Role of microbes in antibiotic production SMG
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This document discusses the role of microbes in antibiotic production. It notes that antibiotics are produced by some bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi as secondary metabolites to inhibit the growth of other bacteria. The first natural antibiotic discovered was penicillin, produced by the fungus Penicillium notatum and isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Many other antibiotics have since been discovered from fungi such as Penicillium species and the actinomycete Streptomyces species. Antibiotics can be classified as narrow or broad spectrum and are important for treating bacterial infections.
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3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
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Role of microbes in antibiotic production SMG
- 1. Role of Microbes in Antibiotic Production Dr. Saji Mariam George Associate Professor Assumption College Autonomous Changanacherry.
- 2. • Antibiotics are antibacterial substances produced by some microbes (bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi) as secondary metabolites. • Antibiotics inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria by inhibition of either the synthesis of cell wall, proteins etc.
- 3. Discovery of antibiotics - Alexander Fleming (1928). i) Antibiotic production by fungi : • The first natural antibiotic discovered was Penicillin. • It was isolated from the fungus Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming. • He had observed that Penicillium produced a diffusible substance that killed the bacteria Staphylococci.
- 4. • Species of Penicillium that produce Penicillin in culture include • Penicillium chrysogenum • P. nalgiovense • P. allii-sativi • P. rubens • P. dipodomyis • P. flavigenum • P. tardochrysogenum • P. vanluykii etc.
- 5. • Penicillin is effective against many Gram positive bacteria. • It kills the susceptible bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of cell wall. • Penicillins can be used for the treatment of various bacterial diseases . • However, allergic reactions may occur in some people which may be fatal.
- 6. ii) Antibiotic production by actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria) : • The genus Streptomyces produces many antibiotics. • Streptomycin - Produced by Streptomyces griseus (Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie in 1943). • Chloramphenicol - Produced by S. venezuelae • Neomycin - ’’ S. fradiae • Erythromycin - ’’ S. erythraeus • Chlortetracycline - ’’ S. aureofaciens • Kanamycin - ’’ S. knanamyceticus etc.
- 7. iii)Antibiotic production by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium : • produce the antibiotics Cephalosporins iv)Antibiotic production by Bacteria • Bacillus subtilis produce the antibiotic Bacitracin. • Bacillus polymyxa produce the antibiotic Polymyxin.
- 8. Narrow spectrum antibiotic • Target only specific bacteria • Useful in cases of bacterial infections , if the causative agent of the infection is known. e.g. Penicillin G Vancomycin etc. Broad spectrum antibiotic • Target many types of bacteria - effective against a wide variety of microbes - acts against both Gram-positive and Gram- negative bacteria. • Play important role in the treatment of bacterial infections • It also may have harmful effects on the beneficial microflora in the host. e.g. Chloramphenicol Azithromycin Rifampicin Tetracycline etc.
- 9. • In Industrial Microbiology , natural antibiotics are produced by submerged fermentation – the selected microorganism is cultured in a fermenter (bioreactor) containing a suitable liquid culture medium under optimal conditions (Oxygen concentration, temperature, pH, nutrient levels etc.).
- 10. THANK YOU