structural behaviour is
created.
2. Bilinear or trilinear load-deformation diagrams of all important members that affect
lateral response are defined.
3. Gravity loads composed of dead loads and a specified portion of live loads are
applied to the structural model initially.
4. A predefined lateral load pattern which is distributed along the building height is then
applied.
5. Lateral loads are increased until some member(s) yield under the combined effects of
gravity and lateral loads.
6. Base shear and roof displacement are recorded at first yielding.
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7. The structural model is modified to account for the reduced stiffness of yielded
member(s).
8. Gravity loads are removed and a new lateral load increment is applied to the modified
structural model such that additional member(s) yield. Analysis with zero initial
conditions is performed on modified structural model under each incremental lateral
load. Thus, member forces at the end of an incremental lateral load analysis are
obtained by adding the forces from the current analysis to the sum of those from the
previous increments. In other words, the results of each incremental lateral load
analysis are superimposed.
9. Similarly, the lateral load increment and the roof displacement increment are added to
the corresponding previous total values to obtain the accumulated values of the base
shear and the roof displacement.
10. Steps 7, 8 and 9 are repeated until the roof displacement reaches a certain level of
deformation or the structure becomes unstable.
11. The roof displacement is plotted with the base shear to get the global capacity
(pushover) curve of the structure.
10.1. Nonlinear Static Analysis in Sap 2000
Nonlinear static analysis capabilities are provided in SAP2000. The nonlinear
behaviour occurs in discrete user-defined hinges. Currently, hinges can be introduced
into frame objects only and assigned at any location along the frame object.
Uncoupled moment, torsion, axial force and shear hinges are available. There is also a
coupled P-M2-M3 hinge that yields based on the interaction of axial force and
bending moments at the hinge location. More than one type of hinge can exist at the
same location; for example, both an M3 (moment) and a V2 (shear) hinge may be
assigned to the same end of a frame object.
A pushover analysis can consist of more than one pushover load case. Each
pushover load case can have a different distribution of load on the structure. For
example, a typical pushover analysis might consist of three pushover load cases. The
first would apply gravity load to the structure, the second would apply one distribution
of lateral load over the height of the structure, and the third would apply another
distribution of lateral load over the height of the structure. There are four different
methods of describing the distribution of load on the structure for a pushover load case:
1. A uniform acceleration can be automatically applied. In that case, the lateral force
automatically applied at each node is proportional to the mass tributary to that node.
2. A lateral force that is proportional to the product of a specified mode shape times its
circular frequency squared (w2
) times the mass tributary to a node can be
automatically applied at each node. The user may specify the mode shape to be used
in that instance.
3. An arbitrary static load pattern may be defined.
4. Any of the methods described in 1, 2 and 3 can be combined.
Several types of output can be obtained from the nonlinear static pushover analysis:
1. Base shear versus displacement at a specified control joint can be plotted.
2. Base shear versus displacement at a specified control joint can be plotted in the
ADRS format where the vertical axis is spectral acceleration and the horizontal axis is
spectral displacement. The demand spectra can be superimposed on that plot.
3. The sequence of hinge formation and the colour-coded state of each hinge can be
viewed graphically, on a step-by-step basis, for each step of the pushover.
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4. The member forces can be viewed graphically, on a step-by-step basis, for each step
of the analysis.
5. Tabulated values of base shear versus displacement at each point along the pushover
curve, along with tabulations of the number of hinges beyond certain control points
on their hinge property force-displacement curve can be viewed on the screen,
printed, or saved to a file.
6. Tabulated values of the capacity spectrum (ADRS capacity and demand curves), the
effective period and the effective damping can be viewed on the screen, printed, or
saved to a file.
The following general sequence of steps is involved in a nonlinear static pushover
analysis:
1. Create a model.
2. Define arbitrary static load cases, if needed, for use in the pushover analysis. Note
that the program also has built-in capability to define the distribution of lateral load
over the height of the structure based on both uniform acceleration and mode shapes.
3. Define the pushover load cases.
4. Define hinge properties.
Figure 31 Nonlinear static analysis formAssign hinge properties to frame elements.
1. Run the pushover analysis by selecting a static nonlinear load case on the Set Load
Cases to Run form. The load case will be available only if there is at least one frame
object with a hinge property assigned to it, and there is at least one pushover load
case defined. If frame objects are specified to be designed by the program, this design
automatically will be performed before the pushover analysis routine begins.
