The document provides an overview of research methodology, outlining key topics such as the objectives, types, and significance of research. It discusses the different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, experimental, and non-experimental research. The document also covers research methods like inferential approach, experimental approach, simulation approach, and correlational research. Finally, it discusses the importance of research for students, philosophers, professionals and society.
Photomicrography histry, introdution, camera, applicationNandeesha s
This document discusses photomicrography, which is the process of capturing microscope images using cameras. It notes that Thomas Wedgwood first proposed the idea of photomicrography in 1771. A photomicrograph provides a technical or beautiful image that can benefit science or industry by studying the external structure of objects. Various cameras and light sources can be used for photomicrography. Applications of photomicrography include medical research, ecology, agriculture, criminal investigations, and education.
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages.
This document provides an overview of spectrophotometry and colorimetry. It discusses the basic principles including how spectrophotometry follows Beer's law and relates light absorption to sample concentration. It describes the history and development of spectrophotometry instrumentation. The basic components and mechanisms of spectrophotometers are outlined. Applications of spectrophotometry include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and molecular weight determination. Colorimetry is similar but uses only the visible light range. Spectrophotometry has advantages over colorimetry in being able to measure a broader electromagnetic spectrum.
Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of the bacterial chromosome and are used as cloning vectors. Cloning vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign genetic material into a host cell. Plasmids have features like cloning sites, selectable markers, and reporter genes that make them useful for cloning. Common types of cloning vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Plasmids are advantageous as cloning vectors because they are small, can replicate independently of the host, and often confer antibiotic resistance, allowing for selection of transformed cells.
Role of microbes in antibiotic production SMGsajigeorge64
This document discusses the role of microbes in antibiotic production. It notes that antibiotics are produced by some bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi as secondary metabolites to inhibit the growth of other bacteria. The first natural antibiotic discovered was penicillin, produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum and isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Many other antibiotics have since been discovered from fungi such as Penicillium species and the actinomycete Streptomyces species. Antibiotics can be classified as narrow or broad spectrum and are important for treating bacterial infections.
Genes contain DNA instructions that direct cell growth and function. Cancer arises when genes mutate and cells grow out of control. Most cancers are caused by multiple acquired gene mutations over a person's lifetime from environmental exposures or random errors during cell division. Inherited gene mutations can also increase cancer risk if they reduce the body's ability to repair other DNA damage before it transforms cells into cancers. The more a single gene mutation impacts normal gene function, the greater the risk of associated diseases like cancer appearing in carriers of that mutation.
Hydrolysed protein is a solution derived from hydrolyzing proteins into amino acids and peptides, commonly through prolonged heating with hydrochloric acid or enzymes. The process breaks peptide bonds in protein chains to generate smaller, more usable fragments. First, raw materials like whey or casein are selected and mixed with water. Enzymes are then added to hydrolyze the proteins. The solution is filtered, concentrated, spray dried, and packaged. Hydrolysed protein is used in foods as a flavor enhancer and in infant formulas and pet foods to modify allergenic properties. It provides a rich amino acid pool that can be immediately used by the body.
Photomicrography histry, introdution, camera, applicationNandeesha s
This document discusses photomicrography, which is the process of capturing microscope images using cameras. It notes that Thomas Wedgwood first proposed the idea of photomicrography in 1771. A photomicrograph provides a technical or beautiful image that can benefit science or industry by studying the external structure of objects. Various cameras and light sources can be used for photomicrography. Applications of photomicrography include medical research, ecology, agriculture, criminal investigations, and education.
Ribotyping is a molecular technique for bacterial identification that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses. It is rapid and specific method widely used in clinical diagnostics and analysis of microbial communities in food, water, and beverages.
This document provides an overview of spectrophotometry and colorimetry. It discusses the basic principles including how spectrophotometry follows Beer's law and relates light absorption to sample concentration. It describes the history and development of spectrophotometry instrumentation. The basic components and mechanisms of spectrophotometers are outlined. Applications of spectrophotometry include concentration measurement, detection of impurities, and molecular weight determination. Colorimetry is similar but uses only the visible light range. Spectrophotometry has advantages over colorimetry in being able to measure a broader electromagnetic spectrum.
Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of the bacterial chromosome and are used as cloning vectors. Cloning vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign genetic material into a host cell. Plasmids have features like cloning sites, selectable markers, and reporter genes that make them useful for cloning. Common types of cloning vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Plasmids are advantageous as cloning vectors because they are small, can replicate independently of the host, and often confer antibiotic resistance, allowing for selection of transformed cells.
Role of microbes in antibiotic production SMGsajigeorge64
This document discusses the role of microbes in antibiotic production. It notes that antibiotics are produced by some bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi as secondary metabolites to inhibit the growth of other bacteria. The first natural antibiotic discovered was penicillin, produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum and isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Many other antibiotics have since been discovered from fungi such as Penicillium species and the actinomycete Streptomyces species. Antibiotics can be classified as narrow or broad spectrum and are important for treating bacterial infections.
Genes contain DNA instructions that direct cell growth and function. Cancer arises when genes mutate and cells grow out of control. Most cancers are caused by multiple acquired gene mutations over a person's lifetime from environmental exposures or random errors during cell division. Inherited gene mutations can also increase cancer risk if they reduce the body's ability to repair other DNA damage before it transforms cells into cancers. The more a single gene mutation impacts normal gene function, the greater the risk of associated diseases like cancer appearing in carriers of that mutation.
Hydrolysed protein is a solution derived from hydrolyzing proteins into amino acids and peptides, commonly through prolonged heating with hydrochloric acid or enzymes. The process breaks peptide bonds in protein chains to generate smaller, more usable fragments. First, raw materials like whey or casein are selected and mixed with water. Enzymes are then added to hydrolyze the proteins. The solution is filtered, concentrated, spray dried, and packaged. Hydrolysed protein is used in foods as a flavor enhancer and in infant formulas and pet foods to modify allergenic properties. It provides a rich amino acid pool that can be immediately used by the body.
Bioinformatics on the internet provides many resources and benefits. It allows for easy access and sharing of vast biological databases and genomic data. The internet facilitates collaboration between researchers globally and provides tools for storing, organizing, and analyzing biological information. Key resources available online include biological databases, software for data analysis, educational courses, journals, and tools for sequence analysis, structure prediction, and more. This expands the scope of bioinformatics and allows research to advance more rapidly through improved access to information and resources.
Somatic hybridisation involves the fusion of somatic protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties to create a hybrid plant. It allows for novel combinations of genes from unrelated species and can overcome barriers to sexual crossing. Protoplasts are isolated from plant tissues enzymatically or mechanically and then fused using techniques like PEG or electrofusion. Hybrid cells are selected and cultured, and plants are regenerated from hybrid calli. Somatic hybridisation has applications in genetic recombination of asexual plants, transferring desirable traits between species, and studying organelle genomes.
