Abstract
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic
energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground,
leading to improved ride quality, and increase in comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. When a vehicle is
traveling on a level road and the wheels strike a bump, the spring is compressed quickly. The compressed spring will attempt to return
to its normal loaded length and, in so doing, will rebound past its normal height, causing the body to be lifted. The weight of the
vehicle will then push the spring down below its normal loaded height. This, in turn, causes the spring to rebound again. This
bouncing process is repeated over and over, a little less each time, until the up-and-down movement finally stops. If bouncing is
allowed to go uncontrolled, it will not only cause an uncomfortable ride but will make handling of the vehicle very difficult. The
design of spring in suspension system is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using
Pro/Engineer. The model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are done on
the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis is done by considering loads, bike
weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the
displacements for different frequencies for number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring
in Shock absorber. Modeling is done in Pro/ENGINEER and analysis is done in ANSYS. Pro/ENGINEER is the standard in 3D
product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design.ANSYS is general-purpose finite
element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into
very small pieces (of user-designated size) called elements.
Index Terms: damp shock, kinetic energy, Pro/Engineer, and ANSYS, shock absorber
Air Suspension System is commonly use in BMW,Mercedes,Audi types luxurious types Cars for protect from damaging, increasing life of the vehicle ,increases the handling , increases comfort of passengers and many more..
So according to me if you remove the suspension system, then you feel like in bull-cart in Audi, Mercedes, BMW type luxurious cars . The only diffrence is speed.
So the scope of Suspension System is Too Bright !!!
Active suspension system
An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension on a vehicle. It uses an onboard system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body rather than the passive suspension provided by large springs where the movement is determined entirely by the road surface. So-called active suspensions are divided into two classes: real active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While adaptive suspensions only very shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.
Air Suspension System is commonly use in BMW,Mercedes,Audi types luxurious types Cars for protect from damaging, increasing life of the vehicle ,increases the handling , increases comfort of passengers and many more..
So according to me if you remove the suspension system, then you feel like in bull-cart in Audi, Mercedes, BMW type luxurious cars . The only diffrence is speed.
So the scope of Suspension System is Too Bright !!!
Active suspension system
An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension on a vehicle. It uses an onboard system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body rather than the passive suspension provided by large springs where the movement is determined entirely by the road surface. So-called active suspensions are divided into two classes: real active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While adaptive suspensions only very shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.
Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.
The propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.
What is an Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)?
History of ABS
Motivation for ABS Development
Principles for ABS Operation
ABS Components
Subaru Impreza ABS Application.
How does ABS work?
Anti-Lock Brake Types
ABS Configurations
Design Challenges
Advantages & Disadvantages
ABS Problems
An Experimental and Theoretical Analysis & Modification of a Shock Absorber o...IJSRD
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy and the helical spring is the most common element that has been used in suspension system. In this present study Non alloy steel helical spring will be used to suspend vehicle system. The uniform loading effect has been studied and Experimental, FEA analysis will be compared with analytical solution. Afterwards, the analysis will be done by considering different parameters. Experimental analysis will be done to validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different loading condi-tion. Comparison is done by changing the wire diameter of the coil spring to check the best dimension for the spring in shock absorber. Modeling and Analysis is done by using Pro/ENGINEER and ANSYS respe240
Propeller shaft is a circular shaft which is used to transmit the power or rotational motion from the gear box to the final drive.
The propeller shaft as the name suggest “ propels the vehicle.
What is an Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS)?
History of ABS
Motivation for ABS Development
Principles for ABS Operation
ABS Components
Subaru Impreza ABS Application.
How does ABS work?
Anti-Lock Brake Types
ABS Configurations
Design Challenges
Advantages & Disadvantages
ABS Problems
An Experimental and Theoretical Analysis & Modification of a Shock Absorber o...IJSRD
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy and the helical spring is the most common element that has been used in suspension system. In this present study Non alloy steel helical spring will be used to suspend vehicle system. The uniform loading effect has been studied and Experimental, FEA analysis will be compared with analytical solution. Afterwards, the analysis will be done by considering different parameters. Experimental analysis will be done to validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different loading condi-tion. Comparison is done by changing the wire diameter of the coil spring to check the best dimension for the spring in shock absorber. Modeling and Analysis is done by using Pro/ENGINEER and ANSYS respe240
In life we go through rough times. We try to navigate through the waters of
life which at times seem daunty. At such moments we only need real shock
absorbers. Discover and develop them in order to be a successful sailor
through the seas of life.
Smoke evacuation in industrial buildingZuhal Şimşek
Smoke occurs as a result of solid and liquid particles carried in the air from the burning of materials created
from the combustion of gases. A dark colored smoke screen is formed. It may be toxic and explosive which make
evacuation and responding to the fire more difficult. All these problems can be overcome with an appropriate
smoke evacuation system. Smoke evacuation systems can be divided into two categories as natural and
mechanical systems. However, they can vary according to needs, the people intensity; materials found in the
structure and area, architectural features and design standards. The modelling based on the scenario planned for
the most appropriate smoke evacuation system was carried out in compliance with international standards and
local regulations. In this study, a vehicle part warehouse belonging to the Oyak Renault automobile factory was
established inexactly the same way as the original. Using the CDF based PHONEICS system it was designed that
a fire broke out in the warehouse and in the design, parking lot fire data were taken into consideration as given
in British Standard (BS) standards ‘Components for smoke and heat control systems’ section 7. Vehicle parts
found in the warehouse were in parallel with vehicles which had installation completed in the parking lot without
a sprinkler. The smoke emerging as a result of the fire, which had an area of 5×5 m2 and 8MW magnitude and
broke out in the warehouse (without sprinkler) whose area and volume were 4680m2 and 37206m3 respectively,
was tested with 6 smoke evacuation fans activated at the beginning of the fire. The Total Fan capacity was
designed as 10 volume/hour and 15 volume/hour, evaluated according to the maximum CO amount, vision and
temperature by simulation for both situations. As a result of the tests performed, ideal visibility
The simulation of a vehicles suspension system represents an important part of how the driver experiences ride quality. Without a suspension system, a vehicle acts in a stiff and uncomfortable way. The characteristics of a vehicles performance are dependent on the properties of the suspension. A model of this system would enable a manufacturer to test how certain changes to the properties change the behavior of the vehicle. This way they are able to see how the stiffness of the spring and damper in the suspension system affects the ride experience before building an actual car. This can also reduce the cost of development. The most basic suspension system consists of a spring and shock absorber and also includes the stiffness of the tire being used. More complex suspension systems consist of sensors that take into account and compensate for traction control, engine torque, steering, and braking systems.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
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This is Mechanical project report on Fabrication of an Active Air Suspension System. Air ride suspension
carries the load on each axle with a pressurized air bag just as a high pressure balloon. This system provides
the smoothest and most shock free ride of any of the known vehicle suspension system. An air suspension
includes a multiple air spring assemblies that each includes a piston airbag and a primary airbag mounted over
the piston airbag. The main and piston air bags each have a variable volume that is controlled independently
of the other for active suspension control.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock
impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a
vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. The design of spring in suspension system
is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The
model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are
done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis
is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to
validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for
number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber
Design Evaluation of a Two-Wheeler Suspension System for Variable Load Condit...IJMTST Journal
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock
impulse, and dissipate kinetic energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a
vehicle, it reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. The design of spring in suspension system
is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using CATIA V5. The
model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are
done on the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis
is done by considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to
validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for
number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring in Shock absorber.
Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning Systemijtsrd
A shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp a sudden shock impulse and dissipate kinetic energy. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range of suspension movement, Control of excessive suspension movement without shock absorption requires stiffer springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock absorbers allow the use of soft springs while controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to bumps. Now the project has mainly concentrated in designing a suitable suspension unit. The limit sensor is fixed to the front wheel. When the front wheel is in bounce, the limit sensor activates the pneumatic compressor automatically with the help of electronic control unit. Now the compressor starts running, activating the hydro pneumatic suspensor which is fitted in the back wheel. In a vehicle it reduces the effect of suspension travel on uneven terrains. Hydraulic system undergo torque multiplication in an easy way, independent of distance between input and output. Pneumatic system is based on the fact that gas is compressible so equipment is less subjected to shock loads. M. Boopathi | S. R. Gauthamnithin | S. Harikrishnan | Prof. Dr. G. Kumaresan"Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension with Intelligent Active Suspensioning System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10916.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/10916/hydro-pneumatic-suspension-with-intelligent-active-suspensioning-system/m-boopathi
In the existing automobile market which is growing, the competition for better automobile in climbing up enormously. The racing fans involved will surely know the importance of a good brake system not only for safety but also for staying competitive in every race though Brake is the key factor for safety. Braking is a process which converts the kinetic energy of the automobile into mechanical energy for arresting the rotation of the road wheels which must be dissipated in the form of heat.
Abstract— A brake is a mechanical gadget which hinders movement. Its inverse part is a grasp. Vortex current brakes utilize attractive fields to change over motor vitality into electric current in the brake plate, blade, or rail, which is changed over into warmth. Brakes are by and large connected to turning axles or wheels, however may likewise take different structures, for example, the surface of a moving liquid (folds sent into water or air). Erosion brakes on autos store braking heat in the drum brake or circle brake while braking then direct it to the air step by step. When voyaging downhill a few vehicles can utilize their motors to brake.When the brake pedal of a present day vehicle with pressure driven brakes is pushed, at last a cylinder pushes the brake cushion against the brake plate which backs the wheel off. On the brake drum it is comparable as the chamber pushes the brake shoes against the drum which additionally backs the wheel off.
Keywords— Brake, Wedge shaped, Wheel.
A disc brake is a type of brake that uses the calipers to squeeze pairs of pads against a disc or rotor to create friction. This action slows the rotation of a shaft, such as a vehicle axle, either to reduce its rotational speed or to hold it stationary. The energy of motion is converted into waste heat which must be dispersed. Disc brake system is widely used on front wheels in mid range two wheeler such as - commuter and sports bikes. The Disc brake system is used on the front wheels of most hatchback cars, entry level sedans and MUVs whereas, it is also widely used on both front and rear wheels of high end cars and SUVs in combination with hydraulic vacuum brake actuating systems. Vikrant Yadav | Pankaj Yadav "Overview of Disc Brake" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31530.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/automotive-engineering/31530/overview-of-disc-brake/vikrant-yadav
Design and Analysis of Shock Absorber for 150cc BikeAbu Sufyan Malik
Shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to damp shock impulses and dissipate kinetic energy. It reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground which leads to improved ride quality and increase in comfort because it substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. In this project, a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using Pro-E. Analysis is done by varying loads and materials at different conditions. Structural analysis is done to determine total deformation, stress and strain variations. Modal analysis is done to determine the displacements for different frequencies for different number of modes. In the end results are compared for two materials to verify the best one for the given suspension system.
Design, analysis and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyratorIjrdt Journal
The project focuses on the development of an efficient and safe system for navigation for disabled people. Such a system should enable the user to control with minimum effort and should be stable in all practical situations. A gyrator is neither a motorcycle nor a four wheeler. It is a vehicle made up of an inner frame which is encompassed and supported by two large coaxially aligned wheels. The inner frame is supported by a common axle as a result, is free to oscillate back and forth relative to outer wheels. The inherent instability has limited its potential as a commercially available vehicle. But by reducing this oscillation to an optimum value by incorporating internal braking, we could make a very stable navigation system. In order to achieve motion, a shift in the centre of gravity of the inner frame is required. Two independent electric motors provide the driving torque to gearbox which drives the large outer wheels. This unique design gives the vehicle a clear advantage over conventional 4wheeled and 2wheeled vehicles as it has zero turning radius. Key word:- Inflation Pressure, Pressure switch ,Pressure guage, Solenoid control valve, DC Compressor.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 578
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A SHOCK ABSORBER
Pinjarla.Poornamohan1
, Lakshmana Kishore.T2
1
M.Tech (student), 2
M.Tech (Associate Professor), Mechanical Department, GIET, Andhra Pradesh, India
poornamohan_mech@yahoo.com, tlkishore.giet@gmail.com
Abstract
A suspension system or shock absorber is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic
energy. The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough ground,
leading to improved ride quality, and increase in comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of disturbances. When a vehicle is
traveling on a level road and the wheels strike a bump, the spring is compressed quickly. The compressed spring will attempt to return
to its normal loaded length and, in so doing, will rebound past its normal height, causing the body to be lifted. The weight of the
vehicle will then push the spring down below its normal loaded height. This, in turn, causes the spring to rebound again. This
bouncing process is repeated over and over, a little less each time, until the up-and-down movement finally stops. If bouncing is
allowed to go uncontrolled, it will not only cause an uncomfortable ride but will make handling of the vehicle very difficult. The
design of spring in suspension system is very important. In this project a shock absorber is designed and a 3D model is created using
Pro/Engineer. The model is also changed by changing the thickness of the spring. Structural analysis and modal analysis are done on
the shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis is done by considering loads, bike
weight, single person and 2 persons. Structural analysis is done to validate the strength and modal analysis is done to determine the
displacements for different frequencies for number of modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify best material for spring
in Shock absorber. Modeling is done in Pro/ENGINEER and analysis is done in ANSYS. Pro/ENGINEER is the standard in 3D
product design, featuring industry-leading productivity tools that promote best practices in design.ANSYS is general-purpose finite
element analysis (FEA) software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical method of deconstructing a complex system into
very small pieces (of user-designated size) called elements.
