This document introduces the Method of Least Squares (or Minimum Squares) for fitting curves to data points. It explains that this method finds the coefficients of a function that best approximates the relationship between x- and y-values in a dataset by minimizing the sum of squared residuals between the actual and predicted y-values. The document provides an example of using a linear and quadratic function to fit a dataset, showing how to set up and solve the normal equations to determine the coefficients. It also discusses evaluating the quality of fit using the R-squared value.
Solutions Manual for College Algebra Concepts Through Functions 3rd Edition b...RhiannonBanksss
Full download : http://downloadlink.org/p/solutions-manual-for-college-algebra-concepts-through-functions-3rd-edition-by-sullivan-ibsn-9780321925725/ Solutions Manual for College Algebra Concepts Through Functions 3rd Edition by Sullivan IBSN 9780321925725
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. Método dos Quadrados Mínimos (ou Mínimos
Quadrados)
Vimos que a interpolação polinomial pode ser usada
para aproximar uma função por outra. Usamos quando:
1) não temos a expressão da função (só um conjunto de
pontos tabelados) ou
2) temos a expressão mas ela é bem complicada
E queremos obter valores dentro do intervalo de
tabelamento.
A interpolação polinomial respeita a igualdade
pn(xi) = f(xi) onde xi são os pontos escolhidos para a
aproximação.
3. Porém a interpolação não é aconselhável quando:
a) queremos prever um valor fora do intervalo de tabelamento ou
b) queremos por exemplo usar 10 pontos para aproximar por uma reta.
Como fazer isso? Se a reta só precisa de 2 pontos?
Nesses casos vamos usar M.Q.M. → método de ajuste de curvas
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x f(x)
1 1,3
2 3,5
3 4,2
4 5
5 7
6 8,8
7 10,1
8 12,5
9 13
10 15,6
4. Caso Discreto:
Dados os pontos tabelados (x1,f(x1)), (x2,f(x2)) , ..., (xm,f(xm)) queremos determinar os
coeficientes 1, 2,..., n tal que g(x) se aproxime ao máximo de f(x) nos pontos k = 1, .., m
sendo g x = 𝛼1. 𝑔1 𝑥 + 𝛼2. 𝑔2 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝛼𝑛. 𝑔𝑛 𝑥
• E quem são essas funções gi(x)? São as funções que iremos escolher para aproximar pelo
M.Q.M.
• Como escolher? Na maioria dos casos olhando o gráfico de dispersão e em alguns casos, se já
soubermos o comportamento dos dados, usamos a função pré-escolhida para aproximar.
• Olhando o exemplo anterior conseguimos ver que o comportamento do gráfico se parece
com uma reta. Nesse caso teremos g(x) = 𝛼1. 𝑥 + 𝛼2. 1 ou seja,
g1(x) = x e g2(x) = 1.
• E como achar os ’s?
• A ideia do M.Q.M. é que g(x) seja o mais próximo possível de f(x) nos pontos tabelados. Isso
significa que a diferença entre g(x) e f(x) em cada ponto xk deve ser mínima, ou seja,
𝑑𝑘 = f 𝑥𝑘 − g 𝑥𝑘 deve ser mínima.
• O M.Q.M. consiste em minimizar a soma dos quadrados dessas diferenças, isto é:
5.
𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑓 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑔(𝑥𝑘) 2
Vamos chamar essa diferença de F(1, 2,..., n). Então:
F(α1, α2, … , α𝑛) =
𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑓 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑔(𝑥𝑘) 2
F(α1, α2, … , α𝑛) =
𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑓 𝑥𝑘 − 𝛼1. 𝑔1 𝑥𝑘 − 𝛼2. 𝑔2 𝑥𝑘 − ⋯ − 𝛼𝑛. 𝑔𝑛 𝑥𝑘
2
Sabemos que para obter um ponto de mínimo de F(1, 2,..., n) temos que
determinar seus pontos críticos, isto é,
𝜕𝐹 𝛼1,𝛼2,…,𝛼𝑛
𝜕𝛼𝑖
= 0 para i = 1,2,...,n [1]
6. • Ao desenvolvermos [1] para cada derivada parcial de i (usando regra da cadeia)
teremos:
𝜕𝐹 𝛼1,𝛼2,…,𝛼𝑛
𝜕𝛼𝑖
= 2. σ𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑓 𝑥𝑘 − 𝛼1. 𝑔1 𝑥𝑘 − ⋯ − 𝛼𝑛. 𝑔𝑛 𝑥𝑘 . (−𝑔𝑖(𝑥𝑘))
7. • Ao desenvolvermos [1] para cada derivada parcial de i (usando regra da cadeia) teremos:
𝜕𝐹 𝛼1,𝛼2,…,𝛼𝑛
𝜕𝛼𝑖
= 2. σ𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑓 𝑥𝑘 − 𝛼1. 𝑔1 𝑥𝑘 − ⋯ − 𝛼𝑛. 𝑔𝑛 𝑥𝑘 . (−𝑔𝑖(𝑥𝑘))
Fazendo para todos os ’s e agrupando teremos um sistema linear em com n equações e n
incógnitas (os ’s )
A. = b onde A = [aij]nxn e b = [bi] são dados por:
𝑎𝑖𝑗 =
𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑔𝑖 𝑥𝑘 . 𝑔𝑗 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖
(matriz A é simétrica)
𝑏𝑖 =
𝑘=1
𝑚
𝑔𝑖 𝑥𝑘 . 𝑓(𝑥𝑘)
8. • E os ’s serão obtidos resolvendo um sistema linear por algum método que já conhecem.
• Vamos ver um Exemplo.
• Exemplo: Considere a tabela:
Aproximar f(x) usando M.Q.M.
a) uma reta
b) um polinômio de grau 2 completo (ou parábola completa)
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35
f(x)
x f(x)
0 132
0,2 148
0,3 157
9. a) para o caso da reta temos que g(x) = 1.x + 2.1 então g1(x) = x e g2(x) = 1
Vamos montar um sistema 2x2 (sempre é um sistema quadrado)
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝑎21 𝑎22
.
1
2
=
𝑏1
𝑏2
Vamos calcular
𝑎11 =
𝑎12 =
𝑎22 =
13. b) para o caso da parábola completa temos que g(x) = 1.x2 + 2.x + 3.1 então
g1(x) = x2 , g2(x) = x e g3(x) = 1
Vamos montar um sistema 3x3
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
.
1
2
3
=
𝑏1
𝑏2
𝑏3
E calcular cada valor
0,0097 0,035 0,13
0,035 0,13 0,5
0,13 0,5 3
.
1
2
3
=
20,05
76,7
437
Atenção: o número de casas decimais influencia muito na resposta. Usando 4
casas decimais o resultado é: g(x) = 27,4217.x2 + 75,1006.x + 131,9653
Vamos ver usando Excel
14. Excel – monta tabela/marca os dados/ inserir gráfico de
dispersão/clicar em um dos pontos do gráfico com lado direito do
mouse/adicionar linha de tendência + escolher modelo de ajuste +
mostrar equação no gráfico + mostrar R2.
R2 – coeficiente de determinação. Mede a qualidade do ajuste
obtido, ou seja, mede o ajustamento de um modelo em relação aos
valores plotados. Varia de 0≤R2≤1. Quanto mais perto de 1 melhor o
ajuste!!
Vejam que no Excel o item b) do exemplo vai dar
g(x) = 33,333.x2 + 73,333.x + 132
Temos vários tipos de ajuste no Excel.
Obs: Exs da Lista 4 - com parábola incompleta só usaremos 2
alfas (Ex1, Ex2 b), Ex 4)