Module 4 primary contaiment and other hazardEhealthMoHS
The document discusses primary containment and other biological hazards. It outlines a hierarchy of controls to prevent exposure to biological hazards, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Primary containment equipment like biosafety cabinets (BSCs) and centrifuges contain hazards at the source. Secondary containment provides barriers around primary containment through facilities and room design. Tertiary containment establishes barriers beyond containment laboratories. PPE like gloves, gowns, and respirators are used to protect workers. Proper use and decontamination of equipment minimizes exposure risks from biological hazards in laboratories.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate components of a solution based on properties like density, size, and shape. It works by spinning the solution at high speeds, allowing heavier components to sediment to the bottom. There are two main types - density gradient centrifugation, where particles separate through a density gradient, and differential centrifugation, which separates organelles from cells. Centrifugation has many applications, including separating cream from milk, clarifying wine, and purifying proteins and cells.
Autoradiography is a bioanalytical technique used to visualize the distribution of radioactive labeled substances in biological samples. It works by exposing samples containing radioactive isotopes to photographic film or X-ray film, causing the formation of silver crystals where radiation is detected. When developed, the film reveals an image showing the distribution of radioactivity in the sample. Autoradiography can be used to study the localization of isotopes in tissues, cells, or biomolecules, as well as applications like receptor mapping, DNA replication rates, and protein phosphorylation.
The document discusses protoplast fusion, which involves removing the cell walls of plant cells to create naked protoplasts that can then be fused. It describes how to isolate protoplasts from plant tissues using either mechanical or enzymatic methods. The fusion of protoplasts from different species or varieties can create hybrid cells called heterokaryons or hybrids. Techniques to induce protoplast fusion include treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG), calcium ions, electricity, or sodium nitrate. Successful somatic hybridization follows a procedure of isolating, fusing, regenerating cell walls, and selecting hybrid plant cells and colonies. Applications of protoplast fusion include combining genomes of sterile plants and
This document discusses factors that affect fermentation broth viscosity and mixing in bioreactors. It describes how cell concentration, morphology, and extracellular polymers influence broth rheology. Common mixing equipment like stirred tanks and various impeller designs are also outlined. Finally, the document explains the three main flow regimes - laminar, turbulent, and transitional - that can occur in bioreactors based on the impeller type and Reynolds number.
1) Actin microfilaments are composed of globular actin subunits that polymerize to form filaments approximately 8 nm in diameter.
2) Actin polymerization is regulated by actin-binding proteins that nucleate, depolymerize, sever, cross-link, or cap actin filaments.
3) In nonmuscle and muscle cells, actin microfilaments interact with myosin to generate forces responsible for cell motility, shape changes, and muscle contraction.
The document discusses the industrial production of gluconic acid. It begins by introducing gluconic acid and describing its microbial production process using fungi like Aspergillus niger or bacteria such as Gluconobacter oxydans. The history of gluconic acid production dating back to the 1870s is then summarized. The document proceeds to discuss the enzymatic reactions involved in gluconic acid formation, fermentation processes, production of pure gluconic acid, recovery methods, a flowchart of the production process, and various uses of gluconic acid and its derivatives in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, detergents, and more.
The document discusses the cell theory and structure and function of cells. It notes that the cell theory developed from early microscopy studies and contributions from many scientists. The cell theory has three main principles: all organisms are made of cells, all cells come from preexisting cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life. The document also describes key components of cell structure including the nucleus, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell membrane. It explains functions of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from somatic (non-reproductive) plant cells in vitro. It is an important biotechnological tool that allows for clonal propagation, genetic transformation, and other applications. The first observation of somatic embryogenesis was in carrot cells in 1958. Somatic embryogenesis occurs through direct or indirect pathways and involves induction, development, and maturation stages. It has advantages over zygotic embryogenesis like a higher propagation rate and applications in synthetic seed production and genetic engineering.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between them. Inside the inner membrane is the stroma, which contains thylakoids that are arranged in stacks called grana. Chloroplasts contain their own genome and divide independently. According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts originated from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by other cells but not destroyed. Chloroplasts import most proteins from the cytosol through translocation complexes in their membranes. Their main functions are to carry out the light reactions and dark reactions of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide using energy from sunlight
Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a Laboratory based risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the working and surrounding environment.
The primary principle of biosafety is “Containment”.
Containment
The action of keeping harmful things under control and within limits
Or
A series of safe methods for managing infectious bacteria in the laboratory.
This document discusses sequence alignment and the differences between global and local alignment. It defines sequence alignment as comparing two or more sequences to find identical or similar characters in the same order. Global alignment attempts to align the entire sequences, while local alignment finds the regions of highest similarity that may only be part of the sequences. Dynamic programming is used to calculate optimal alignments through initialization of a scoring matrix, filling it, and tracing back the highest scores. The Needleman-Wunch algorithm performs global alignment, while Smith-Waterman performs local alignment by setting negative scores to zero to terminate early alignments.
This document discusses heat and mass transfer concepts relevant to fermentation processes. It covers two main applications of heat transfer: sterilization of medium and temperature control during operation. Several heat exchanger configurations are described along with their pros and cons. Mass transfer concepts like Fick's law of diffusion and film theory are introduced. The document also analyzes the steps involved in oxygen transfer from gas bubbles to cells and the mass transfer resistances in bioreactors. Finally, common downstream processing unit operations like filtration and centrifugation are briefly described.
This document discusses biodeterioration, which refers to undesirable changes in materials caused by biological organisms. It affects buildings, stones, metals, and other materials. Factors like humidity, light, temperature, and pollution can influence biodeterioration by favoring the growth of microbes. Mechanisms include chemical and mechanical aggression via acids, enzymes, and physical forces produced by microbes. Common biodeteriogens are bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and plants. They can deteriorate inorganic materials like stones and metals or organic materials like paper, wood, and paintings. Control methods include biochemical, biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical approaches.
The document discusses cell-cell adhesion, specifically cadherins. Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules that are critical for establishing cell connections and segregating cell types during development. The major classes of cadherins include E-cadherin, P-cadherin, N-cadherin, and protocadherins. Cadherins interact with catenins and the actin cytoskeleton to bind cells together. Different cadherin expression patterns play important roles in tissue formation and separation during embryogenesis.
This document discusses different types of research and challenges in research. It defines research and describes the key steps in the research process. It then contrasts and provides examples of different types of research: descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Finally, it outlines some challenges in research, such as lack of scientific training, insufficient interaction with industry, issues of data confidentiality, untimely availability of data, lack of secretarial assistance and overlapping studies.
This document discusses different types of research including:
- Descriptive vs analytical research, with descriptive focusing on describing current states and analytical focusing on explaining causes and relationships.
- Applied vs fundamental research, with applied aiming to solve practical problems and fundamental focusing on building general theories.
- Quantitative vs qualitative research, with quantitative relying on numerical data and qualitative focusing on underlying motives.
- Conceptual vs empirical research, with conceptual related to theories and empirical based on observation and experimentation.
Bioinformatics on the internet provides many resources and benefits. It allows for easy access and sharing of vast biological databases and genomic data. The internet facilitates collaboration between researchers globally and provides tools for storing, organizing, and analyzing biological information. Key resources available online include biological databases, software for data analysis, educational courses, journals, and tools for sequence analysis, structure prediction, and more. This expands the scope of bioinformatics and allows research to advance more rapidly through improved access to information and resources.
Somatic hybridisation involves the fusion of somatic protoplasts from two different plant species or varieties to create a hybrid plant. It allows for novel combinations of genes from unrelated species and can overcome barriers to sexual crossing. Protoplasts are isolated from plant tissues enzymatically or mechanically and then fused using techniques like PEG or electrofusion. Hybrid cells are selected and cultured, and plants are regenerated from hybrid calli. Somatic hybridisation has applications in genetic recombination of asexual plants, transferring desirable traits between species, and studying organelle genomes.
