This document provides an overview and introduction for an Environmental Geography course. It outlines the following key points: 1) The instructor's contact information and an overview of assignments and evaluation criteria for the course. 2) The course will provide an introduction to environmental science and geography, covering topics like human impacts, ecosystems, population growth, agriculture, climate change and sustainability. 3) The goal of the course is to examine global environmental issues and what can be done to address problems like biodiversity loss from a scientific perspective. It will involve lectures, discussions and hands-on assignments.

1. Welcome to Environmental
Geography!
GEOG 101 (Section 01) – Day 1
(Photo by P. Regoniel
in Picable).

2. Getting Oriented
 My name is Don Alexander. My office is across the street
at Building 359, Room 215. My local is 2261, and my office
hours are noon to 1 on Mondays andWednesdays.
 Welcome back event for geographers on 12th at 10:30
a.m. in Map Room.
 How many of you are atVIU for the first time? If so, if you
need a hand figuring anything out, just let me know.
 Free Student Store in Lower Cafeteria onThursday 9 to 2.
 The textbook for this course is available in the bookstore.
There may be used copies of the previous edition at the
bookstore or at the student union store. It’s Environment:
The Science Behind the Stories (Canadian edition) by Jay
Withgott, Scott Brennan, and Barbara Murck (Toronto: Pearson
Canada, 2013) [see www.pearsoned.ca/highered/
myenvironmentplace/index.html for student support materials]. It's a
good book, with lots of illustrations, case studies, and
Canadian examples. Please note that we will be skipping
Chapters 2-4 and going straight to Chapter 5 for next week.

3. Course Focus
 This course will provide an introduction to the Earth's
biophysical systems from an environmental science/
environmental geography perspective, with a focus on
the increasing impacts of human beings on these
systems, and methods for analyzing and evaluating
human-environment relationships.
 Topics include: •carrying capacity •limits to growth
•ecological footprints •ecosystems and energy flows
•human population growth and dispersion •agriculture
and food issues •biodiversity •forest management
•water resources and fisheries •climate change and air
pollution •energy use •waste management •urban
sustainability •environmental ethics and policy, and
other concepts and practices relevant to a sustainable
world.

4. Getting Oriented
 The course will be a mix of lectures, discussion,
videos, and assignments.
 Keep in mind that this course has a waitlist, so
please decide this week if you are going to stay, or
if you have a friend who is registered but is not
here today, tell them to e-mail me right away.
[check!]
 Also: read the course outline carefully....We will
go over some of it today.
 If you suffer from a disability of any kind, you
need to register with Disability Services (in
Building 200) and let me know as soon as possible.

5. Getting Oriented
 The focus of the course is the global ecological crisis [see
http://energyskeptic.com/2011/9-planetery-boundaries/ ] and what we can do
to address it, including what is already being done in a
number of sectors. If you have specific interests, let me
know and I will try to accommodate them if at all
possible.
 What are some key environmental issues facing our
planet?What is causing them and how are they
impacting on people and other species?
 I would also like to take advantage of whatever
knowledge or previous life experience you have that is
relevant.What can you offer?
“Arctic Ice Decline MuchWorseThan Expected…”
(summer 2012 news story)

6. Getting Oriented
 The course will involve two one and half hour lectures
per week, occasional guest speakers, videos, class
discussion, and hands-on activities.
 In addition to the final exam and a mid-term quiz, there
will be two major assignments. For these, you will
choose from the four following options: a life-cycle
analysis of an everyday product, a media analysis of a
controversial environmental issue, a research and
writing project on the ecological and social values
associated withWest LinleyValley, and the
development of an environmental education unit to
present in a local elementary or secondary school.You
may also be asked to answer questions about videos
shown, and to participate in a debate on a key
environmental topic. [more instructions soon!]

7. Getting Oriented
 EVALUATION
 1. Attendance and Participation in in-class work- 10%
 2. Mid-term quiz- 15%
 3. Life-cycle Analysis or Campus Problem-solving Project-
25% (see outline for proposal and final due dates)
 4. Media analysis or Elementary/ High School Educational
Outreach Exercise- 25%
 6. Final Exam- 25% (TBA)
________________________
100% [more on the assignments soon]
 You can also boost your participation marks by
bringing relevant resources to my and the class'
attention.