Index Terms: damp shock, kinetic energy, Pro/Engineer, and ANSYS, shock absorber
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INRODUCTION
A shock absorber or damper is a mechanical device designed
to smooth out or damp shock impulse, and dissipate kinetic
energy.
1.1 Description
Pneumatic and hydraulic shock absorbers commonly take the
form of a cylinder with a sliding piston inside. The cylinder is
filled with a fluid (such as hydraulic fluid) or air. This fluid-
filled piston/cylinder combination is a dashpot.
1.2 Explanation
The shock absorbers duty is to absorb or dissipate energy. One
design consideration, when designing or choosing a shock
absorber, is where that energy will go. In most dashpots,
energy is converted to heat inside the viscous fluid. In
hydraulic cylinders, the hydraulic fluid will heat up, while in
air cylinders, the hot air is usually exhausted to the
atmosphere. In other types of dashpots, such as
electromagnetic ones, the dissipated energy can be stored and
used later. In general terms, shock absorbers help cushion cars
on uneven roads.
1.3 Applications
Shock absorbers are an important part of automobile and
motorcycle suspensions, aircraft landing gear, and the supports
for many industrial machines. Large shock absorbers have also
been used in structural engineering to reduce the susceptibility
of structures to earthquake damage and resonance. A
transverse mounted shock absorber, called a yaw damper,
helps keep railcars from swaying excessively from side to side
and are important in passenger railroads, commuter rail and
rapid transit systems because they prevent railcars from
damaging station platforms. The success of passive damping
technologies in suppressing vibration amplitudes could be
ascertained with the fact that it has a market size of around $
4.5 billion.
Fig 1.1:- Rear shock absorber and spring of a BMW R75/5
motorcycle
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 579
1.4 Vehicle suspension
In a vehicle, it reduces the effect of traveling over rough
ground, leading to improved ride quality, and increase in
comfort due to substantially reduced amplitude of
disturbances. Without shock absorbers, the vehicle would have
a bouncing ride, as energy is stored in the spring and then
released to the vehicle, possibly exceeding the allowed range
of suspension movement. Control of excessive suspension
movement without shock absorption requires stiffer (higher
rate) springs, which would in turn give a harsh ride. Shock
absorbers allow the use of soft (lower rate) springs while
controlling the rate of suspension movement in response to
bumps. They also, along with hysteresis in the tire itself, damp
the motion of the unspring weight up and down on the
springiness of the tire. Since the tire is not as soft as the
springs, effective wheel bounce damping may require stiffer
shocks than would be ideal for the vehicle motion alone.
Spring-based shock absorbers commonly use coil springs or
leaf springs, though torsion bars can be used in tensional
shocks as well. Ideal springs alone, however, are not shock
absorbers as springs only store and do not dissipate or absorb
energy. Vehicles typically employ springs and torsion bars as
well as hydraulic shock absorbers. In this combination, "shock
absorber" is reserved specifically for the hydraulic piston that
absorbs and dissipates vibration.
1.5 Structures
Applied to a structure such as a building or bridge it may be
part of a seismic retrofit or as part of new, earthquake resistant
construction. In this application it allows yet restrains motion
and absorbs resonant energy, which can cause excessive
motion and eventual structural failure.
1.6Types of shock absorbers
There are several commonly-used approaches to shock
absorption:
Hysteresis of structural material, for example the
compression of rubber disks, stretching of rubber
bands and cords, bending of steelsprings, or twisting
of torsion bars. Hysteresis is the tendency for
otherwise elastic materials to rebound with less force
than was required to deform them. Simple vehicles
with no separate shock absorbers are damped, to
some extent, by the hysteresis of their springs and
frames.
Dry friction as used in wheel brakes, by using disks
(classically made of leather) at the pivot of a lever,
with friction forced by springs. Used in early
automobiles such as the Ford Model T, up through
some British cars of the 1940s. Although now
considered obsolete, an advantage of this system is its
mechanical simplicity; the degree of damping can be
easily adjusted by tightening or loosening the screw
clamping the disks, and it can be easily rebuilt with
simple hand tools. A disadvantage is that the
damping force tends not to increase with the speed of
the vertical motion.
Solid state, tapered chain shock absorbers, using one
or more tapered, axial alignment(s) of granular
spheres, typically made of metals such as nitinol, in a
casing. [1],[2]
Fluid friction, for example the flow of fluid through a
narrow orifice (hydraulics), constitutes the vast
majority of automotive shock absorbers. An
advantage of this type is that using special internal
valving the absorber may be made relatively soft to
compression (allowing a soft response to a bump)
and relatively stiff to extension, controlling "jounce",
which is the vehicle response to energy stored in the
springs; similarly, a series of valves controlled by
springs can change the degree of stiffness according
to the velocity of the impact or rebound. Specialized
shock absorbers for racing purposes may allow the
front end of a dragster to rise with minimal resistance
under acceleration, then strongly resist letting it
settle, thereby maintaining a desirable rearward
weight distribution for enhanced traction. Some
shock absorbers allow tuning of the ride via control
of the valve by a manual adjustment provided at the
shock absorber. In more expensive vehicles the
valves may be remotely adjustable, offering the
driver control of the ride at will while the vehicle is
operated. The ultimate control is provided by
dynamic valve control via computer in response to
sensors, giving both a smooth ride and a firm
suspension when needed. Many shock absorbers
contain compressed nitrogen, to reduce the tendency
for the oil to foam under heavy use. Foaming
temporarily reduces the damping ability of the unit.