Module 4 primary contaiment and other hazardEhealthMoHS
The document discusses primary containment and other biological hazards. It outlines a hierarchy of controls to prevent exposure to biological hazards, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE). Primary containment equipment like biosafety cabinets (BSCs) and centrifuges contain hazards at the source. Secondary containment provides barriers around primary containment through facilities and room design. Tertiary containment establishes barriers beyond containment laboratories. PPE like gloves, gowns, and respirators are used to protect workers. Proper use and decontamination of equipment minimizes exposure risks from biological hazards in laboratories.
Centrifugation is a technique that uses centrifugal force to separate components of a solution based on properties like density, size, and shape. It works by spinning the solution at high speeds, allowing heavier components to sediment to the bottom. There are two main types - density gradient centrifugation, where particles separate through a density gradient, and differential centrifugation, which separates organelles from cells. Centrifugation has many applications, including separating cream from milk, clarifying wine, and purifying proteins and cells.
Autoradiography is a bioanalytical technique used to visualize the distribution of radioactive labeled substances in biological samples. It works by exposing samples containing radioactive isotopes to photographic film or X-ray film, causing the formation of silver crystals where radiation is detected. When developed, the film reveals an image showing the distribution of radioactivity in the sample. Autoradiography can be used to study the localization of isotopes in tissues, cells, or biomolecules, as well as applications like receptor mapping, DNA replication rates, and protein phosphorylation.
The document discusses protoplast fusion, which involves removing the cell walls of plant cells to create naked protoplasts that can then be fused. It describes how to isolate protoplasts from plant tissues using either mechanical or enzymatic methods. The fusion of protoplasts from different species or varieties can create hybrid cells called heterokaryons or hybrids. Techniques to induce protoplast fusion include treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG), calcium ions, electricity, or sodium nitrate. Successful somatic hybridization follows a procedure of isolating, fusing, regenerating cell walls, and selecting hybrid plant cells and colonies. Applications of protoplast fusion include combining genomes of sterile plants and
This document discusses factors that affect fermentation broth viscosity and mixing in bioreactors. It describes how cell concentration, morphology, and extracellular polymers influence broth rheology. Common mixing equipment like stirred tanks and various impeller designs are also outlined. Finally, the document explains the three main flow regimes - laminar, turbulent, and transitional - that can occur in bioreactors based on the impeller type and Reynolds number.
1) Actin microfilaments are composed of globular actin subunits that polymerize to form filaments approximately 8 nm in diameter.
2) Actin polymerization is regulated by actin-binding proteins that nucleate, depolymerize, sever, cross-link, or cap actin filaments.
3) In nonmuscle and muscle cells, actin microfilaments interact with myosin to generate forces responsible for cell motility, shape changes, and muscle contraction.
The document discusses the industrial production of gluconic acid. It begins by introducing gluconic acid and describing its microbial production process using fungi like Aspergillus niger or bacteria such as Gluconobacter oxydans. The history of gluconic acid production dating back to the 1870s is then summarized. The document proceeds to discuss the enzymatic reactions involved in gluconic acid formation, fermentation processes, production of pure gluconic acid, recovery methods, a flowchart of the production process, and various uses of gluconic acid and its derivatives in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, detergents, and more.
The document discusses the cell theory and structure and function of cells. It notes that the cell theory developed from early microscopy studies and contributions from many scientists. The cell theory has three main principles: all organisms are made of cells, all cells come from preexisting cells, and the cell is the basic unit of life. The document also describes key components of cell structure including the nucleus, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell membrane. It explains functions of organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
Somatic embryogenesis is the process where embryos form from somatic (non-reproductive) plant cells in vitro. It is an important biotechnological tool that allows for clonal propagation, genetic transformation, and other applications. The first observation of somatic embryogenesis was in carrot cells in 1958. Somatic embryogenesis occurs through direct or indirect pathways and involves induction, development, and maturation stages. It has advantages over zygotic embryogenesis like a higher propagation rate and applications in synthetic seed production and genetic engineering.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plants and algae that carry out photosynthesis. They have an outer and inner membrane, with an intermembrane space between them. Inside the inner membrane is the stroma, which contains thylakoids that are arranged in stacks called grana. Chloroplasts contain their own genome and divide independently. According to the endosymbiotic theory, chloroplasts originated from cyanobacteria that were engulfed by other cells but not destroyed. Chloroplasts import most proteins from the cytosol through translocation complexes in their membranes. Their main functions are to carry out the light reactions and dark reactions of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide using energy from sunlight
Biosafety is the application of safety precautions that reduce a Laboratory based risk of exposure to a potentially infectious material and limit contamination of the working and surrounding environment.
The primary principle of biosafety is “Containment”.
Containment
The action of keeping harmful things under control and within limits
Or
A series of safe methods for managing infectious bacteria in the laboratory.
This document discusses sequence alignment and the differences between global and local alignment. It defines sequence alignment as comparing two or more sequences to find identical or similar characters in the same order. Global alignment attempts to align the entire sequences, while local alignment finds the regions of highest similarity that may only be part of the sequences. Dynamic programming is used to calculate optimal alignments through initialization of a scoring matrix, filling it, and tracing back the highest scores. The Needleman-Wunch algorithm performs global alignment, while Smith-Waterman performs local alignment by setting negative scores to zero to terminate early alignments.
This document discusses heat and mass transfer concepts relevant to fermentation processes. It covers two main applications of heat transfer: sterilization of medium and temperature control during operation. Several heat exchanger configurations are described along with their pros and cons. Mass transfer concepts like Fick's law of diffusion and film theory are introduced. The document also analyzes the steps involved in oxygen transfer from gas bubbles to cells and the mass transfer resistances in bioreactors. Finally, common downstream processing unit operations like filtration and centrifugation are briefly described.
This document discusses biodeterioration, which refers to undesirable changes in materials caused by biological organisms. It affects buildings, stones, metals, and other materials. Factors like humidity, light, temperature, and pollution can influence biodeterioration by favoring the growth of microbes. Mechanisms include chemical and mechanical aggression via acids, enzymes, and physical forces produced by microbes. Common biodeteriogens are bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and plants. They can deteriorate inorganic materials like stones and metals or organic materials like paper, wood, and paintings. Control methods include biochemical, biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical approaches.
The document discusses cell-cell adhesion, specifically cadherins. Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules that are critical for establishing cell connections and segregating cell types during development. The major classes of cadherins include E-cadherin, P-cadherin, N-cadherin, and protocadherins. Cadherins interact with catenins and the actin cytoskeleton to bind cells together. Different cadherin expression patterns play important roles in tissue formation and separation during embryogenesis.
This document discusses different types of research and challenges in research. It defines research and describes the key steps in the research process. It then contrasts and provides examples of different types of research: descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Finally, it outlines some challenges in research, such as lack of scientific training, insufficient interaction with industry, issues of data confidentiality, untimely availability of data, lack of secretarial assistance and overlapping studies.
This document discusses different types of research including:
- Descriptive vs analytical research, with descriptive focusing on describing current states and analytical focusing on explaining causes and relationships.