2. Review the pushover results.
3. If necessary, revise the model and repeat steps 2 through 7.
11. NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP), also known as Nonlinear Time-History Analysis
provides for nonlinear evaluation of dynamic structural response under loading which
may vary according to the specified time function. Dynamic equilibrium equations are
solved using either modal or direct-integration methods. It utilizes the combination of
ground motion records with a detailed structural model. An important aspect of
nonlinear dynamic analysis is the selection of time step size. The size of the time step
has great effect on accuracy, stability and rate of convergence of the solution algorithm.
Three dimensional models are the best solutions for the accurate description of the
nonlinear dynamic response of the RC framed structures.
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11.1. Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis in SAP 2000
For running dynamic analysis using the nonlinear time-history option in SAP2000 requires
the users to define several dynamic and nonlinear parameters including time step, damping
ratio, and plastic hinges. The steps required in performing the analysis are given below:
1. Build a 2-D or 3-D model in the SAP2000 computer program.
2. Use the default hinge properties for concrete structures provided in the SAP2000
program, which corresponds to the hinge definitions in FEMA 356 (FEMA-356,
2000).
3. Define a damping ratio. A damping ratio of 5% has been selected.
4. Define an appropriate time step in the time history function definition. An output time
step size of 0.01 was selected in this research. The numbers of output time steps up
are assigned differently according to the nature ground motion used.
5. Set “Load Case Type” to be “Time History”, “Analysis Type” to be “Nonlinear”, and
“Time History Type” to be “Direct Integration.
6. Apply Acceleration load corresponding to the selected ground motion. Suitable scale
factors are used corresponding to the unit used and unit of acceleration in the time
history of the ground motion.
7. Define the initial conditions.
8. Run dynamic analysis.
Figure 32 Nonlinear direct integration time history form
12. STRUCTURAL MODELS OF BUILDINGS FOR ANALYSIS
12.1. Four-Storied Building 2D Frame
Figure 33 General layout of the four-storied building
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General Features:
1. Type of structure: Multi-storeyed rigid jointed frame.
2. Number of stories: Four (G+3)
3. Ground storey height: 4.0 m
4. Floor-to-floor height: 3.35 m
5. External walls: 250 mm thick including plaster
6. Internal walls: 150 mm thick including plaster
7. Live load: 3.5 kN/m2
8. Materials: M 25 and Fe 415
9. Size of Column: 300 x 530 mm
10. Size of the interior column: 300 x 300 mm
11. Size of beams in longitudinal And
transverse direction:
300 x 450 mm
12. Total depth of slab: 120 mm
12.1.1. Six-Storied Building 2D Frame:
General Features:
1. Type of structure: Multi-storeyed rigid jointed frame.
2. Number of stories: Six (G+5)
3. Ground storey height: 4.1 m
4. Floor-to-floor height: 5.0 m
5. External walls: 230 mm thick only at periphery
6. Live load: 4.0 kN/m2
at typical floor and 1.5
kN/m2
at terrace
7. Floor Finish: 1.0 kN/m2
8. Water Flooring : 2.0 kN/m2
9. Terrace Finish: 1.0 kN/m2
10. Materials: M 25 and Fe 415
11. Size of Columns
(a) Foundation top to GF 650 mm x 650 mm
(b) Ground to G+2 600 mm x 600 mm
(c) G+2 to Roof 550 mm x 550 mm
12. Size of beams in longitudinal
direction
300 mm x 600 mm
13. Size of beams in transverse direction Same as in longitudinal direction
14. Size of the secondary beams 200 mm x 500 mm
15. Total depth of slab: 100 mm
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(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 34: General layout of the six-storied building (a) Typical Floor Plan (b) Part section –
AA (c) Part frame section
12.1.2. Ten-Storied Building 2D Frame:
The same general features as the six-storied frame with the addition of four more
stories is taken for analysis and comparison of results.