In very heavy duty units used for racing and/or off-
road use, there may even be a secondary cylinder
connected to the shock absorber to act as a reservoir
for the oil and pressurized gas. Another variation is
the Magneto rheological damper which changes its
fluid characteristics through an electromagnet.
Compression of a gas, for example pneumatic shock
absorbers, which can act like springs as the air
pressure is building to resist the force on it. Once the
air pressure reaches the necessary maximum, air
dashpots will act like hydraulic dashpots. In aircraft
landing gear air dashpots may be combined with
hydraulic damping to reduce bounce. Such struts are
called oleo struts (combining oil and air) [3].
Magnetic effects. Eddy current dampers are dashpots
that are constructed out of a large magnet inside of a
non-magnetic, electrically conductive tube.
Inertial resistance to acceleration, for example prior
to 1966 [4] the Citroën 2CV had shock absorbers that
damp wheel bounce with no external moving parts.
These consisted of a spring-mounted 3.5 kg (7.75 lb)
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 580
iron weight inside a vertical cylinder [5] and are
similar to, yet much smaller than versions of the
tuned mass dampers used on tall buildings
Composite hydro-pneumatic devices which combine
in a single device spring action, shock absorption,
and often also ride-height control, as in some models
of the Citroën automobile.
Conventional shock absorbers combined with
composite pneumatic springs with which allow ride
height adjustment or even ride height control, seen in
some large trucks and luxury sedans such as certain
Lincoln and most Land Rover automobiles. Ride
height control is especially desirable in highway
vehicles intended for occasional rough road use, as a
means of improving handling and reducing
aerodynamic drag by lowering the vehicle when
operating on improved high speed roads.
the effect of a shock absorber at high (sound)
frequencies is usually limited by using a
compressible gas as the working fluid and/or
mounting it with rubber bushings.
The detailed analysis of shock absorber/isolation
systems is very complicated and involves assessment
of the dynamic response of the equipment to different
types of activating energy inputs. The notes below
relate only to illustrating the benefits of using shock
absorbers to reduce the forces experienced by
equipment to impacts. The more complicated
scenarios involving systems continuously operating
and withstanding sudden changes of loading and
acceleration e.g., car suspension systems and aircraft
landing gear, are outside of the scope of this work.
Moving objects have kinetic energy related to their
velocity and their mass. If the velocity of an object is
significantly changed in a short time span e.g. it
impacts on a stationary body, then high forces result.
These forces can be useful e.g., a forging press using
the kinetic energy to form metal. However real life
impact forces (shock loads) are generally very
destructive and are avoided. Kinetic energy increases
in a direct ratio to the mass and to the velocity
squared.
The heavier the object or the faster it travels, the
more energy it has. Methods of energy absorption
include rubber buffers, metal springs, air springs, and
hydraulic shock absorbers. When the systems have to
continuously operate under the influence of shock
loads the shock isolation system generally includes
spring-dashpot isolation systems. For simple shock
absorber applications required to mitigate the effect
of a single events then viscous dampers which
dissipate the energy, as heat rise of a fluid, are often
preferred. In normal everyday life simple examples
of shock absorber systems include crash helmets,
steel toe caps in industrial boots, collapsible bumpers
on cars, motor way barriers. The notes below are
general in nature provided to show the benefits of
using shock absorbers. For more detailed information
- links are provided to shock absorber suppliers.
1.7 Shock Absorber types
There are a number of different methods of converting an
impact /collision into relatively smooth cushioned contact..
Metal Spring
Rubber Buffer
Hydraulic Dashpot
Collapsing safety Shock Absorbers
Pneumatic Cylinders
Self compensating Hydraulic
1.7.1 Metal springs
Simply locating metal springs to absorb the impact loads are a
low cost method of reducing the collision speed and reducing
the shock loading. They are able to operate in very arduous
conditions under a wide range of temperatures. These devices
have high stopping forces at end of stroke. Metal springs store
energy rather than dissipating it. If metal sprint type shock
absorbers are used then measures should be provided to limit
Oscillations. Metal springs are often used with viscous
dampers.
There are a number of different types of metal springs
including helical springs, bevel washers(cone-springs), leaf
springs, ring springs, mesh springs etc etc. Each spring type
has its own operating characteristics.
1.7.2 Elastomatic shock observers
These are low cost options for reducing the collision speed
and reducing the shock loading and providing system
damping. They are conveniently moulded to suitable shapes.
These devices have high stopping forces at end of stroke with
significant internal damping. Elastomeric dampers are very
widely used because of the associated advantages of low cost
and mouldability together with performance benefits. The
inherent damping of elastomers is useful in preventing
excessive vibration amplitude at resonance – much reduced
compared to metal springs. However elastomeric based shock
absorbers are limited in being affected by high and low
temperatures. And are subject to chemical attack. Silicone
rubber is able to provide reasonable mechanical properties
between temperatures of -50O to +180O deg. C- most other
elastomer has inferior temperature tolerance.
1.7.3 Hydraulic Dashpot
This type of shock absorber is based on a simple hydraulic
cylinder. As the piston rod is moved hydraulic fluid is forced
through an orifice which restricts flow and consequently
provides a controlled resistance to movement of the piston
rod. With only one metering orifice the moving load is
abruptly slowed down at the start of the stroke. The braking
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 01 Issue: 04 | Dec-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 581
force rises to a very high peak at the start of the stroke and
then falls away rapidly. On completion of the stroke the
system is stable - the energy being dissipated in the hydraulic
fluid as heat. This type of shock absorbers are provided with
Springs sufficient to return the actuator to its initial position
after the impacting load is removed.