- Applied vs fundamental research, with applied aiming to solve practical problems and fundamental focusing on building general theories.
- Quantitative vs qualitative research, with quantitative relying on numerical data and qualitative focusing on underlying motives.
- Conceptual vs empirical research, with conceptual related to theories and empirical based on observation and experimentation.
Lecture 1 & 2 ppt Research topics m.techRuchiGautam28
The document provides an overview of research methodology and biostatistics. It outlines the course objectives to develop a research orientation in students and acquaint them with research fundamentals. The outcomes are for students to gain knowledge of research design and learn how to formulate research problems and solve new issues using research processes. The document then defines research and discusses research types including exploratory, descriptive, causal and analytical research. It explains the meaning, objectives, and motivation for research.
This document discusses research methodology and defines key terms and types of research. It begins by defining research as a careful investigation to gain new knowledge. The objectives of research are described as gaining new insights, accurately portraying characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. Types of research discussed include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions while analytical evaluates facts. The document also differentiates between research methods, which are techniques used, and methodology, which is the systematic approach.
This provide valuable and basic information regarding Research Methodology, how to conduct Research work, types of research, advantages and limitation of Research. Very helpful to Personnels associated with Research work.
This document provides information on the course "Research Methodology and Intellectual Property Rights" including the course objectives, outcomes, and modules. The course objectives are to understand research basics, literature reviews, citations, and ethics in engineering research. It also covers intellectual property rights concepts. The first module introduces research meaning, objectives, types, and ethics.
Lecture Rsearch methodsbmls21 and 19spt.pptsamwel18
This document provides an overview of research methods topics covered in an AML 4311 lecture, including defining research, classifying different types of research, and outlining the research process. Research is systematically defined as seeking new and reliable knowledge. Basic research aims to establish fundamental facts, while applied research aims to solve practical problems. Research can also be classified as disciplinary, subject-matter, or problem-solving based on its goals. The research process involves formulating a question, developing objectives and a design, conducting the research, analyzing results, and interpreting findings. Creativity and various methods play important roles in the research process.
This document discusses various aspects of research methodology including the meaning and objectives of research, types of research, variables in research, research process, and importance of methodology. It defines research as a systematic search for knowledge and notes that the main objectives are to discover new facts or verify existing facts. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It also explains key aspects of the research process such as selecting a research area, developing research questions/hypotheses, conducting a literature review, preparing a research design, deciding on sampling, and data collection methods. Finally, it discusses the significance of understanding research methodology.
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Research Methodology and Research Types discussionssrkai2020
The document discusses research methodology and sampling design. It defines research as a systematic search for knowledge through objective methods. There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, and fundamental research. Research design is important as it provides a blueprint for how the research will be conducted, including the sampling, data collection, and analysis procedures. Developing clear hypotheses to focus the research and testing those hypotheses is also discussed.
This document provides an overview of research, including its meaning, purpose, and types. Research is defined as a systematic, methodical, and ethical process of inquiry and investigation aimed at increasing knowledge and solving problems. The main types of research discussed are descriptive vs. analytical, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative, conceptual vs. empirical, and research approaches. Research methodology is also introduced as a science of studying how research is done systematically by considering logic and methods used. Key aspects of the research process like formulating problems, literature review, hypotheses development, research design, sampling, and data analysis are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to business research methodology. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating problems to discover new information and relationships. Research aims to increase knowledge in a logical, objective manner through data collection and analysis. It should be carefully recorded and reported, with conclusions reached cautiously based on evidence. Business research is important as it provides factual information to guide decisions and reduce risk, helping organizations define audiences, monitor competition, and sway public opinion. The nature of research involves finding things out in a systematic way to expand knowledge.
Research Methodolgy & Intellectual Property Rights Series 1T.D. Shashikala
This PPT is prepared for VTU-Karnataka, Mtech/PhD syllabus based on C.R. Kothari, Gaurav Garg, Research Methodology: method and Techniques, New age International, 4th Edition,2018
Research is the systematic study of a topic to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It has key characteristics of being systematic, valid/verifiable, and empirical. Research can be classified by its application (pure or applied), objectives (descriptive, correlational, explanatory, exploratory), or inquiry mode (structured or unstructured). Descriptive research aims to describe data while correlational examines relationships between variables.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses why business research is important for engineers and defines what research is, including that it is a systematic search for truth and new knowledge. It outlines the scientific method process and types of research such as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. COVID-19 statistics are also presented along with the current vaccine status.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research approaches, and the research process. The research process involves formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. It also distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting data, and research methodology, which considers the logic and procedures of the research approach.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, research motivations, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. It also covers the difference between research methods and methodology. The research process involves formulating the research problem, literature survey, developing hypotheses, research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, testing hypotheses, and reporting results.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and research approaches. The types of research covered include conceptual vs empirical, one-time vs longitudinal vs historical vs diagnostic vs experimental vs exploratory. The document is presented by Dr. G. Praveen Kumar and serves as an overview to research methodology concepts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, characteristics of research, types of research approaches, and the research process. The research process involves formulating the research problem, conducting a literature review, developing hypotheses, preparing a research design, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. It also distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting data, and research methodology, which considers the logic and procedures of the research approach.
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The document provides a literature review on computational design in architecture. It summarizes 19 research papers on topics related to computational design, sustainability, data management, and their applications and challenges in architectural practice and education. The research issue identified is the lack of efficiency in current sustainability compliance checking processes in Indian architecture. The proposed research aims to develop and validate an automated sustainability compliance system customized for India's diverse climatic zones using computational algorithms. The research will employ a mixed-method approach including enhanced data collection from various climatic contexts and development of climatically adaptable algorithms validated through case studies.
The document summarizes sustainability features of the ITC Gardenia hotel in Bengaluru, India. It discusses the hotel's energy efficiency measures like CO2 sensors for fresh air handling and guest room climate controls. It also uses solar concentrators to produce steam for cooking and double glazed windows. For water efficiency, it reuses grey and black water and uses water flow restrictors. Solid waste is segregated and converted to manure. Interior spaces have increased ventilation and outdoor air. Sustainable materials include recycled content and rapidly renewable materials with low VOC emissions. Landscaping includes vertical gardens.
Institution Presentation Format (2).pptxCharuNangia
This document provides information for an internal quality audit at NAME OF THE INSTITUTION. It includes the institution profile, student and faculty details, research and publications, admission trends, placement records, internal quality assurance cell members, responses to previous audits, the Head of Institution's vision and objectives. Key details include the student and faculty strength, student-faculty ratios, infrastructure facilities, programs offered and student enrollment, faculty qualifications and cadre, research projects undertaken and ongoing, publications, admission trends over last 4 years, results analysis, 2016 placement details, IQAC members, corrective actions from previous audits, BSI audit responses, HoI's vision and objectives for 2016-17, environmental objectives and action plan to achieve
The document provides details about placement for the 2017-18 year, including the coordinators, number of students placed in dual programs and individual programs totaling 20 students. Last year 24% of students were placed. Workshops and industrial visits were conducted to provide hands-on experience. Guest speakers from industry were invited to build relationships. Students completing internships would be absorbed by companies. The document lists companies that participated in placements, including DLF, Häfele, Hacker, and others.
