The document discusses dc-dc converters and their functions. Dc-dc converters are used to (1) convert a dc input voltage into a regulated dc output voltage against variations, (2) reduce ac voltage ripple on the output, and (3) optionally provide isolation between the input and load. Common types of dc-dc converters include buck, boost, buck-boost, forward, push-pull, half-bridge, full-bridge, flyback, and Cuk converters.

1. dc–dc converters
Kalpak

2. • to convert a dc input voltage V into a dc output voltage V
• to regulate the dc output voltage against load and line variations;
•to reduce the ac voltage ripple on the dc output voltage below the required
level;
• to provide isolation between the input source and the load (isolation is not
always required);
• to protect the supplied system and the input source from electromagnetic
interference (EMI);
• to satisfy various international and national safety standards
The functions of dc–dc converters are:

3. Buck Convertor Boost Convertor Buck Boost Convertor

4. Buck Convertor Boost Convertor Buck Boost Convertor

5. A. Forward Converter
B. Push–Pull Converter
Transformer Versions of Buck Converter
B. Push–Pull Converter

6. C. Half-bridge Converter

7. D. Half bridgeConverter
D. Full-bridge Converter

8. Flyback Convertor

9. Cuk convertor