1.7.4 Collapsing Safety Shock Absorbers
These are single use units which are generally specially
designed for specific duties. They are designed such that at
impact they collapse and the impact energy is absorbed as the
materials distort in their inelastic/yield range. They therefore
are more compact compared to devices based on deflections
within their elastic range.
1.7.5 Air (Pneumatic) spring
These devices use air as the resilient medium. Air has a high
energy storage capacity compared to metal or elastomer
materials. For duties with high loads and deflections the air
spring is generally far more compact that the equivalent metal
or elastomer device. Due to the compressibility of air these
have a sharply rising force characteristic towards the end of
the stroke. The majority of the energy is absorbed near the end
of the stroke.The force on an air cylinder buffer is determined
by the relation PVn=constant. Air springs require more
maintenance than meal or elastomer based springs and the
temperature range is restricted compared to metal springs.
1.7.6 Self compensating Hydraulic
These devices are similar to the hydraulic dashpot type except
that a number of orifices are provided allowing different
degrees of restriction throughout the stroke. These devices are
engineered to bring the moving load is smoothly and gently to
rest by a constant resisting force throughout the entire shock
absorber stroke. The load is decelerated with the lowest
possible force in the shortest possible time eliminating
damaging force peaks and shock damage to machines and
equipment. These type of shock absorbers are provided with
springs sufficient to return the actuator to its initial position
after the impacting load is removed.
1.8 Design Calculations for Helical springs for Shock
absorbers
Material: Steel(modulus of rigidity) G = 41000
Mean diameter of a coil D=62mm
Diameter of wire d = 8mm
Total no of coils n1= 18
Height h = 220mm
Outer diameter of spring coil D0 = D +d =70mm
No of active turns n= 14
Weight of bike = 125kgs
Let weight of 1 person = 75Kgs
Weight of 2 persons = 75×2=150Kgs
Weight of bike + persons = 275Kgs
Rear suspension = 65%
65% of 275 = 165Kgs
Considering dynamic loads it will be double
W = 330Kgs = 3234N
For single shock absorber weight = w/2= 1617N = W
We Know that, compression of spring (δ) = × × /×
C = spring index = = = 7.75 = 8
(δ) = × × × /× = 282.698
Solid length, Ls=n1×d=18×8=144
Free length of spring,
Lf = solid length+maximum compression + clearance between
adjustable coils
= + + 0.15 = 144 + 282.698 + 0.15 × 282.698 = 469.102
Spring rate, K = = . = 5.719
Pitch of coil, P = = . = 26
Stresses in helical springs: maximum shear stress induced in
the wire
τ = K×
K = + . = ×
× + . = 0.97
τ = K× = 0.97 × × ×
× = 499.519
Buckling of compression springs, = × ×
Values of buckling factor KB= 7.5
K = 0.05 (for hinged and spring)
The buckling factor for the hinged end and built-in end springs
Wcr=5.719×0.05×469.102=134.139N
2. INTRODUCTION TO PRO/ENGINEER
Pro/ENGINEER is a feature based, parametric solid modeling
program. As such, it's use is significantly different from
conventional drafting programs. In conventional drafting
(either manual or computer assisted), various views of a part
are created in an attempt to describe the geometry. Each view
incorporates aspects of various features (surfaces, cuts, radii,
holes, protrusions) but the features are not individually
defined. In feature based modeling, each feature is
individually described then integrated into the part. The other
significant aspect of conventional drafting is that the part
geometry is defined by the drawing. If it is desired to change
the size, shape, or location of a feature, the physical lines on
the drawing must be changed (in each affected view) then
associated dimensions are updated. When using parametric
modeling, the features are driven by the dimensions
(parameters). To modify the diameter of a hole, the hole
diameter parameter value is changed. This automatically
modifies the feature wherever it occurs – drawing views,
assemblies, etc. Another unique attribute of Pro/ENGINEER
is that it is a solid modeling program. The design procedure is
to create a model, view it, assemble parts as required, then
generate any drawings which are required. It should be noted
that for many uses of Pro/E, complete drawings are never
created. A typical design cycle for a molded plastic part might
consist of the creation of a solid model, export of an SLA file
to a rapid prototyping system (stereolithography, etc.), use of
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the SLA part in hands-on verification of fit, form, and
function, and then export of an IGES file to the molder or
toolmaker. A toolmaker will then use the IGES file to program
the NC machines which will directly create the mold for the
parts. In many such design cycles, the only print created will
be an inspection drawing with critical and envelope
dimensions shown.
2.1 Summary of capabilities
Like any software it is continually being developed to include
new functionality. The details below aim to outline the scope
of capabilities to give an overview rather than giving specific
details on the individual functionality of the product.
Pro/Engineer is a software application within the
CAID/CAD/CAM/CAE category, along with other similar
products currently on the market. Pro/Engineer is a
parametric, feature-based modeling architecture incorporated
into a single database philosophy with advanced rule-based
design capabilities. The capabilities of the product can be split
into the three main heading of Engineering Design, Analysis
and Manufacturing. This data is then documented in a
standard 2D production drawing or the 3D drawing standard
ASME Y14.41-2003.
2.2 Engineering Design
Pro/Engineer offers a range of tools to enable the generation
of a complete digital representation of the product being
designed. In addition to the general geometry tools there is
also the ability to generate geometry of other integrated design
disciplines such as industrial and standard pipe work and
complete wiring definitions. Tools are also available to
support collaborative development. A number of concept
design tools that provide up-front Industrial Design concepts
can then be used in the downstream process of engineering the
product. These range from conceptual Industrial design
sketches, reverse engineering with point cloud data and
comprehensive freeform surface tools.