Professional Ethics and Social Responsibilty Introduction.pptxCharuNangia
This document discusses professional ethics and social responsibility in higher education. It includes a syllabus for a course on professional ethics with 5 modules covering topics like ethics in the workplace and codes of ethics. It outlines the continuous assessment scheme for the course including assignments like a case study presentation and minor project report. The objectives of the course are to understand concepts of professional ethics and identify ethical issues. The document also discusses the importance of ethics in the workplace and lists several components of strong work ethics like honesty, loyalty, teamwork, and respect.
Sir Ebenezer Howard was influential in founding the garden city movement in the late 19th century. He published "Garden Cities of To-morrow" in 1898, which outlined his vision for planned, self-contained communities that blended the best aspects of urban and rural living. The book proposed towns surrounded by greenbelts that would have industry, agriculture, and housing integrated together in a way to improve lives. The first garden cities realized based on Howard's principles were Letchworth and Welwyn in England in the early 1900s.
Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis was a Greek architect and town planner known as the "Father of Ekistics". He worked as the chief town planning officer for the Greek ministry of public works and planned many new cities and settlements around the world. Doxiadis developed the science of ekistics to systematically study human settlements and create optimal cities. He believed cities should limit heights, separate vehicle and pedestrian traffic, and be planned as small "cells". Notable projects he worked on included the master plans for Islamabad, Pakistan and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2 research seminar. Learning Progression sem 1.pptxCharuNangia
The document summarizes the learning progression for semester 7 students at the Amity School of Architecture & Planning. Students proposed two topics of their choice and justified their selections. They conducted literature reviews on their finalized topics by analyzing relevant research papers and identifying gaps. Students then wrote short 1000-1500 word articles focusing on primary data analysis. Finally, they wrote longer 2500-3000 word research papers on their topics and prepared presentations to share their findings.
Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of Spain along the Mediterranean Sea. It has a population of over 1.6 million people within city limits and over 5 million in the metropolitan area, making it the second largest city in Spain. The city follows a typical Roman grid plan that is still visible today in the historic Gothic Quarter. While some slum-like conditions existed historically, today virtually all settlements in Barcelona have access to permanent housing, water, sanitation, electricity, transportation networks, healthcare, education, and other basic services.
Madurai is an ancient city in southern India known as the "City of Temples." It was originally planned around temples with concentric streets and has historically been the cultural capital of the Tamil region. The document discusses Madurai's history, demography, settlement patterns organized around temples and castes, and the importance of its water systems to the city's growth and communities.
Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra state and the economic capital of India. The document summarizes the spatial growth and evolution of human settlements in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai over time. It describes how Mumbai grew from a population of 10,000 in the Portuguese occupation period to over 6,000,000 by the English occupation period. It also outlines the creation of Navi Mumbai in 1970 to decongest Mumbai and the planning principles used, such as decentralization into self-sufficient townships and sectors with single use zoning.
Pune city is located in Maharashtra where three rivers converge. It has a population of over 4.7 million and is one of the fastest growing cities in India, powered by its IT, manufacturing, and service industries. The document discusses Pune's history, demographics, land use, transportation infrastructure, and vision for becoming a smarter city. It analyzes the city's spatial growth and classification as an urban settlement specialized in secondary and tertiary economic activities.
Lewis Mumford was a prominent American philosopher, historian, author, and urban planner. Some of his key theories included advocating for poly-nucleated regional cities composed of decentralized neighborhoods as an alternative to mono-nucleated urban sprawl. He believed cities should have low densities, limited sizes, and incorporate natural green spaces to promote mental health. Mumford also emphasized the importance of understanding the historical development and context of cities to inform future urban planning approaches.
Lewis Mumford was an influential urban planner and writer. He believed cities should be planned to account for their relationship to the environment and communities. Mumford advocated for limiting urban growth to promote efficiency. He supported Ebenezer Howard's garden city model and championed poly-nucleated cities. Mumford studied cities and their architecture. He criticized unchecked urban sprawl and advocated for an organic relationship between people and their living spaces.
This document provides an overview and introduction for an Environmental Geography course. It outlines the following key points:
1) The instructor's contact information and an overview of assignments and evaluation criteria for the course.
2) The course will provide an introduction to environmental science and geography, covering topics like human impacts, ecosystems, population growth, agriculture, climate change and sustainability.
3) The goal of the course is to examine global environmental issues and what can be done to address problems like biodiversity loss from a scientific perspective. It will involve lectures, discussions and hands-on assignments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. Topics to be covered
• What is Research?
• Objectives of Research
• Motivation of Research
• Significance of Research
• Types of Research
• What is Science?
• What is Scientific Method?
• What is Engineering?
• Who are Engineers?
• What is Engineering Research?
• What is Scientific Research?
• Scientific Research and Engineering Research
• Scientist and Engineers
• Invention, Innovation and Research
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4. What is Research?
• A search for knowledge
• A voyage of discovery
• Discovering new knowledge
• A movement from the known to the unknown
• A scientific and systematic search for significant
information on a specific topic
• A careful investigation through search for new
facts in any branch of knowledge
• An original contribution to the existing stock of
knowledge making for its advancement.
18-05-2023 4
5. What is Research?
• Research comprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting,
organising and evaluating data; making deductions and
reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating
hypothesis
• Research is the pursuit of truth with the help of study,
observation, comparison and experiment
• The search for knowledge through objective and
systematic method of finding solution to a problem.
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6. What is Research?
• The systematic approach concerning
generalization and the formulation of a theory.
• Research is, an intensive activity that is based
on the work of others and generates new ideas
to pursue and questions to answer.
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7. Research is an activity based on the
work of others
• This does not mean that you copy the work of
others (that’s plagiarism), but you always look
to the work that has already been done to
provide a basis for the subject of your research
and how you might conduct your own work.
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8. • Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for
the sake of knowledge and an important source of
providing guidelines for solving different
business, governmental and social problems.
• It is a sort of formal training which enables one to
understand the new developments in one's field in
a better way
• Research inculcates scientific and inductive
thinking and it promotes the development of
logical habits of thinking and organization.
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9. 18-05-2023 9
• Discovery of new things that have been
independently verified by other professionals.
• Something new to humanity (not just new to
you or your group).
10. 18-05-2023 10
Good & Bad Research Examples
• Case 1 A high school research paper
• Case 2 A good idea
• Case 3 Tested outcomes for a new idea
11. Objectives of Research
Research objectives fall into the following broad groupings:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it (exploratory research studies); eg- life on
mars
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in
view are known as descriptive research studies); eg- how
learners from different cultures engage in play activities
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else (known as
diagnostic research studies); eg to study effect of demand on
prices of goods
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables (known as hypothesis-testing research studies). Eg.
Price increases with increase in demand
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12. Motivation of Research
• Aspire to get a research degree along with
career benefits
• Aspire to take up the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems
• Desire to get intellectual joy of doing a
creative work
• Aspire to do research to serve the society
• Seek to get recognition and respect
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14. Descriptive Research
• Descriptive research (Ex post facto research) includes surveys
and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.
• The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state
of affairs as it exists at present.
• This approach is suitable for social sciences and business and
management studies for descriptive research studies.
• The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no
control over the variables; s/he can only report what has happened
or what is happening.
