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DE LA GRÁFICA A LA
FUNCIÓN CUADRÁTICA
INTRODUCCIÓN
En los módulos anteriores aprendimos que la representación algebraica de la
función cuadrática puede tener tres formas distintas y que en cada una de
éstas se puede obtener algún punto clave para su gráfica. Por ejemplo en la
forma general 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂𝑥2
+ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝒄 se puede obtener fácilmente el corte con
el eje "𝑦" al evaluar la función en cero se obtiene 𝑓(0) = 𝒄. En la forma
factorizada 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 − 𝑥2) se pueden conocer fácilmente los
cortes con el eje "𝑥", en 𝑥 = 𝑥1 y 𝑥 = 𝑥2. En la forma estándar 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝒂(𝑥 − 𝒉)𝟐
+ 𝒌 se tiene directamente la coordenada del vértice en 𝑉(𝒉, 𝒌).
En éste apartado revisaremos como pasar de la gráfica de una función
cuadrática, a su representación algebraica, y esto dependerá de los puntos
que se muestren en su gráfica.
2 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez
Ejemplo 1: En la gráfica se presenta el corte con el eje "𝒚" y otros dos
puntos.
Al tener en la gráfica el corte con el
eje "𝑦", es conveniente trabajar con
la forma general de la función
cuadrática:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂𝑥2
+ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝒄.
Dado que el punto 𝐴(0, 𝟏𝟐) en la
función representa que 𝑓(0) = 𝟏𝟐
entonces se tiene que el valor del
parámetro 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂𝑥2
+ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝟏𝟐
De igual forma, los puntos 𝐵(1,7) y 𝐶(3,9), que se pueden obtener de la
gráfica representan en la función que 𝑓(1) = 7 y que 𝑓(3) = 9. Si sustituimos
esto en la forma general de la función cuadrática se forma un sistema de
ecuaciones.
𝑓(1) = 7 ⟹ 𝑓(1) = 𝒂(1)2
+ 𝑏(1) + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕 ⟹ 𝒂 + 𝑏 = −𝟓 (Ecuación 1)
𝑓(3) = 9 ⟹ 𝑓(1) = 𝒂(3)2
+ 𝑏(3) + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟗 ⟹ 9𝒂 + 3𝑏 = −𝟑 (Ecuación 2)
Despejamos 𝒂 en la ecuación 1⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟓 − 𝑏, y sustituimos en la ecuación 2:
⟹ 9(−𝟓 − 𝑏) + 3𝑏 = −𝟑 resolvemos esta ecuación:
⟹ −45 − 9𝑏 + 3𝑏 = −𝟑
⟹ −6𝑏 = 𝟒𝟐
Obtenemos el valor del parámetro ⟹ 𝑏 = −
𝟒𝟐
𝟔
= −𝟕
Lo sustituimos en la ecuación 1⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟓 − 𝑏 obtenemos el valor del
parámetro 𝒂
⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟓 (
− −𝟕) = −𝟓 + 𝟕 = 𝟐
3 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez
Sustituyendo los valores de los parámetros 𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝑏 = −𝟕 y 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐 en la
forma general de la función cuadrática se obtiene:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟐𝑥2
− 𝟕𝑥 + 𝟏𝟐
Ejemplo 2: En la gráfica se presentan los puntos de corte con el eje "𝒙" y
otro punto.
Al tener en la gráfica los puntos
de corte con el eje "𝑥", es
conveniente trabajar con la
forma factorizada de la función
cuadrática:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 − 𝑥2)
Dado que la gráfica corta al eje el
"𝑥" en los puntos 𝐴(−𝟐, 0) y
𝐵(𝟓, 0), entonces los factores de
la función serán:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − (−2))(𝑥 − 5)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)
Para poder obtener el valor del parámetro 𝒂 podemos sustituir el otro punto
𝐶(2,4) en la función anterior y establecemos una ecuación, puesto que éste
punto representa que si evaluamos 𝑓(2) obtenemos 4
𝑓(2) = 4 ⟹ 𝑓(2) = 𝒂(2 + 2)(2 − 5) = 𝟒 ⟹ 𝒂(4)(−3) = 𝟒 (Ecuación 1)
Resolviendo ésta ecuación se obtiene 𝒂 = −
𝟏
𝟑
.