2.3 DIFFERENT MODULES IN PRO/ENGINEER
PART DESIGN
ASSEMBLY
DRAWING
SHEETMETAL
3. MODEL OF SHOCK ABSORBER
3.1 PARTS OF SHOCK ABSORBER
3.1.1 BOTTOM PART
Fig 3.1:- Bottom part
3.1.2 TOP PART
Fig 3.2:- Top part
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3.1.3 HELICAL SPRING
Fig 3.3:- Helical Spring
3.2 TOTAL ASSEMBLY
Fig 3.4:-Total Assembly
3.4 2D DRAWINGS OF SHOCK ABSORBER
3.4.1 BOTTOM
Fig 3.5:-Bottom part
3.4.2 TOP PART
Fig 3.6:- Top part
3.4.3 HELICAL SPRING PART
Fig 3.7:-Helical Spring part
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3.5 ASSEMBLY
Fig 3.8:- Assembly
3.6 MODIFIED SPRING OF SHOCK ABSORBER
Fig 3.9:-Modified spring of shock absorber
3.7 MODIFIED SPRING
Fig 3.10:-Modified spring
4. INTRODUCTION TO FEA
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was first developed in 1943 by
R. Courant, who utilized the Ritz method of numerical
analysis and minimization of variational calculus to obtain
approximate solutions to vibration systems. Shortly thereafter,
a paper published in 1956 by M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H.
C. Martin, and L. J. Topp established a broader definition of
numerical analysis. The paper centered on the "stiffness and
deflection of complex structures". By the early 70's, FEA was
limited to expensive mainframe computers generally owned
by the aeronautics, automotive, defense, and nuclear
industries. Since the rapid decline in the cost of computers and
the phenomenal increase in computing power, FEA has been
developed to an incredible precision. Present day
supercomputers are now able to produce accurate results for
all kinds of parameters. FEA consists of a computer model of
a material or design that is stressed and analyzed for specific
results. It is used in new product design, and existing product
refinement. A company is able to verify a proposed design
will be able to perform to the client's specifications prior to
manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product
or structure is utilized to qualify the product or structure for a
new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may
be used to help determine the design modifications to meet the
new condition. There are generally two types of analysis that
are used in industry: 2-D modeling, and 3-D modeling. While
2-D modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to
be run on a relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less
accurate results. 3-D modeling, however, produces more
accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but
the fastest computers effectively. Within each of these
modeling schemes, the programmer can insert numerous
algorithms (functions) which may make the system behave
linearly or non-linearly. Linear systems are far less complex
and generally do not take into account plastic deformation.
Non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and
many also are capable of testing a material all the way to
fracture.
FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which
make a grid called a mesh. This mesh is programmed to
contain the material and structural properties which define
how the structure will react to certain loading conditions.
Nodes are assigned at a certain density throughout the material
depending on the anticipated stress levels of a particular area.
Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually
have a higher node density than those which experience little
or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture point of
previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and
high stress areas. The mesh acts like a spider web in that from
each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the
adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the
material properties to the object, creating many elements.
A wide range of objective functions (variables within the
system) are available for minimization or maximization:
Mass, volume, temperature
Strain energy, stress strain
Force, displacement, velocity, acceleration
Synthetic (User defined)
There are multiple loading conditions which may be applied to
a system. Some examples are shown:
Point, pressure, thermal, gravity, and centrifugal
static loads
Thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis
Enforced displacements
Heat flux and convection
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Point, pressure and gravity dynamic loads
Each FEA program may come with an element library, or one
is constructed over time. Some sample elements are:
Rod elements & Beam elements
Plate/Shell/Composite elements
Shear panel
Solid elements
Spring elements
Mass elements
Rigid elements
Viscous damping elements
Many FEA programs also are equipped with the capability to
use multiple materials within the structure such as:
Isotropic, identical throughout
Orthotropic, identical at 90 degrees
General anisotropic, different throughout
4.1 Types of Engineering Analysis
Structural analysis consists of linear and non-linear models.
Linear models use simple parameters and assume that the
material is not plastically deformed. Non-linear models consist
of stressing the material past its elastic capabilities. The
stresses in the material then vary with the amount of
deformation as in. Vibrational analysis is used to test a
material against random vibrations, shock, and impact. Each
of these incidences may act on the natural Vibrational
frequency of the material which, in turn, may cause resonance
and subsequent failure. Fatigue analysis helps designers to
predict the life of a material or structure by showing the
effects of cyclic loading on the specimen. Such analysis can
show the areas where crack propagation is most likely to
occur. Failure due to fatigue may also show the damage
tolerance of the material. Heat Transfer analysis models the
conductivity or thermal fluid dynamics of the material or
structure. This may consist of a steady-state or transient
transfer. Steady-state transfer refers to constant thermo
properties in the material that yield linear heat diffusion.
4.2 Results of Finite Element Analysis
FEA has become a solution to the task of predicting failure
due to unknown stresses by showing problem areas in a
material and allowing designers to see all of the theoretical
stresses within. This method of product design and testing is
far superior to the manufacturing costs which would accrue if
each sample was actually built and tested. In practice, a finite
element analysis usually consists of three principal steps.
4.2.1 Preprocessing:
The user constructs a model of the part to be analyzed in
which the geometry is divided into a number of discrete sub
regions, or elements," connected at discrete points called
nodes." Certain of these nodes will have fixed displacements,
and others will have prescribed loads. These models can be
extremely time consuming to prepare, and commercial codes
vie with one another to have the most user-friendly graphical
“preprocessor" to assist in this rather tedious chore. Some of
these preprocessors can overlay a mesh on a preexisting CAD
file, so that finite element analysis can be done conveniently
as part of the computerized drafting-and-design process.
4.2.2 Analysis:
The dataset prepared by the preprocessor is used as input to
the finite element code itself, which constructs and solves a
system of linear or nonlinear algebraic equations.
Kijuj = fi
where u and f are the displacements and externally applied
forces at the nodal points; The formation of the K matrix is
dependent on the type of problem being attacked, and this
module will outline the approach for truss and linear elastic
stress analyses; Commercial codes may have very large
element libraries, with elements appropriate to a wide range of
problem types. One of FEA's principal advantages is that
many problem types can be addressed with the same code,
merely by specifying the appropriate element types from the
library.
4.2.3 Post-processing:
In the earlier days of finite element analysis, the user would
pore through reams of numbers generated by the code, listing
displacements and stresses at discrete positions within the
model. It is easy to miss important trends and hot spots this
way, and modern codes use graphical displays to assist in
visualizing the results. Typical postprocessor display overlays
colored contours representing stress levels on the model,
showing a full field picture similar to that of photo elastic or
moiré experimental results.
5. INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
ANSYS is general-purpose finite element analysis (FEA)
software package. Finite Element Analysis is a numerical
method of deconstructing a complex system into very small
pieces (of user-designated size) called elements. The software
Implements equations that govern the behavior of these
elements and solves them all; creating a comprehensive
explanation of how the system acts as a whole. These results
then can be presented in tabulated, or graphical forms. This
type of analysis is typically used for the design and
optimization of a system far too complex to analyze by hand.
Systems that may fit into this category are too complex due to
their geometry, scale, or governing equations.
ANSYS is the standard FEA teaching tool within the
Mechanical Engineering Department at many colleges.
ANSYS is also used in Civil and Electrical Engineering, as
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well as the Physics and Chemistry departments. ANSYS
provides a cost-effective way to explore the performance of
products or processes in a virtual environment. This type of
product development is termed virtual prototyping. With
virtual prototyping techniques, users can iterate various
scenarios to optimize the product long before the
manufacturing is started. This enables a reduction in the level
of risk, and in the cost of ineffective designs. The multifaceted
nature of ANSYS also provides a means to ensure that users
are able to see the effect of a design on the whole behavior of
the product, be it electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical etc.
5.1 Generic Steps to Solving any Problem in ANSYS:
Like solving any problem analytically, you need to define (1)
your solution domain, (2) the physical model, (3) boundary
conditions and (4) the physical properties. You then solve the
problem and present the results. In numerical methods, the
main difference is an extra step called mesh generation. This is
the step that divides the complex model into small elements
that become solvable in an otherwise too complex situation.
Below describes the processes in terminology slightly more
attune to the software.
5.1.1 Build Geometry
Construct a two or three dimensional representation of the
object to be modeled and tested using the work plane
coordinates system within ANSYS.
5.1.2 Define Material Properties
Now that the part exists, define a library of the necessary
materials that compose the object (or project) being modeled.
This includes thermal and mechanical properties.
5.1.3 Generate Mesh
At this point ANSYS understands the makeup of the part.
Now define how the Modeled system should be broken down
into finite pieces.
5.1.4 Apply Loads
Once the system is fully designed, the last task is to burden the
system with constraints, such as physical loadings or boundary
conditions.
5.1.5 Obtain Solution
This is actually a step, because ANSYS needs to understand
within what state (steady state, transient… etc.) the problem
must be solved.
5.1.6 Present the Results
After the solution has been obtained, there are many ways to
present ANSYS’ results, choose from many options such as
tables, graphs, and contour plots.
5.2 Specific Capabilities of ANSYS:
5.2.1Structural
Structural analysis is probably the most common application
of the finite element method as it implies bridges and
buildings, naval, aeronautical, and mechanical structures such
as ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as
mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts, and
tools.
5.2.2 Static Analysis
Used to determine displacements, stresses, etc. under static
loading conditions. ANSYS can compute both linear and
nonlinear static analyses. Nonlinearities can include plasticity,
stress stiffening, large deflection, large strain, hyper elasticity,
contact surfaces, and creep.
5.2.3 Transient Dynamic Analysis
Used to determine the response of a structure to arbitrarily
time-varying loads. All nonlinearities mentioned under Static
Analysis above are allowed.
5.2.4 Buckling Analysis
Used to calculate the buckling loads and determine the
buckling mode shape. Both linear (eigenvalue) buckling and
nonlinear buckling analyses are possible. In addition to the
above analysis types, several special-purpose features are
available such as Fracture mechanics, Composite material
analysis, Fatigue, and both p-Method and Beam analyses.
5.2.5 Thermal Analysis
ANSYS is capable of both steady state and transient analysis
of any solid with thermal boundary conditions. Steady-state
thermal analyses calculate the effects of steady thermal loads
on a system or component. Users often perform a steady-state
analysis before doing a transient thermal analysis, to help
establish initial conditions. A steady-state analysis also can be
The last step of a transient thermal analysis; performed after
all transient effects have diminished. ANSYS can be used to
determine temperatures, thermal gradients, heat flow rates,
and heat fluxes in an object that are caused by thermal loads
that do not vary over time. Such loads include the following:
· Convection
· Radiation
· Heat flow rates
· Heat fluxes (heat flow per unit area)
· Heat generation rates (heat flow per unit volume)
· Constant temperature boundaries
A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with
constant material properties; or nonlinear, with material
properties that depend on temperature. The thermal properties
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of most material vary with temperature. This temperature
dependency being appreciable, the analysis becomes
nonlinear. Radiation boundary conditions also make the
analysis nonlinear. Transient calculations are time dependent
and ANSYS can both solve distributions as well as create
video for time incremental displays of models.
5.2.6 Acoustics / Vibration Analysis
ANSYS is capable of modeling and analyzing vibrating
systems in order to that vibrate in order to analyze. Acoustics
is the study of the generation, propagation, absorption, and
reflection of pressure waves in a fluid medium. Applications
for acoustics include the following:
Sonar - the acoustic counterpart of radar
Design of concert halls, where an even distribution of
sound pressure is desired
Noise minimization in machine shops
Noise cancellation in automobiles
Underwater acoustics
Design of speakers, speaker housings, acoustic filters,
mufflers, and many other similar devices.
Geophysical exploration
Within ANSYS, an acoustic analysis usually involves
modeling a fluid medium and the surrounding structure.
Characteristics in question include pressure distribution in the
fluid at different frequencies, pressure gradient, and particle
velocity, the sound pressure level, as well as, scattering,
diffraction, transmission, radiation, attenuation, and dispersion
of acoustic waves. A coupled acoustic analysis takes the fluid-
structure interaction into account. An uncoupled acoustic
analysis models only the fluid and ignores any fluid-structure
interaction. The ANSYS program assumes that the fluid is
compressible, but allows only relatively small pressure
changes with respect to the mean pressure. Also, the fluid is
assumed to be non-flowing and inviscid (that is, viscosity
causes no dissipative effects). Uniform mean density and
mean pressure are assumed, with the pressure solution being
the deviation from the mean pressure, not the absolute
pressure.