• Example: frequency of shopping, brand preference of people, most
popular media programme etc.
• Enhancing usability of website- you might conduct a survey of
whether the users feel the website has usability issues and what are
those and then you would re-design a website to overcome the
usability issues
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15. Descriptive Research
Example:
• How teeangers from different cultures engage
in play activities?
• What is the effect of technological
interventions on student’s performance?
• How many teenagers suffer from dyslexia?
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16. Analytical research
• The researcher has to use facts or information
already available, and analyze these to make a
critical evaluation of the material.
• Data analytics- Analyze the data and make certain
decisions based on certain patterns
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17. Applied Research vs. Fundamental
Research
• The main target of Applied Research is to find a solution for
an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial /
business organization:
Examples: solution to cure disease, improving cyber security,
improving the levels of customer retention for Wall-Mart in
China etc
• Fundamental or Pure Research is mainly concerned with
generalizations and concentrates on the formulation of a
theory.
Examples of fundamental research are: research concerning
some natural phenomenon or related to pure mathematics;
research studies aimed at studying and making generalizations
about human behaviour; law of gravity, Newton’s Law
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18. 18-05-2023 18
While applied research concentrates on
discovering a solution for some pressing practical
problem, fundamental research is focused towards
formulation of theories that may have a broad
base of applications either at present or for future
which adds more materials to the already existing
organized body of scientific knowledge.
19. Applied Research vs. Fundamental
Research
• Basic research (sometimes called pure
research) is research that has no immediate
application at the time it is completed, whereas
applied research does.
• Almost all basic research eventually results in
some worthwhile application over the long
term.
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20. Quantitative/Qualitative research
• Quantitative research is applicable to phenomena
that can be expressed in terms of quantity,
• Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative
phenomenon.
• For instance, when we are interested in
investigating the reasons for human behaviour
(i.e., why people think or do certain things).
• Qualitative research is especially important in
the behavioural sciences where the aim is to
discover the underlying motives of human
behaviour.
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21. • Qualitative approach to research is concerned
with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions
and behavior.
• Generally, the techniques of focus group
interviews, projective techniques and depth
interviews are used..
• Example: Quantitative- how many people have
color blindness in Delhi
• Qualitative- How does a person react when he
sees red color?
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22. Conceptual/Experimental research
• Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or
theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to
develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.
eg- Developing new concepts or theories like Aristotle – logic
of categorical syllogism , classification of living beings,
founder of zoology, ethics, etc
• Experimental (empirical) research relies on experiment or
observation alone, often without due regard for system and
theory.
• Eg – Experimenting to test theories or form the basis for new
theories like Edison –developed carbon transmitter for
improving audability of telephone, invented phonograph,
electric light
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23. Quantitative approach
• Quantitative approach can be further sub-classified into:
- inferential
- experimental
-simulation approaches research.
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24. Inferential approach
• The aim of research is to form a database from
which to infer characteristics or relationships of
population.
• This usually means survey research where a
sample of population is studied (questioned or
observed) to determine its characteristics, and it is
then inferred that the population has the same
characteristics.
• Example: Knowing average height of men in a
city
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25. Experimental Approach
• Experimental approach is characterized by much
greater control over the research environment and in
this case some variables are manipulated to observe
their effect on other variables.
• Used in sciences such as Chemistry, biology,
medicine, sociology
• Example: A researcher wants to examine the effects
of three different antihypertensive drugs on patients
with hypertension. Researcher places subjects in three
homogeneous groups like patients with primary
hypertension, diabetic patients with hypertension and
renal patients with hypertension
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26. Simulation approach
• It involves the construction of an artificial environment
within which relevant information and data can be
generated.
• This permits an observation of the dynamic behavior of
a system (or its subsystem) under controlled conditions.
• Given the values of initial conditions, parameters and
exogenous variables, a simulation is run to represent
the behavior of the process over time.
• Simulation approach can also be useful in building
models for understanding future conditions.
• Example: Simulator to train pilots, Simulator for space
exploration
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28. Non-experimental research
• Non-experimental research examines the relationship between
variables, without any attention to cause-and-effect
relationships.
For example,
If you wanted to survey the social media using behavior of
teenagers, you could do so by having them maintain a diary in
which they record what tools they use and for how long
This descriptive study provides information about the content of
their online behaviors but tells you little about why they may
do what they do
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29. • In this type of a research endeavor, you are not trying to
understand the motivation for using what online tools
are used nor are you trying to manipulate their use or
content of the communication or any other outcome.
This is nonexperimental in nature because no cause-
and-effect relationships of any type are being
hypothesized or investigated
• Descriptive research focuses on events that occur in
the present. The every 10-year U.S. Census is an
example of descriptive research as is any survey that
assesses the current status of anything from the
number of faucets in a house to the number of adults
over 60 years of age who have grandchildren
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30. Correlational research
• Correlational research examines the relationship between
variables.
• Example:
o Relationship between demand and price
o If you were interested in finding out the relationship between the
number of hours that first-year students spend studying and their
grade-point averages
o If you were interested in finding out the best set of predictors of
success in graduate school, you would be doing a type of
correlational research that includes prediction
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31. Nonexperimental methods
• Qualitative research methods do not directly test for cause and
effect and, for the most part, follow an entirely different
paradigm than the experimental model.
• The general purpose of qualitative research methods is to
examine human behavior in the social, cultural, and political
contexts in which they occur.
• This is done through a variety of tools, such as interviews,
historical methods, case studies, and ethnography, and it
usually results in qualitative (or nonnumerical) primary data.
• In other words, the qualitative researcher is more (but not
only) interested in the contents of an interviewee’s speech than
in the number of times (frequency) a particular comment is
made.
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32. Experimental research
• Experimental research examines the cause-and-effect relationship
between variables
(1) True experimental research
(2) Quasiexperimental research
• In the true experimental research method, participants are assigned
to groups based on some criterion, often called the treatment
variable or treatment condition.
– For example, let us say that you are interested in comparing the effects of two
different techniques for reducing obsessive-compulsive behavior in adults. The
first technique includes behavioral therapy, and the second one does not. Once
adults are assigned to groups and the programs are completed, you will want to
look for any differences between the two groups with regard to the effects of
the therapy on the frequency of obsessive-compulsive behaviors. Because the
nature of the groups is determined by the researcher, the researcher has
complete control over the factors to which the adults are exposed.
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33. Quasi-experimental
• In a quasi-experimental study, the researcher does not have such a
high degree of control because people have already been indirectly
assigned to those groups (e.g., social class, type of abuse, gender,
and type of injury) for which you are testing the effects.
• For example, Fleming, Klein, and Corter (1992) examined the
effects of participation in a social support group on depression,
maternal attitudes, and behavior in new mothers. As part of the
experimental design, the researchers divided 142 mothers into three
groups. Group 1 received the intervention, Group 2 received the no-
intervention condition, and Group 3 received a special group-by-
mail intervention. The key point here is the manipulation (the key
word in experimental designs) of the condition for each of the three
groups. This research is true experimental because the researchers
determined the nature of the treatment and who is assigned to each
group.