General Features:
1. Type of structure: Multi-storeyed rigid jointed frame.
2. Number of stories: Ten (G+9)
3. Ground storey height: 4.1 m
4. Floor-to-floor height: 5.0 m
5. External walls: 230 mm thick only at periphery
6. Live load: 4.0 kN/m2
at typical floor and 1.5
kN/m2
at terrace
7. Floor Finish: 1.0 kN/m2
8. Water Flooring : 2.0 kN/m2
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9. Terrace Finish: 1.0 kN/m2
10. Size of columns:
(a) Foundation top to GF 800 mm x 800 mm
(b) Ground to Fourth Floor 750 mm x 750 mm
(c) Fourth to Roof 650 mm x 650 mm
11. Size of beams in longitudinal direction
(a) Plinth Beam 400 mm x 750 mm
(b) First to Sixth Floor 300 mm x 600 mm
12. Size of Beams in the transverse direction: Same as in longitudinal direction
13. Size of Secondary Beams 200 mm x 500 mm
14. Materials:
(i) Columns:
(a) 800 mm x 800 mm M 30 and Fe 415
(b) 750 mm x 750 mm M 30 and Fe 415
(c) 650 mm x 650 mm M 30 and Fe 415
(d) Others M 25 and Fe 415
(ii) Beams
(a) 400 mm x 750 mm M 30 and Fe 415
(b) Others M 25 and Fe 415
15. Total depth of slab: 100 mm
12.1.3. Five-storied building 3D frame:
General Features:
Figure 35 General Layout of the Five-storied Building
1. Type of structure: Multi-storeyed rigid jointed frame.
2. Number of stories: Five (G+4)
3. Ground storey height: 3.2 m
4. Floor-to-floor height: 3.2 m
5. External walls: 250 mm thick including plaster
6. Internal walls: 150 mm thick including plaster
7. Live load: 3.0 kN/m2
8. Floor Finish Load: 1 kN/m2
9. Terrace Floor Finish: 2.0 kN/m2
10. Materials: M 25 and Fe 415
11. Size of column:
(a) Foundation top to G+2 500 mm x 500 mm
(b) G+3 and G+4 450 mm x 450 mm
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12. Size of beams in longitudinal and transverse
direction:
300 x 450 mm
13. Total depth of slab: 120 mm
13. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS PARAMETER VALUES
1. Location: Los Angeles
Site Class B; Seismic Zone = 4
a) Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) parameters corresponding for
probability of excedence of 2% in 50 Years
Acceleration for short period = ;
Acceleration for one secondperiod = ;
b) Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) parameters corresponding to
probability of excedence of 10% in 50 Years
;
Acceleration for short period = ;
Acceleration for one second period = ;
2. Location: Seattle
Site Class B; Seismic Zone: 3
a) Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) parameters corresponding to
probability of excedence of 2% in 50 Years
;
Acceleration for short period = ;
Acceleration for one second period = ;
b) Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) parameters corresponding to
probability of excedence of 10% in 50 Years
;
Acceleration for short period = ;
Acceleration for one second period = ;
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3. Location: India
Table 4 Seismic demand spectrum of IS 1893: 2002 for different seismic zones
Acceleration for short period, = for Seismic Zone V
= 0.6 for Seismic Zone IV
Acceleration for one second period, = for Seismic Zone V
= for Seismic Zone IV
These parameters are for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and for the
Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) the values will be multiplied by 0.50.
14. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDINGS
Table 5 Dynamic characteristics of the buildings
15. LATERAL LOAD PATTERN
The vertical distribution of lateral load pattern for the four-storied 2D frame, six
storied 2D frame and five-storied 3D frame for the the pushover analysis is taken as
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the storey shears from the equivalent lateral seismic load analysis of the buildings as
per IS: 1893-2002. The lateral load pattern for the ten storey building is calculated as
per the provisions of FEMA as reproduced in equation 6.17 in Chapter six and
tabulated in Table 6.
Table 6 Vertical distribution of lateral load for the ten storey building
16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
16.1. Results:
The results obtained from the nonlinear static and dynamic analyses of the (i) four-
storied 2D building frame, (ii) six-storied 2D building frame, (iii) ten-storied 2D
building frame and (iv) five-storied building 3D-frame using SAP 2000 is tabulated
below. The results of pushover analysis are shown in Tables. The nonlinear dynamic
analysis results for the various ground motions of proximities 2% in 50 years and 10%
in 50 years are shown in Tables.