De ahí que la forma factorizada de la función es:
𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝟏
𝟑
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)
Al resolver el producto de los binomios con término común y multiplicar por
el −
𝟏
𝟑
se llega a la forma general.
4 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez
Aplicando propiedad distributiva 𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝟏
𝟑
[𝑥(𝑥 − 5) + 2(𝑥 − 5)]
Propiedad distributiva 𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝟏
𝟑
[𝑥2
− 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2(5)]
Reduciendo términos semejantes 𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝟏
𝟑
[𝑥2
+ (−5 + 2)𝑥 − 2(5)]
Propiedad distributiva 𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝟏
𝟑
[𝑥2
− 3𝑥 − 10]
Forma general 𝑓(𝑥) = −
𝟏
𝟑
𝑥2
+ 𝑥 +
10
3
Ejemplo 3: En la gráfica se presentan el vértice y otro punto.
Al tener las coordenadas del
vértice en el punto 𝐴(𝟑, −𝟐)
se elige la forma estándar
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝒉)𝟐
+ 𝒌 para
sustituir 𝒉 = 𝟑 y 𝒌 = −𝟐:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − )
𝟑 𝟐
− 𝟐
Para poder obtener el valor del parámetro 𝒂 podemos sustituir el otro punto
𝐵(2,2) en la función anterior y establecemos una ecuación, puesto que éste
punto representa que si evaluamos 𝑓(2) obtenemos 2
𝑓(2) = 2 ⟹ 𝑓(2) = 𝒂(2 − )
𝟑 𝟐
− 𝟐 = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝒂(−1)2
= 𝟒 (Ecuación 1)
Resolviendo ésta ecuación se obtiene 𝒂 = 𝟒 .
De ahí que la forma estándar de la función es:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟒(𝑥 − )
𝟑 𝟐
− 𝟐
5 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez
Desarrollando el binomio al cuadrado: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟒(𝑥2
− 6𝑥 + 9) − 𝟐
Aplicando propiedad distributiva: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥2
− 24𝑥 + 36 − 𝟐
y reduciendo términos semejantes se llega a la forma general de la función:
𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥2
− 24𝑥 + 34

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De la grafica a la funcion

  • 1. DE LA GRÁFICA A LA FUNCIÓN CUADRÁTICA INTRODUCCIÓN En los módulos anteriores aprendimos que la representación algebraica de la función cuadrática puede tener tres formas distintas y que en cada una de éstas se puede obtener algún punto clave para su gráfica. Por ejemplo en la forma general 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝒄 se puede obtener fácilmente el corte con el eje "𝑦" al evaluar la función en cero se obtiene 𝑓(0) = 𝒄. En la forma factorizada 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 − 𝑥2) se pueden conocer fácilmente los cortes con el eje "𝑥", en 𝑥 = 𝑥1 y 𝑥 = 𝑥2. En la forma estándar 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 se tiene directamente la coordenada del vértice en 𝑉(𝒉, 𝒌). En éste apartado revisaremos como pasar de la gráfica de una función cuadrática, a su representación algebraica, y esto dependerá de los puntos que se muestren en su gráfica.