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34. In quasi-experimental research,
• Let us say that you are interested in examining voting patterns as a
function of neighborhood. You cannot change the neighborhood
people live in, but you can use the quasi-experimental method to
establish a causal link between residence and voting patterns. In
other words, if you find that voting pattern and residence are related,
then you can say with some degree of confidence (but not as much
as with an experimental study) that there is a causal relationship
between where one resides and how one votes
18-05-2023 34
36. Significance of Research
• Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it promotes
the development of logical habits of thinking and organisation.
• The role of research in several fields of applied economics, whether
related to business or to the economy as a whole, has greatly
increased in modern times.
• The increasingly complex nature of business and government has
focused attention on the use of research in solving operational
problems. Research, as an aid to economic policy, has gained added
importance, both for government
and business.
• Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our
economic system. For instance, government’s budgets rest in part on
an analysis of the needs and desires of the people and on the
availability of revenues to meet these needs. The cost of needs has to
be equated to probable revenues and this is a field where research is
most needed. Through research we can devise alternative policies
and can as well examine the consequences of each of these
alternatives.
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37. • Research has its special significance in solving various operational
and planning problems of business and industry. Operations research
and market research, along with motivational research, are
considered crucial and their results assist, in more than one way, in
taking business decisions.
• Market research is the investigation of the structure and
development of a market for the purpose of formulating efficient
policies for purchasing, production and sales.
• Motivational research of determining why people behave as they do
is mainly concerned with market characteristics. In other words, it is
concerned with the determination of motivations underlying the
consumer (market) behaviour. All these are of great help to people in
business and industry who are responsible for taking business
decisions.
18-05-2023 37
38. • Research is equally important for social
scientists in studying social relationships and
in seeking answers to various social problems.
It provides the intellectual satisfaction of
knowing a few things just for the sake of
knowledge and also has practical utility for the
social scientist to know for the sake of being
able to do something better or in a more
efficient manner.
18-05-2023 38
39. Importance of Research for Different
Group of People
• For Students and Research Scholars
- Research may mean careerism or a way to
attain a high position in the social structure; ™
• For philosophers and thinkers
- Research may mean the outlet for new ideas
and insights; ™
• For literary men and women
- Research may mean the development of new
styles and creative work
18-05-2023 39
40. • For analysts and intellectuals
- Research may mean the generalizations of new
theories.
• For Professionals in Research Methodology
- Research may mean a source of livelihood
• Thus, research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake
of knowledge and an important source of providing
guidelines for solving different business, governmental
and social problems. It is a sort of formal training
which enables one to understand the new developments
in one’s field in a better way.
18-05-2023 40
42. WHAT IS SCIENCE?
• Science is the systematic observation of
natural events and conditions in order to
discover facts about them and to formulate
laws and principles based on these facts.
• The organized body of knowledge that is
derived from such observations and that can be
verified or tested by further investigation.
• Any specific branch of this general body of
knowledge, such as biology, physics, geology,
or astronomy
18-05-2023 42
43. What is Science?
• Science involves more than the gaining of
knowledge. It is the systematic and organized
inquiry into the natural world and its
phenomena.
• Science is about gaining a deeper and often
useful understanding of the world.
• Examples: Physics – Newton’s laws,
Chemistry- Atomic theory
Biology – Evolution theory
18-05-2023 43
45. WHAT IS “THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD”?
• If there is anything that can characterize science then it must
be its method.
• The scientific method might be seen as the logical scheme
used by scientists searching for answers to the questions posed
within science, as well to formulate theories as to assure the
means for producing them (instruments, tools, algorithms).
• Example: What is chemical composition of water?
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46. Figure 1 describes the logical structure of scientific method. As the flow diagram
suggests, science is in a state of permanent change and development. The one of the
most important qualities of science is its provisional character: it is subject to
continuous re-examination and self-correction
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47. Scientific Method
1. Wonder - Pose a Question (Formulate a Problem)
2. Hypothesis – Suggest a plausible answer (a theory) from
which some empirically testable hypothetical propositions
can be deduced
3. Testing – Construct and perform an experiment, which
makes it possible to observe whether the consequences
specified in one or more of those hypothetical
propositions actually follow when the conditions
specified in the same propositions pertain. If test fails,
return to step 2 , otherwise go to step 4
4. Accept the hypothesis as provisionally true. Return to step
3 if there are predictable consequences of the theory
which have not been experimentally confirmed
5. Act accordingly
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48. 18-05-2023 48
The Scientific Method
An idea
Discovery
Independent verification:
literature, experiment,
numerical model,
analytical model, etc
Prior
knowledge
Submit
Report,
Thesis,
Journal
or
Conference
Paper
Assessors
Independent verification:
literature,
numerical model,
analytical model, etc
The Outcome is Recognised
as a Major contribution
to the field
50. What is Engineering?
• Every product in this modern era is influenced by Engineering,
which is a key driver of innovation and human development.
• Engineering is the application of scientific and technical
knowledge to solve human problems.
• Engineering can be defined as the application of science,
mathematics, economics, social awareness, empirical evidence
and practical knowledge to invent, innovate, design, build,
maintain, research and improve structures, machines, tools,
systems, components, materials, processes, solutions and
organizations.
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52. Who are Engineers ?
• Apply the knowledge of mathematics and sciences to find novel
solutions to problems or to improve existing solutions.
• Analyze, evaluate multiple solutions and select the best solution that
best meets the requirements.
• Identify, understand, and interpret the constraints in order to yield a
successful result.
• Predict how well their design, process, components and/or solution
will perform with consideration for health and safety as well as the
cultural, societal, and environmental concerns.
• Koen (2003) states that the definition of what makes one an
engineer should not be based on what he produces, but rather how
he goes about it.
• Hence, Engineers must know the approach to solve problems in a
systematic way.
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53. Who are Engineers?
• Engineers are people who solve problems and focus on
making things work more efficiently and effectively.
• The result is the design, production, and operation of useful
objects or processes.
• Their work is the link between perceived social needs and
commercial applications.
• Engineering knowledge is applied to improving many things,
including the quality of healthcare, the safety of food products,
and the operation of financial systems, etc
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54. Engineering Research
• Engineering research is based on the principles
of scientific research which is in turn based on
scientific method, however, the research is
directed towards the practical application of
science to products, services and
infrastructure.
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55. Engineering Research
• Engineering research must fulfil the following objectives:
1. The research must be applied to human systems
2. The research must yield outcomes which benefit
humanity
3. The research must be ethically based
4. The research should consider environmental outcomes
5. The research must be based on standard industry testing
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56. Example of Engineering Research
• A new material has been proved scientifically to
be a reliable replacement for asphalt and concrete
for road building. The material has excellent
physical and chemical properties. An engineering
research study of this material might also verify
that the material is in abundant supply from
renewable resources, the material itself can be
recycled at the end of its usefulness in road
material, and the toxicity of the material dies not
adversely impact the environment.
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57. Example for Engineering Research
• Air transport using hydrogen balloons requires
very little energy to raise the load and return
the load to the ground. It was found to be not
practical because of flammability of the gas, its
confinement/storage is difficult and the speed
of movement is highly limited
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58. Science Research/Engineering Research
• In science research, the ultimate goal is
to understand certain things. This may require
engineering, building and maintaining new tools
for discovery, such as microscopes, particle
accelerators and space stations.
In engineering research, the ultimate goal is
to build certain things. This may require using
science and understanding how these things work.