5.2.7 Coupled Fields Analysis
A coupled-field analysis is an analysis that takes into account
the interaction (coupling) between two or more disciplines
(fields) of engineering. A piezoelectric analysis, for example,
handles the interaction between the structural and electric
fields: it solves for the voltage distribution due to applied
displacements, or vice versa. Other examples of coupled-field
analysis are thermal-stress analysis, thermal-electric analysis,
and fluid-structure analysis. Some of the applications in which
coupled-field analysis may be required are pressure vessels
(thermal-stress analysis), fluid flow constrictions (fluid-
structure analysis), induction heating (magnetic-thermal
analysis), ultrasonic transducers (piezoelectric analysis),
magnetic forming (magneto-structural analysis), and micro
electro mechanical systems (MEMS).
5.2.8 Modal Analysis
A modal analysis is typically used to determine the vibration
characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of a
structure or a machine component while it is being designed. It
can also serve as a starting point for another, more detailed,
dynamic analysis, such as a harmonic response or full
transient dynamic analysis. Modal analyses, while being one
of the most basic dynamic analysis types available in ANSYS,
can also be more computationally time consuming than a
typical static analysis. A reduced solver, utilizing
automatically or manually selected master degrees of freedom
is used to drastically reduce the problem size and solution
time.
5.2.9 Harmonic Analysis
Used extensively by companies who produce rotating
machinery, ANSYS Harmonic analysis is used to predict the
sustained dynamic behavior of structures to consistent cyclic
loading. Examples of rotating machines which produced or are
Subjected to harmonic loading are:
Gas Turbines for Aircraft and Power Generation
Steam Turbines
Wind Turbine
Water Turbines
Turbo pumps
Internal Combustion engines
Electric motors and generators
Gas and fluid pumps
Disc drives
A harmonic analysis can be used to verify whether or not a
machine design will successfully overcome resonance, fatigue,
and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.
6. PRESENT DESIGN
6.1 Structural Analysis for bike weight (125kgs) using
Spring Steel as spring material
Case 1: Load 125kgs
Element Type Solid 20 node 95
Material: Spring Steel
Material Properties: Young’s Modulus (EX): 210000N/mm2
Poisson’s Ratio (PRXY): 0.29
Density: 0.000007850kg/mm3
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6.1.1 Imported Model from Pro/Engineer
Fig 6.1:- Imported model from Pro/Engineer
6.1.2 Tetra Meshed Model
Fig 6.2:- Tetra Meshed model
Loads
Pressure – 0.0078N/mm2
Fig 6.3:- Load applied on tetra mesh model
RESULTS AFTER APPLIENG LOADS:
Fig 6.4:- Displacement Vector Sum
Fig 6.5:- Von misses stress
6.2 Structural Analysis for bike weight (125kgs) using
Beryllium Copper as spring material
Case 2: Load 125kg
Element Type: solid 20 node 95
Material: Beryllium Copper
Material Properties: Young’s Modulus (EX) : 280000N/mm2
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Poisson’s Ratio (PRXY): 0.285
Density: 0.000001850kg/mm3
Fig 6.6:- Displacement vector sum
Fig 6.7:-Von misses stress
6.3 Structural Analysis for one person and bike
weight (200kgs) using Spring Steel as spring material
Case 3: Load 200kg
Element Type Solid 20 node 95
Material: Spring Steel
Material Properties: Young’s Modulus (EX) : 210000N/mm2
Poisson’s Ratio (PRXY) : 0.29
Density: 0.000007850kg/mm3
Fig 6.8:-Displacement vector sum
Fig 6.9:-Van misses stress
6.3 Structural Analysis for one person and bike
weight(200kgs) using
Beryllium Copper as spring material
Case 4: Load 200kgs
Fig 6.10:-Displacement vector sum
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Fig 6.11:- Von misses stress
7. NEW MODIFIED DESIGN
7.1 Structural Analysis for bike weight (125kgs) using
Spring Steel as spring material
Case 1: Load 125kgs
Fig 7.1:-Displacement vector sum
Fig 7.2:-Von misses stress
7.2 Structural Analysis for bike weight (125kgs) using
Beryllium Copper as spring material
Case 2: Load 125kgs
Fig 7.3:- Displacement vector sum
Fig 7.4:- Von misses stress
7.3 Structural Analysis for one person and bike
weight(200kgs) using Spring Steel as spring material
Case 3: Load 200kgs
Fig 7.5:- Displacement vector sum
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Fig 7.6:-Von Misses Stress
7.6 Structural Analysis for one person and bike
weight (200kgs) using Beryllium Copper as spring
material
Case 4: Load 200kgs
Fig 7.7:- Displacement vector sum
Fig 7.8:- Von misses stress
8. RESULTS TABLE:
8.1 PRESENT DESIGN
8.2 MODIFIED DESIGN
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CONCLUSIONS
[1]. In this project we have designed a shock absorber
used in a 150cc bike. We have modeled the shock
absorber by using 3D parametric software
Pro/Engineer.
[2]. To validate the strength of our design, we have done
structural analysis and modal analysis on the shock
absorber. We have done analysis by varying spring
material Spring Steel and Beryllium Copper.
[3].By observing the analysis results, the analyzed stress
values are less than their respective yield stress
values. So our design is safe.
[4]. By comparing the results for both materials, the stress
value is less for Spring Steel than Beryllium Copper.
[5]. Also the shock absorber design is modified by
reducing the diameter of spring by 2mm and
structural, modal analysis is done on the shock
absorber. By reducing the diameter, the weight of the
spring reduces. By comparing the results for both
materials, the stress value is less for Spring Steel than
Beryllium Copper.
[6]. By comparing the results for present design and
modified design, the stress and displacement values
are less for modified design.
[7]. So we can conclude that as per our analysis using
material spring steel for spring is best and also our
modified design is safe.
REFERENCES
[1]. Machine design by R.S.KURMI
[2]. PSG,2008.”DESIGN DATA,” kalaikathir achachgam
publishers, COIMBATORE, INDIA
[3]. Automobile Engineering by R.B.Gupta
[4]. Automobile Engineering by G.B.S. Narang.
[5]. Automobile Servicing and Maintenance by K.Ashrif
Ali
[6]. Automotive Maintenance and Trouble Shooting by
Ernest Venk,& Edward D. Spicer