8. Ground Rules
 No late assignments unless there is some health or family
emergency.
 No plagiarism – all assignments must be original. If you
have any questions about what that means, we can talk
about it.
 CRITICALTHINKING IS ENCOURAGED!
 For referencing use the parenthetical forms of University of
Chicago or APA (TheWriting Centre has handouts or see
http://libguides.viu.ca/citing).
 If at all possible print double-sided or on scrap paper.
 If you're going to miss a class, please let me know.
 When you do miss, it's your responsibility to keep up with
the readings, and see what was covered in lecture by
viewing the lecture notes on my web site:
http://web.viu.ca/alexander2 under “Courses.”
 No abuse of laptops or phones in class (i.e. surfing or
Facebook).

9. Chapter 1 will help you understand:
 The meaning of the term
environment
 The importance of natural
resources and ecosystems
 That environmental science
and environmental
geography are
interdisciplinary
 The scientific method and
how science operates
 Some pressures facing the
global environment
 Sustainability and
sustainable development
1-9

10. Our Island, Earth -- Overview
All the things around us with which we interact:
 Biotic (living things)
 Animals, plants, forests, soils, etc.
 Abiotic (nonliving things)
 Continents, oceans, clouds, icecaps
 Our built environment
 Structures, human-created living centres
 Social relationships and institutions
1-10

11. Humans…
• are altering the natural systems we need for
- resources, health, life-span, wealth, mobility, & leisure
• Impacts:
- natural systems have been degraded
- long-term threat to health and survival of ourselves, other
species and ecosystems
• Environmental science and environmental geography
study:
- how the natural world works
- how the environment affects humans and vice versa
• Environmental geography gives special emphasis to how
things interrelate in space – for instance, the relationship
between pollution and climate change and health impacts on
humans or ecosystems, or the spread of exotic species and
how they impact on indigenous species.
1-11

12. Natural resources: vital to human survival
• Renewable resources:
- Perpetually available: sunlight, wind, wave energy
- Those that renew themselves over longer periods: timber, water, soil
- can be overharvested
• Nonrenewable resources: finite supply; can be depleted
- Oil, coal, minerals
FIGURE 1.1
1-12

13. Global human population growth
• More than 7 billion humans
• Why so many humans?
- Agricultural revolution
- Stable food supplies
- Industrial revolution
- Urbanized society
powered by fossil
fuels
- Sanitation and
medicines (decline in
death rate)
FIGURE 1.2
1-13

14. The “Tragedy of the Commons”
• Unregulated exploitation of open access
resources leads to resource depletion --
examples?
• Resource users are tempted to increase use
until the resource is gone
• Solution?
• Private ownership?
• Voluntary organization to enforce
responsible use?
• Governmental regulations?
weighing
the issues by Garrett Hardin
1-14

15. The “ecological footprint”
The environmental impact of an individual or population
 Amount of biologically productive land + water
required to provide raw materials a population
consumes and absorb the waste produced
 Overshoot: humans have surpassed the Earth’s
capacity (the date when humans are said to have
overshot the Earth's carrying capacity is said to fall
earlier and earlier each year and now occurs August
22nd).
We are using 40% more of the planet’s resources than
are available on a sustainable basis from all the land!
developed by Mathis Wackernagel
& William Rees
1-15

16. Environmental science
… can help us avoid mistakes made in the past.
The lesson of Easter Island: people annihilated their
culture by destroying their environment. Can we act
more wisely to conserve our planet, or will we drive a
bitumen-filled SUV straight into a cement wall?
1-16

17. Environmental science/ geography
are interdisciplinary
• What experts would you need for:
 The construction of a new
hydroelectric dam
 Environmental review for the
Northern Gateway pipeline
 The proposed draining of a
wetland to build a new
subdivision
 A proposal to permit bear
hunting in a national park
 The management of a large oil
spill offshore from a coastal
ecosystem
FIGURE 1.3
weighing
the issues
1-17

18. What is an “environmental problem”?
 The perception of what
constitutes a problem varies
between individuals and
societies
 e.g. DDT, a pesticide
 In developing countries:
welcome because it kills
malaria-carrying mosquitoes
 In developed countries: not
welcome, due to health risks
FIGURE 1.4
1-18