Table 7 Performance point/target displacement for pushover analysis for ground motions of
2% in 50 years in Los Angeles
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Table 8 Performance point/target displacement for pushover analysis for ground motions of
2% in 50 years in Seattle
Table 9 Performance point/target displacement for pushover analysis ground motions of 10%
in 50 years at Los Angeles
Table 10 Performance point/target displacement for pushover analysis ground motions of
10% in 50 years at Seattle
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Table 11 Performance point/target displacement for pushover analysis for IS-1893
compatible ground motions for zone V
Table 12 Performance point/target displacement for pushover analysis for IS-1893
compatible ground motions for zone IV
Table 13 Maximum roof displacement under scaled ground motions of 2% in 50 at Los
Angeles
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Table 14 Maximum roof displacement under scaled ground motions of 2% in 50 years at
Seattle
Table 15 Maximum roof displacement under scaled ground motions of 10% in 50 years at
Los Angeles
Table 16 Maximum roof displacement under scaled ground motions of 10% in 50 years at
Seattle
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Table 17 Maximum roof displacement under IS-1893 compatible time history
16.2. Performance Point and Roof Displacement Comparision
From the tables, graphs comparing the maximum roof displacement of dynamic
analysis and the performance pint/ target displacements are drawn for the various
types of buildings and various intensities of ground motion. The graphs are shown
from figure
16.2.1. Five-storied 3D building frame:-
Figure 36 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Los Angeles
six-storied 2D building frame
Figure 37 Comparison of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Seattle for
five-storied building 3D frame
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Figure 38 Comparison of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 years at Los
Angeles for five-storied building 3D frame
Figure 39 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 years at Seattle for
five-storied building 3D frame
Discussion: Figure 38 to 39 shows that the performance points of the five
storied building from pushover analysis for the pattern load tend to be conservative
whereas the acceleration load tends to be non-conservative. The modal load performs
better when compared with the average maximum roof displacements under dynamic
loads for MCE as well as DBE at the two given locations.
Figure 40 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
Zone V for five-storied building 3D frame
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Figure 41 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
Zone IV for five-storied building 3D frame
Figure 40 and 41 shows that pushover analysis performance points are much more
than the average roof displacements from dynamic analysis using IS-1893 response
spectrum compatible time history. The result is to be considered with caution as only
one group motion (artificial) has been considered.
16.2.2. Six-storied building frame:-
Figure 42 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Los Angeles
for six-storied building 2D frame
Figure 43 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Seattle for
six-storied building 2D frame
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Figure 44 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 years at Los
Angeles for six-storied building 2D frame
Figure 45 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 years at Seattle for
six-storied building 2D frame
Discussion: Figure 42 to 45 pushover analysis results cannot predict the roof
displacements and results of dynamic analysis exceeds the performance points of the
pushover analysis for ground motions of higher intensity (MCE). However for lower
intensity ground motions, (DBE), pushover analysis can predict the maximum roof
displacements reasonably well. Also the modal load again performs best.
Figure 46 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
zone V for six-storied building 2D frame
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Figure 47 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
zone IV for six-storied building 2D frame
Discussion: From Figure 46 and 47, it is evident that the dynamic analysis results
are very less compared to the pushover analysis. This has to be seen from the results
of pushover analysis are less compared to the respective results of Los Angeles and
Seattle for the corresponding intensities of earthquakes.
16.2.3. Four-storied building frame:-
Figure 48 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Los Angeles
for four-storied building 2D frame
Figure 49 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Seattle for
four-storied building 2D frame
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Figure 50 Comparisons of displacements for ground motions of 10% in 50 years at Los
Angeles for four-storied building 2D frame
Figure 51 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 years at Seattle for
four-storied building 2D frame
Discussion: Figure 48 to 51 shows that pushover analysis can fairly reflect the
performance of the structure under dynamic loads except for the ground motions at
Seattle of 2% in 50 years probabilities. Again the modal loads performs better in the
prediction of the dynamic performance.
Figure 52 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
zone V for four-storied building 2D frame
Figure 53 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
zone IV for four-storied building 2D frame
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Discussion: Figures 52 & 53 shows that dynamic analysis results are much less
than the pushover analysis results. This will most probably due to the insufficiency of
the IS-1893 compatible time history not being able to simulate the actual ground
motions of higher intensity.