  • 2. 2 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez Ejemplo 1: En la gráfica se presenta el corte con el eje "𝒚" y otros dos puntos. Al tener en la gráfica el corte con el eje "𝑦", es conveniente trabajar con la forma general de la función cuadrática: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝒄. Dado que el punto 𝐴(0, 𝟏𝟐) en la función representa que 𝑓(0) = 𝟏𝟐 entonces se tiene que el valor del parámetro 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝟏𝟐 De igual forma, los puntos 𝐵(1,7) y 𝐶(3,9), que se pueden obtener de la gráfica representan en la función que 𝑓(1) = 7 y que 𝑓(3) = 9. Si sustituimos esto en la forma general de la función cuadrática se forma un sistema de ecuaciones. 𝑓(1) = 7 ⟹ 𝑓(1) = 𝒂(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟕 ⟹ 𝒂 + 𝑏 = −𝟓 (Ecuación 1) 𝑓(3) = 9 ⟹ 𝑓(1) = 𝒂(3)2 + 𝑏(3) + 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟗 ⟹ 9𝒂 + 3𝑏 = −𝟑 (Ecuación 2) Despejamos 𝒂 en la ecuación 1⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟓 − 𝑏, y sustituimos en la ecuación 2: ⟹ 9(−𝟓 − 𝑏) + 3𝑏 = −𝟑 resolvemos esta ecuación: ⟹ −45 − 9𝑏 + 3𝑏 = −𝟑 ⟹ −6𝑏 = 𝟒𝟐 Obtenemos el valor del parámetro ⟹ 𝑏 = − 𝟒𝟐 𝟔 = −𝟕 Lo sustituimos en la ecuación 1⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟓 − 𝑏 obtenemos el valor del parámetro 𝒂 ⟹ 𝒂 = −𝟓 ( − −𝟕) = −𝟓 + 𝟕 = 𝟐
  • 3. 3 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez Sustituyendo los valores de los parámetros 𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝑏 = −𝟕 y 𝒄 = 𝟏𝟐 en la forma general de la función cuadrática se obtiene: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟐𝑥2 − 𝟕𝑥 + 𝟏𝟐 Ejemplo 2: En la gráfica se presentan los puntos de corte con el eje "𝒙" y otro punto. Al tener en la gráfica los puntos de corte con el eje "𝑥", es conveniente trabajar con la forma factorizada de la función cuadrática: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝑥1)(𝑥 − 𝑥2) Dado que la gráfica corta al eje el "𝑥" en los puntos 𝐴(−𝟐, 0) y 𝐵(𝟓, 0), entonces los factores de la función serán: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − (−2))(𝑥 − 5) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5) Para poder obtener el valor del parámetro 𝒂 podemos sustituir el otro punto 𝐶(2,4) en la función anterior y establecemos una ecuación, puesto que éste punto representa que si evaluamos 𝑓(2) obtenemos 4 𝑓(2) = 4 ⟹ 𝑓(2) = 𝒂(2 + 2)(2 − 5) = 𝟒 ⟹ 𝒂(4)(−3) = 𝟒 (Ecuación 1) Resolviendo ésta ecuación se obtiene 𝒂 = − 𝟏 𝟑 . De ahí que la forma factorizada de la función es: 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝟏 𝟑 (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5) Al resolver el producto de los binomios con término común y multiplicar por el − 𝟏 𝟑 se llega a la forma general.
  • 4. 4 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez Aplicando propiedad distributiva 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝟏 𝟑 [𝑥(𝑥 − 5) + 2(𝑥 − 5)] Propiedad distributiva 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝟏 𝟑 [𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 2(5)] Reduciendo términos semejantes 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝟏 𝟑 [𝑥2 + (−5 + 2)𝑥 − 2(5)] Propiedad distributiva 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝟏 𝟑 [𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 10] Forma general 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝟏 𝟑 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 10 3 Ejemplo 3: En la gráfica se presentan el vértice y otro punto. Al tener las coordenadas del vértice en el punto 𝐴(𝟑, −𝟐) se elige la forma estándar 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 para sustituir 𝒉 = 𝟑 y 𝒌 = −𝟐: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝒂(𝑥 − ) 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟐 Para poder obtener el valor del parámetro 𝒂 podemos sustituir el otro punto 𝐵(2,2) en la función anterior y establecemos una ecuación, puesto que éste punto representa que si evaluamos 𝑓(2) obtenemos 2 𝑓(2) = 2 ⟹ 𝑓(2) = 𝒂(2 − ) 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟐 = 𝟐 ⟹ 𝒂(−1)2 = 𝟒 (Ecuación 1) Resolviendo ésta ecuación se obtiene 𝒂 = 𝟒 . De ahí que la forma estándar de la función es: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟒(𝑥 − ) 𝟑 𝟐 − 𝟐
  • 5. 5 Mtra. Ana R. Faraco Pérez Desarrollando el binomio al cuadrado: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝟒(𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 𝟐 Aplicando propiedad distributiva: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥2 − 24𝑥 + 36 − 𝟐 y reduciendo términos semejantes se llega a la forma general de la función: 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥2 − 24𝑥 + 34