VLANs logically group users and resources together without being restricted by physical network segments. There are static and dynamic VLANs, with static VLAN port assignments always remaining fixed while dynamic VLANs are created through management software. Frame tagging allows VLANs to span multiple switches by uniquely assigning a VLAN ID to each frame. The VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) manages VLAN configurations across switches to provide benefits like consistent VLAN setup, accurate monitoring, and dynamic reporting of new VLANs. Configuring VLANs involves creating VLANs, assigning switch ports, configuring trunk ports between switches, and setting up inter-VLAN routing using subinterfaces on a router interface.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Router used to make communication between different type of network ,for this purpose router use routing protocol and routed protocol. Routed protocol for source and destination address and routing protocol for path selection.
The informative newsletter created by 5 students of the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, for the ENRM 1001 course. This newsletter focuses on the problems, solutions, recommendations and innovations to plastic pollution on land and sea.
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Router used to make communication between different type of network ,for this purpose router use routing protocol and routed protocol. Routed protocol for source and destination address and routing protocol for path selection.
The informative newsletter created by 5 students of the University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, for the ENRM 1001 course. This newsletter focuses on the problems, solutions, recommendations and innovations to plastic pollution on land and sea.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. VLAN BASICS
A VLAN is a group of network services not
restricted to a physical segment or LAN switch.
Configuration or reconfiguration of VLANs is done
through software.
VLANs increase overall network performance by
logically grouping users and resources together.
VLANs are powerful tools for network
administrators.
A group of users needing high security can be put
into a VLAN so that no users outside of the VLAN
can communicate with them.
5. VLAN TYPES
Static VLANs:
The switch port that you assign a VLAN association to
always maintains that association until an administrator
manually changes that port assignment.
Dynamic VLANs:
Are created through network management software.
CiscoWorks 2000 or CiscoWorks for Switched
Internetworks is used to create Dynamic VLANs.
Allow for membership based on the MAC address of the
device connected to the switch port.
6. IDENTIFYING VLANS
There are two different types of links in a switched
environment:
Access links: This type of link is only part of one VLAN.
Trunk links: Trunks can carry multiple VLANs and originally
gained their name after system trunks that carry multiple VLANS.
A trunk link is a 100- or 1000Mbps point-to-point link between two
switches, between a switch and router,
7. IDENTIFYING VLANS
Frame Tagging:
You can create your VLANs to span more than one connected switch.
There needs to be a way for each one to keep track of all the users
and frames as they travel the switch fabric and VLANs.
Switch fabric is basically a group of switches sharing the same VLAN
information.
The solution is Frame tagging. This method uniquely assigns a VLAN
ID to each frame.
VLAN Identification Methods
•Proprietary to Cisco switches, and it’s used for Fast Ethernet
and Gigabit Ethernet links only.
•ISL routing can be used on a switch port and router
interfaces.
Inter-
Switch
Link
(ISL)
• Standard method of frame tagging.
•If you’re trunking between a Cisco switched link and a
different brand of switch, you have to use 802.1Q for the
trunk to work.
IEEE
802.1Q
8. VLAN TRUNKING PROTOCOL
The basic goals of VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
are to manage all configured VLANs across a
switched internetwork.
Here’s a list of some of the benefits VTP has to
offer:
Consistent VLAN configuration across all
switches in the network.
VLAN trunking over mixed networks.
Accurate tracking and monitoring of VLANs.
Dynamic reporting of added VLANs to all
switches in the VTP domain.
9. VTP MODES OF OPERATION
•This is the default for all Catalyst switches.
•You need at least one server in your VTP domain to
propagate VLAN information throughout the domain.
•The switch must be in server mode to be able to create,
add, or delete VLANs in a VTP domain.
•Changing VTP information must also be done in server
mode, and any change made to a switch in server mode will
be advertised to the entire VTP domain.
Server
•In client mode, switches receive information from VTP
servers, and they also send and receive updates.
• Can’t make any changes.
Client
•Don’t participate in the VTP domain, but they’ll still forward
VTP advertisements through any configured trunk links.
•The purpose of Transparent mode is to allow remote
switches to receive the VLAN database from a VTP Server
Transparen
t
10. ROUTING BETWEEN VLANS
If you want hosts or any other IP-addressable device to
communicate between VLANs, a Router is absolutely necessary.
For this, you can use a router that has an interface for each VLAN.
Instead of using a router interface for each VLAN, you use one Fast
Ethernet interface and run ISL or 802.1Q trunking.
This allows all VLANs to communicate through one interface. Cisco
calls this a “router on a stick”.
11. CONFIGURING VLANS
Create VLAN
1900 Switch
1900(config)#vlan 2
1900(config)#vlan 3
2950 Switch
Switch(config)#vlan 2
Switch(config-vlan)#vlan 3
You can’t change, delete, or rename VLAN 1,
because it’s the default VLAN.
12. CONFIGURING VLANS
Assigning Switch Ports to VLANs
1900 Switch
1900(config)#int e0/2
1900(config-if)#vlan-membership static 2
2950 Switch
Switch(config-if)#int f0/2
Switch(config-if)#switchport access vlan 2
If you want to verify your configuration, use this:
Switch#sh vlan
16. TROUBLESHOOTING VTP
Study the output from the two switches below:
SwitchB#sh vtp status
VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 1
Maximum VLANs supported locally
: 64
Number of existing VLANs : 7
VTP Operating Mode : Server
VTP Domain Name : GlobalNet
VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled
VTP V2 Mode : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
SwitchA#sh vtp status
VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 0
Maximum VLANs supported locally
: 64
Number of existing VLANs : 7
VTP Operating Mode : Server
VTP Domain Name : RouterSim
VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled
VTP V2 Mode : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
17. TROUBLESHOOTING VTP
Study the output from the switch below:
You are trying to create a
new VLAN on Switch, but
you get an error! Why?
SwitchC#sh vtp status
VTP Version : 2
Configuration Revision : 1
Maximum VLANs supported locally
: 64
Number of existing VLANs : 7
VTP Operating Mode : Client
VTP Domain Name : Todd
VTP Pruning Mode : Disabled
VTP V2 Mode : Disabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