16.2.4. Ten-storied building frame:-
Figure 54 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 years at Los Angeles
for ten-storied building 2D frame
Figure 55 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 2% in 50 Years at Seattle for
ten-storied building 2D frame
Figure 56 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 Years at Los
Angeles for ten-storied building 2D frame
Figure 57 Comparisons of displacements for ground motion of 10% in 50 Years at Seattle for
ten-storied building 2D frame
34. Dr. B. Damodhara Reddy and Th. Jagat Singh
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Discussion: Figure 54 to 57 shows that pushover analysis cannot reflect the
performance of the structure under dynamic loads especially for ground motions of
higher intensity (MCE). For ground motions of lower intensity, pushover analysis
results give lower values than average dynamic results.
Figure 58 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
zone V for ten-storied 2D frame
Figure 59 Comparisons of displacements for IS: 1893 compatible time history for seismic
zone IV for ten-storied 2D frame
Discussion: Figure 58 and 59 shows that the results remain the same as far as the
IS compatible time history is concerned. Pushover analysis results give performance
points much more than the dynamic analysis maximum roof displacements.
16.2.5. Storey Drift Comparison
The storey drifts are found out from the deformed shape of the structure at the time of
occurrence maximum displacement for dynamic analysis and from the deformed
shapes of pushover analysis pushed to the respective performance points. Results are
shown in Figuresbelow
Figure 60 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Kobe ground motion for ten-
storied 2D Frame
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Figure 61 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Tabas ground motion for
ten-storied 2D Frame
Figure 62 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Northridge-I ground motion
for ten-storied 2D Frame
Figure 63 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Seattle ground motion for
ten-storied 2D Frame
Figure 64 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and ElCentro ground motion for
ten-storied 2D Frame
36. Dr. B. Damodhara Reddy and Th. Jagat Singh
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Figure 65 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Loma Priesta ground motion
for Six-storied 2D Frame
Figure 66 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Kobe ground motion for
Six-storied 2D Frame
Figure 67 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Northridge-II ground motion
for Six-storied 2D Frame
Figure 68 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and ElCentro ground motion for
Six-storied 2D Frame
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Figure 69 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Landers, Yermo ground
motion for Six-storied 2D Frame
Figure 70 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Northridge-II ground motion
for five-storied 3D Frame
Figure 71 Comparisons of storey drifts of pushover analysis and Northridge-I ground motion
for four-storied 3D Frame
Discussion: Figures 60 to 71 clearly shows that pushover analysis cannot predict
the storey drifts as the values as well as patterns of the curves are different even for
four storied building.
17. CONCLUSIONS
The study subjected plane frames of a four storey, a five storey and a ten storey as
well as a three-dimensional frame of a five storey reinforced concrete buildings to
pushover analysis with (i) pattern load (ii) acceleration load and (iii) modal load and
compared the results with nonlinear dynamic analysis using ground motions of
various intensities. The following are the conclusions made from this study:-
38. Dr. B. Damodhara Reddy and Th. Jagat Singh
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1. The pushover analysis is a relatively simple way to explore the nonlinear behaviour
of buildings under seismic loading and consumes very less time compared to the
nonlinear dynamic analysis which consumes more time. The results obtained in terms
of demand, capacity and plastic hinges give an insight into the real behaviour of
structures enabling the modification of the structure for better performance of the
structure as reported by Freeman et al. (1975), Kunnath et al. (1996) and Faella
(1996).
2. The responses of the frames are sensitive to the shape of the lateral load pattern as
reported by Krawinkler (1996), Mwafy et al. (2001) and Goel (2010).
3. The results agree with the established findings that Pushover analysis is suitable for
structures where higher mode effects are insignificant as concluded by Fajfar et al.
(1988), Gaspersic et al (1992), Bracci et al. (1997), Kim et al. (2000) and
Kunnath(2004)
4. Pushover analysis is not suitable for prediction of storey drifts and thus will not
reflect the true behavior of a structure during a ground motion as reported by Gupta et
al. (2000), Kunnath et al. (2000) and Khoshnoud et al. (2012). As such, nonlinear
static procedures cannot completely replace the nonlinear dynamic procedures and
needs to be supplemented by dynamic analysis.
5. The discrepancy of the results between the pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic
analysis is more prominent for ground motions of higher intensity.
6. For the Indian condition, the IS -1893 response spectrum compatible time history is
not able to represent the dynamic motions associated with the Seismic zones V and
IV.
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