• Scientific research is the systematic investigation
of scientific theories and hypotheses
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59. Scientist/Engineer
• Engineering is concerned with the design of a solution to a
practical problem.
• A scientist may ask why a problem arises, and proceed to
research the answer to the question or actually solve the
problem in his first try, perhaps creating a mathematical
model of his observations.
• By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a
problem, and how to implement that solution.
• In other words, scientists attempt to explain phenomena,
whereas engineers use any available knowledge, including
that produced by science, to construct solutions to problems.
• There is an overlap between science (fundamental and
applied) and engineering.
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60. Scientist/Engineer
• “A scientist builds in order to learn, but an
engineer learns in order to build”
• Engineers use their knowledge of science,
mathematics, and appropriate experience to
find suitable solutions to a problem.
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61. Qualities of a Good Research
• Good research is systematic:
It means that research is structured with
specified steps to be taken in a specified
sequence in accordance with the well
defined set of rules. Systematic
characteristic of the research does not rule
out creative thinking but it certainly does reject
the use of guessing and intuition in
arriving. at conclusions.
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62. • Good research is logical:
This implies that research is guided by the
rules of logical reasoning and the logical
process of induction and deduction are of
great value in carrying out research. Induction
is the process of reasoning from a part to
that; whole whereas deduction is the
process of reasoning from some premise to a
conclusion which follows from that very
premise. In fact, logical reasoning makes
research more meaningful in the context of
decision making.
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63. • Good research is empirical:
It implies that research is related basically
to one or more aspects of a real situation and
deals with concrete data that provides a
basis for external validity to research results.
• Good research is replicable:
This characteristic allows research results to
be verified by replicating the study and
thereby building a sound basis for decisions.
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64. Critical consideration for conducting Research
• Finding Guide
• The subject should be timely. Previous groundwork should leave the
scholar’s research problem ripe for completion, and it should be in
an active area with potential for future work and employment. On
the other hand, if a field is too crowded, and the subject too
prominent, then the scholar stand a risk being ``scooped" by a more
experienced researcher who is able to work faster than him/her.
• In this case, the scholar may be forced to start over again (rather
disastrous) or at least publish jointly (possibly a blessing, but surely
an inconvenience).
• The scholar’s work should lead to a well defined set of results to
which he/she can lay claim. In particular, employment prospects will
be lessoned if the scholar merely completes a small piece of a very
large project or piece of software which is closely identified with
his/her advisor, or is published with a long list of collaborators.
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65. Critical consideration for conducting Research
• On the other hand, it is impossible to work in a
vacuum, and the scholar’s task can be
significantly harder if he/she doesn't have a group
of people working on closely related problems
with whom he/she can interact and share code.
• It is often unclear at first how the ideas will
develop. On the other hand, a multiyear plan of
research is a very valuable asset. The scholar
should really enjoy the subject, and wants to
spend the next several years with it! On the other
hand, an ideal subject is of no use without a thesis
advisor who is willing to direct you in it.
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66. Critical consideration for conducting Research
• Whenever one reads technical material, evaluates a piece of
software, or listens to a research talk, should ask him/her
these canonical questions:
From where did the author seem to draw the ideas?
What exactly was accomplished by this piece of work?
How does it seem to relate to other work in the field?
What would be the reasonable next step to build upon this work?
What ideas from related fields might be brought to bear upon this
subject?
One technique that some find helpful is to keep a written log of
one’s technical reading and listening. Review it periodically to
see if some of the ideas begin to fit together
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67. Critical consideration for conducting Research
• Exposing Yourself to Research The scholar should set aside some
time every week for trying to generate research ideas.
• Some possible catalysts are:
– Making a weekly trip to the library to read at least the abstracts
from the premier journals in one’s field.
– One should choose an article or two to read in depth and critique.
The scholar should make a weekly investigation to find technical
reports in his/her field, using electronic resources or libraries.
– Read selectively and critique.
– The scholar should attend at a research seminar or colloquium
series.
– Listen and critique
– The scholar should maintain a log and add these to the log, and
ask the canonical questions.
• As the scholar reviews the log 6 months from now, he/she may find
something that strikes a chord then but is beyond him/her now
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68. Extensive Literature Survey: A Trap to
Avoid
• It is possible to spend almost all of one’s time in literature review and
seminars. It is easy to convince oneself that by doing this he/she is working
hard and accomplishing something. The truth of the matter is that nothing
will come of it unless the scholar is an active reader and listener and unless
the scholar assigns him/her time to develop his/her own ideas, too.
• It is impossible to ``finish a literature review and then start research."
• New literature is always appearing, and as the scholar’s depth and breadth
increases, he/she will continually see new connections and related areas
that must be studied.
• Active listening and reading must be viewed as ``continuing education'' that
will involve the scholar for the rest of his/her career.
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69. Extensive Literature Survey: A Trap to Avoid
• The scholar should not be fooled into thinking it must be finished before
he/she can begin research.
• Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should be written
down. It is compulsory for a scholar writing a thesis for a Ph.D. degree to
write a synopsis of the topic and submit it to the Doctoral Committee or the
Research Board for approval.
• At this juncture the scholar should undertake extensive literature survey
connected with the problem. For this purpose, the abstracting and indexing
journals and published or unpublished bibliographies are the first place to
go to.
• Academic journals, conference proceedings, government reports, books
etc., must be tapped depending on the nature of the problem. In this
process, it should be remembered that one source will lead to another.
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70. Extensive Literature Survey: A Trap to Avoid
• The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in hand,
should be carefully studied.
• Choosing an Idea From reading, interacting with the advisor during
independent study, or work on a research assistantship, some
possible projects will emerge. The scholar should make a list of
open problems and possible projects that are of interest to him/her,
and discuss them with potential advisors.
• Stay Active Even after the scholar has decided on his/her initial
focus, it is important to continue a routine of reading new journals
and technical reports and attending seminars. All of these sources
can contribute to the development of the scholar’s idea. At this stage
the scholar can add one question to the canonical list: How can these
ideas help the scholar solve his/her research problem? The scholar
should remember that often the initial idea is quite far from the final
thesis topic. If the scholar remains active in reading and listening, it
will be much easier to generate alternative topics if the time comes.
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71. Innovation, Invention, Research
• Invention can be defined as the creation of a product or introduction
of a process for the first time.
• Innovation, occurs if someone improves on or makes a significant
contribution to an existing product, process or service.
• Consider the microprocessor. Someone invented the microprocessor.
But by itself, the microprocessor was nothing more than another
piece on the circuit board. It’s what was done with that piece — the
hundreds of thousands of products, processes and services that
evolved from the invention of the microprocessor — that required
innovation.
• R&D turns money into knowledge, innovation is the process of
creating business out of this knowledge.
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72. Questions
• How research is incremental in nature and
what advantage is this to both future and past
researchers?
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73. • Exercises 2. As a student new to the field of research, and perhaps even to
your own discipline, answer the following questions:
(a) What areas within your discipline especially interest you?
(b) Who are some of the outstanding researchers in your field, and what is
the focus of their work?
(c) When the first study in your area of research carried?
(d) What are the special research groups or communities in your area of
research?
(e) List top 5 conferences in your area of research?
(f) List top 10 Journals in your area of research?
3. How do the terms “hypothesis” and “theory” differ in meaning?
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