19. Environmental science is not
environmentalism
Environmental science
 The pursuit of knowledge about the natural
world
 Scientists try to remain objective (though
sources of funding can influence questions
studied and conclusions arrived at)
Environmentalism
 A social movement dedicated to protecting the
natural world, though some environmental
scientists (e.g. David Suzuki, Andrew Weaver)
become environmentalists because they feel the
'facts' demand that we take action as a society
and as a species.
1-19

20. The nature of science
 Science:
 A systematic process for learning about the world and
testing our understanding of it
 A dynamic process of observation, testing, and
discovery
 The accumulated body of knowledge that results from
this process
 Science is essential for
 Sorting fact from fiction
 Developing solutions to the problems we face
1-20
Current controversy over federal government cancelling
evidence-based science projects/ centres and muzzling
scientists. This has led to recent protests (“Death of Evidence”
in Ottawa) and to editorials in the prestigious science journal,
Nature [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7407/full/487271b.html]

21. Science: Critically examining evidence
 Scientists design tests: are ideas
supported by evidence?
 Explanations must:
 Be testable
 Resist repeated attempts to disprove it
 Eventually ‘consensus’ results, as with
human-induced climate change.
 Accepted ideas can be applied in policy
and management decisions (e.g.
prescribed burning)
1-21

22. The scientific method
 A technique for testing
ideas with observations
 Assumptions:
 The universe works
according to
unchanging natural
laws
 Events arise from
causes, and cause
other events
 We use our senses
and reason to
understand nature’s
laws FIGURE 1.7
1-22

23. The scientific method  A scientist makes an
observation and asks
questions of some
phenomenon
 The scientist formulates a
hypothesis, a statement that
attempts to explain the scientific
question.
 The hypothesis is used to
generate predictions, which
are specific statements that can
be directly and unequivocally
tested.
 The test results either support
or reject the hypothesis
FIGURE 1.7
1-23

24. There are different ways to test hypotheses
Manipulative experiments yield
the strongest evidence
• Can show causation
• Not always possible to use
Natural or correlational tests
show real-world complexity
• Cannot show causation
FIGURE 1.8
1-24

25. The scientific process is part of a larger process
 The scientific process
includes peer review,
publication, and debate
 A consistently
supported hypothesis
becomes a theory, a
well-tested and widely
accepted explanation
 With enough data, a
paradigm shift – a
change in the dominant
view – can occur
(examples?)
FIGURE 1.9
1-25

26. Sustainability and the future of our world
 Human population growth exacerbates all
environmental problems
 The growth rate has slowed, but we still add
more than 200,000 people to the planet each
day
 Our consumption of resources has risen even
faster than our population growth.
 Life has become more pleasant for us so far
 However, rising consumption amplifies the
demands we make on our environment.
1-26

27. Ecological footprints are not all equal
 The ecological footprints
of countries vary greatly
 Canada uses far more
than its equal share of
the world’s resources
 Developing countries
have much smaller
footprints than
developed countries
FIGURE 1.10
1-27

28. We face challenges in agriculture
 Expanded food production led to increased
population and consumption
 It’s one of humanity’s greatest achievements,
but at an enormous environmental cost
 Nearly half of the planet’s land surface is
used for agriculture that depends heavily
on
 chemical fertilizers
 pesticides, and produces
 erosion
 changed natural systems
1-28

29. We face challenges in pollution
• Waste products and artificial chemicals used in farms, industries, and
households
Each year, millions of people die from pollution…
1-29

30. We face challenges in climate
 Scientists have firmly concluded that humans are
changing the composition of the atmosphere
 The Earth’s surface is warming
 catastrophic decline in Artic sea ice
 melting glaciers
 rising sea levels
 impacted wildlife and crops
 increasingly destructive weather
Since the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations have risen by 38%, to the highest
level in 650,000 years
1-30

31. We face challenges in biodiversity
• Human actions have driven many species extinct, and biodiversity
is declining dramatically
• We are at the onset of a mass extinction event
Biodiversity loss may be our biggest environmental problem;
once a species is extinct, it is gone forever
FIGURE 1.12
1-31

32. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
 The most comprehensive scientific assessment of
the condition of the world’s ecological systems,
carried out by the UN
 Major findings:
 humans have drastically altered ecosystems
 these changes have contributed to human well-
being and economic development, but at a cost
 environmental degradation could get much worse
 degradation can be reversed, but it requires a lot of
work
1-32

33. Our energy choices will affect our future
 The lives we live today are due to fossil fuels
 machines
 chemicals
 transportation
 products (e.g. plastics)
 Fossil fuels are a one-time bonanza; supplies will
certainly decline
 We have used up ½ of the world’s oil supplies;
how will we handle this imminent fossil fuel
shortage?
1-33

34. Sustainable solutions exist
 We must develop solutions that protect both our quality
of life and the environment
 organic agriculture
 new technology
 reduce pollution
 conservation
 recycling
 renewable energy
sources
FIGURE 1.13
1-34

35. Are things getting better or worse?
 Many people think environmental conditions are better
 Cornucopians: Human ingenuity will solve any
problem
 Some think things are much worse in the world
 Cassandras: predict doom and disaster
 How can you decide who is correct?
 Are the impacts limited to humans, or are other
organisms or systems involved?
 Are the proponents thinking in the long or short term?
 Are they considering all costs and benefits?
1-35

36. Sustainability: a goal for the future
 How can humans live within the planet’s means?
 Humans cannot exist without functioning natural
systems
 Sustainability
 Leaves future generations with a rich and full Earth
 Conserves the Earth’s natural resources
 Maintains fully functioning ecological systems
 Sustainable development: the use of resources to
satisfy current needs without compromising future
availability of resources (ambivalent meaning??)
1-36

37. Conclusion
 Environmental science helps us understand our
relationship with the environment and informs our
attempts to solve and prevent problems.
 Identifying a problem is the first step in solving it
 Solving environmental problems can move us
towards health, longevity, peace and prosperity
 Environmental science and geography can help us
find balanced solutions to environmental problems
1-37

38. QUESTION: Review
The term “environment” includes
a) Animals and plants
b) Oceans and rivers
c) Soil and atmosphere
d) All of the above are included in this term
1-38

39. Will we develop in a sustainable way?
 The triple bottom line: sustainable
solutions that meet
 environmental goals
 economic goals
 social goals
 Requires that humans apply knowledge
from the sciences to
 limit environmental impacts
 maintain functioning ecological systems
1-39

40. QUESTION: Review
Which of the following is correct about the term
“environmentalism”?
a) It is very science-oriented
b) It is a social movement to protect the environment
c) It usually does not include advocacy for the
environment
d) It involves scientists trying to solve environmental
problems
1-40

41. QUESTION: Review
Adding various amounts of fertilizer to
plants in a laboratory is a _____ type of
experiment
a) Correlative
b) Natural
c) Manipulative
d) Rare
1-41

42. QUESTION: Review
What is the definition of “sustainable development”?
a) Using resources to benefit future generations,
even if it means lower availability now
b) Letting future generations figure out their own
problems
c) Using resources to satisfy current needs
without compromising future availability
d) Letting each country decide what is its best
interest
1-42

43. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues
 Which do you think is the best way to protect
commonly owned resources (i.e., air, water,
fisheries)?
a) Sell the resource to a private entity
b) Voluntary organizations to enforce
responsible use
c) Governmental regulations
d) Do nothing and see what happens
1-43

44. QUESTION: Weighing the Issues
Do you think the rest of the world can have an
ecological footprint as large as the footprint of the
Canada?
a) Yes, because we will find new technologies and
resources
b) Yes, because the footprint of Canada is not
really that large
c) Definitely not; the world does not have that many
resources
d) It does not matter; it’s not that important
1-44

45. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
According to this graph, what has happened to the population over the last 500 years?
a) It has grown
exponentially
b) It has grown
linearly
c) It has
decreased
d) It has slowed
down recently
1-45

46. QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data
What happens if test results reject a
hypothesis?
a) a) The scientist formulates
a new hypothesis
b) b) It shows the test failed
c) c) The hypothesis was
supported
d) d) The predictions may not
have been correct
1-46